Fourteenth
Amendment
Proposed
on June 13, 1866. Ratified on July 9, 1868.
Sect.
1. All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
United States and of the State wherein
they reside. No State shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of
the United States; nor shall any State
deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law, nor
deny any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws.
Sect.
2. Representatives shall be apportioned
among the several States according to
their respective numbers, counting the
whole number of persons in each State,
excluding Indians not taxed. But when the
right to vote at any election for the
choice of electors for President and Vice
President of the United States,
Representatives in Congress, the executive
and judicial officers of a State, or the
members of the legislature thereof, is
denied to any of the male inhabitants of
such State, being twenty-one years of age,
and citizens of the United States, or in
any way abridged, except for participation
in rebellion or other crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in
the proportion which the number of such
male citizens shall bear to the whole
number of male citizens twenty-one years
of age in such State.
Sect.
3. No person shall be a Senator or
Representative in Congress, or elector of
President and Vice President, or hold any
office, civil or military, under the
United States, or under any State, who,
having previously taken an oath, as a
member of Congress, or as an officer of
the United States, or as a member of any
State legislature, or as an executive or
judicial officer of any State, to support
the Constitution of the United States,
shall have engaged in insurrection or
rebellion against the same, or given aid
or comfort to the enemies thereof. But
Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of
each House, remove such disability.
Sect.
4. The validity of the public debt of the
United States, authorized by law,
including debts incurred for payment of
pensions and bounties for services in
suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the
United States nor any State shall assume
or pay any debt or obligation incurred in
aid of insurrection or rebellion against
the United States, or any claim for the
loss or emancipation of any slave; but all
such debts, obligations, and claims shall
be held illegal and void.
Sect.
5. The Congress shall have power to
enforce, by appropriate legislation, the
provisions of this article.
Order
of State Ratification
Connecticut |
Jun
25, 1866 |
New
Hampshire |
Jul
6, 1866 |
Tennessee |
Jul
19, 1866 |
New
Jersey |
Sep
11, 1866 |
Oregon |
Sep
19, 1866 |
Vermont |
Oct
30, 1866 |
Ohio |
Jan
4, 1867 |
New
York |
Jan
10, 1867 |
Kansas |
Jan
11, 1867 |
Illinois |
Jan
15, 1867 |
West
Virginia |
Jan
16, 1867 |
Michigan |
Jan
16, 1867 |
Minnesota |
Jan
16, 1867 |
Maine |
Jan
19, 1867 |
Nevada |
Jan
22, 1867 |
Indiana |
Jan
23, 1867 |
Missouri |
Jan
25, 1867 |
Rhode
Island |
Feb
7, 1867 |
Wisconsin |
Feb
7, 1867 |
Pennsylvania |
Feb
12, 1867 |
Massachusetts |
Mar
20, 1867 |
Nebraska |
Jun
15, 1867 |
Iowa |
Mar
16, 1868 |
Arkansas |
Apr
6, 1868 |
Florida |
Jun
9, 1868 |
North
Carolina |
Jul
4, 1868 |
Louisiana |
Jul
9, 1868 |
South
Carolina |
Jul
9, 1868 |
Alabama |
Jul
13, 1868 |
Georgia |
Jul
21, 1868 |
Virginia |
Oct
8, 1869 |
Mississippi |
Jan
17, 1870 |
Texas |
Feb
18, 1870 |
Delaware |
Feb
12, 1901 |
Maryland |
Apr
4, 1959 |
California |
May
6, 1959 |
Kentucky |
Mar
18, 1976 |
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Denotes
last state required for ratification. |
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Court
Cases |
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Cox
Broadcasting Corporation v. Cohn
Nebraska
Press Assoc. v. Stuart
New
York v. Ferber
Roe
v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973): Mr. Justice Rehnquist,
Dissenting
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References
and Articles |
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The
14th Amendment is Ratified
Scope
and Application
Fourteenth
Amendment - Rights Guaranteed Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due
Process and Equal
Protection
The
Fourteenth Amendment: First Amendment II?
Fourteenth
Amendment
The
Death of Colorado Amendment 2: Fourteenth Amendment in Action!
Was
the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Ratified?
The
Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights
Fourteenth
Amendment - Equal Protection under the Law?
Fourteenth
Amendment Citizenship
Roger
Pilon and the 14th Amendment
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