4. compound nouns - are two joined distinct nouns, the combination of which produces a
third meaning or an additional meaning to the head noun, as in:
dalagang bukid - may mean either " a kind of fish" or lass from the form"
basag ulo - means "quarrel"
hanapbuhay - means " occupation"
Case:
1. Nominative case - if the noun is used as the subject of the sentence.
subject position in pilipino can easily be identified by the marker ang
on common nouns, and Si on proper noun. However any part of speech introduced by the marker Ang automatically is nominalized and assumes the subject position.
e.g.
Naglalaro ang bata.
( The child is playing. bata- subject )
Naglalaro si Bong.
( Ben is playing. Bong - subject)
Kapatid ko ang lumalangoy.
( The one swimming is my brother. lumalangoy - a verb by the introduction of the
marker ang, is nominalized and assumes the subject position.)
Naging reyna ang maganda.
( The beautiful became the queen. " maganda" an adjective, is nominalized and assumes the subject position.)
2. Posessive case - nouns in possesive case though in a sense gives the meaning of posession, are used as modifiers. They can be easily be identified by determiner " ng " for common nouns and " ni " for proper nouns.
posessive noun occurs always with a noun, that is, with a head noun, so that the posessive noun functions as a modifier to the head noun.
e.g.
Mahal ang damit ni Josephine.
(The dress of Josephine is expensive. Josephine a proper noun introduced by " ni ",
functions as a modifier to " damit" (dress).)
Maayos ang kusina ng guro.
(The teacher’s kitchen is orderly. " guro " introduced by " ng " functions as a modifier to " kusina " – kitchen.)
3. Objective case – nouns in the objective case are either used as a direct object or indirect object of verbal sentences.
Direct Object – Direct objects of verbal sentences are introduced by the object marker " ng "
e.g.
Bumili si Bryan ng regalo. (Bryan bought a gift. " regalo" is the direct object of the verb " bumili "
Indirect object: Indirect objects are either used as locative, benefactive, and instrumental objects.
e.g. 1. Pumunta si Kenneth sa aklatan.
( Pris went to library). here is the locative object.
2. Pumunta si Kenneth at Erlyn at Ms. Moreno.
( Ms. Moreno functions as the locative object of the verb "
pumunta" (went) "Ms Moreno" is the locative person.)
e.g.
(Mother bought medicine for Noel.)
( Aling Martha is preparing table for the visitors.)
" Noel" and "Bisita" functions as benefactive objects of the verbs, introduced by benefactive marker " para sa" or "para kay"
e.g.
(She paid her loan in checks.)
2. Sinibak ni Mang Pedro ang kahoy sa pamamagitan ng palakol na hiniram,
niya.
(Mang Pedro chopped the firewood through a borrowed ax.)
"tseke" and "palakol" were functions as the instrumental objects of the verbs.
PRONOUNS
pronoun and, and - demonstrative.
1. Ang - pronouns, are personal pronoun substantive. Ang - pronoun, is a marker determiner of a noun in the subject position. Its substantive, the pronoun, assumes the same position.
e.g. 1. Kumakain ang bata.
Kumakain ako. ( singular )
Kumakain siya ( singular ) pronoun
Kumakain sila ( plural ) (substantive)
Kumakain kami ( plural )
" Ang bata", " bata" as noun is introduced by Ang, a noun and subject position marker. The substantive, ako, siya (singular), sila, kami (plural) are pronouns, and since they are substitutes for Ang – pro-nouns they are called b – pronouns.
Persons Singular Plural
first person ako ( I ) kami ( exclusive); tayo (inclusive)
second person ikaw ( you ) kayo ( you )
third person siya (she/he) sila ( they )
2. Ng – pronouns – " ng pronouns " are substitutes for ng – phrase. "Ng - pronouns" functions gramatically as pronoun modifiers. As to form they are called posessive pronouns. See how the substitution takes place, and the grammatical functions it assumes.
e.g.
1. Bago ang damit ng nanay. (Mothers dress is new.)
bago ang damit niya. (Her dress is new.)
2. Nanalo ang komposisiyon ng Gr. IV.
(Gr. 4’s compostion won.)
3. Nanalo ang komposisyon nila.
( Their composition won.)
Ng- pronouns , "niya" and "nila" functions grammatically as attributives to nouns that’s why they are called program modifiers.
Person Singular Plural
First person akin/ko (my) amin/namin
("we" exclusive)
atin/natin
("we" inclusive)
Second person iyo, mo (yours) inyo/ninyo (yours)
Third person kaniya/niya kanila/nila (theirs)
(hers, his)
3. Sa- pronouns, are pronouns substantive of sa pronouns. The substitute of the phrase that follows-sa, is called the sa-pronoun.
e.g. 1. Umuwi ako sa Bulacan
( I will go home to Bulacan)
Bulacan is my hometown so substitution will be:
Uuwi ako sa amin.
( I will go to our town)
( Debbie went to Sampaloc.)
"Sampaloc", here is Debbie’s place of residence, so in
substitution, this will be:
Pumunta si Debbie sa kanila.
( Luchie went home to their (place).)
Here sa- pronouns are used as possessive pronoun object
of locative marker "sa"
Demonstrative pronouns- are pronouns that indicate the relative distances of
objects or things that the speaker and the one spoken to is
talking about. They are classified into ang demonstrative, ng
demonstrative and sa demonstrative.
demonstrative indicates.
e.g. 1. Lapis ang hawak ko.
( I am holding a pencil.)
Lapis ito.
( This is a pencil.)
"ang hawak ko," indicates the distance of the pencil that the speaker is holding,is substituted by ito.
(The pencil is on the table.)
Lapis iyan. ( That is a pencil.)
In the second sentences, "ang nasa mesa", indicates the relative distance of the pencil on the table, to the speaker and the person spoken to Iyan, substitutes the ang demonstrative.
Ang demonstratives are:
ito - the object or thing is very near the speaker.
iyan - the object a little far from the speaker and the person spoken to.
iyon - the object is far from both the speaker or the person spoken to.
e.g. 1. Ano ang kulay ng sampagita?
(What is the color of sampagita?)
Ano ang kulay nito?
(What’s the color of this.)
2. Ano ang hugis ng buwan?
(What is the shape of the moon?)
Ano ang hugis noon?
(What is the shape of that?)
"nito" and "noon", substitutes the ng-demonstrative "ng sampagita", and
"ng buwan," ng-demonstratives are: nito, niyan and noon.
e.g. 1. Bumili siya ng pansit sa kanto.
(She bought pancit at the corner.)
Bumili siya ng pansit diyan.
(She bought pancit there.)
2. Pumunta si Elvie sa Luneta.
(Elvie went to Luneta.)
Pumunta si Elvie doon.
(Elvie went there.)