Table 4: Typical Phonetic Development

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Phonetic Development
COPYRIGHT Š1999 CAROLINE BOWEN

Table 4 outlines the ages by which 75% of the children in a study pronounced individual consonants accurately. These norms were established for a population of Australian children by Kilminster and Laird (1978).

In column 3, the term 'voiced' refers to the vibration of the vocal cords while the sound is being made. The term 'voiceless' is applied to sounds that are made without vocal cord vibration. The terms fricative, glide, stop, nasal, liquid and affricate refer to the way the sounds are made, or the "manner of articulation". The International Phonetic Alphabet Charts summarise this information here.

Table 4: Typical phonetic development
Age by which 75% of children accurately use the speech sound listed	Speech sounds	The manner in which the speech sounds are produced
3 years	h as in he zh as in measure y as in yes w as in we ng as in sing m as in me n as in no p as in up k as in car t as in to b as in be g as in go d as in do	Voiceless fricative Voiced fricative Voiced glide Voiced glide Voiced nasal Voiced nasal Voiced nasal Voiceless stop Voiceless stop Voiceless stop Voiced stop Voiced stop Voiced stop
3 years 6 months	f as in if	Voiceless fricative
4 years	l as in lay sh as in she ch as in chew	Voiced liquid Voiceless fricative Voiceless affricate
4 years 6 months	j as in jaw s as in so z as in is	Voiced affricate Voiceless fricative Voiced fricative
5 years	r as in red	Voiced liquid
6 years	v as in Vegemite	Voiced fricative
8 years	th as in this	Voiced fricative
8 years 6 months	th as in thing	Voiceless fricative

References
Bowen, C. (1998). Developmental phonological disorders. A practical guide for families and teachers. Melbourne: ACER Press.
.
Grunwell, P. (1997). Natural phonology. In M. Ball & R. Kent (Eds.), The new phonologies: Developments in clinical linguistics. San Deigo: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.
.
Kilminster, M.G.E., & Laird, E.M. (1978) Articulation development in children aged three to nine years. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 6, 1, 23-30.

Table 1: Intelligibility to parents

Table 2: Phonological Processes

Table 3: Elimination of Phonological Processes

Q&A: Speech Sound Disorders

Speech intelligibility from 12 to 48 months

Page updated 21 May 2009

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