THE
GERUND
THE
GERUND
-
Este una din formele
in “-ing”
ale verbului
si are toate calitatile
unui substantiv .
-
Poate fi , ca si
infinitivul ,:
·
atribut ; Ca
atribut poate
fi echivalentul unei constructii
cu ‘for’:
washing-machine = machine for
washing ; running
track = track for
running ; driving license = license for
driving ;
·
subiect ;
·
nume predicativ;
·
complement direct;
·
complement indirect;
·
circ. de scop ;
·
interdictii
scurte : No smoking ! No
fishing ! No littering !
Exemple : Seeing
is believing .( subiect/nume
predicativ)
Speaking English will
be quite
useful .(subiect)
They
suggested taking
a taxi .( compl. direct)
She
has thought
of buying
a bungalow .( compl.
indirect)
They bought
the tape
for recording
the movie .(circ. de
scop)
Formele perfecte ( HAVING +
Vb-III ) arata o
actiune anterioara ,
echivalent al
unei subordonate
introduse de
‘After’ :
Exemple : Having
checked the
lights she
went to bed
.
Having
heard the
news she
picked up
the receiver
to call Bob .
Gerundul este cerut
de prepozitii , anumite
expresii verbale
si anumite
verbe .
Cateva din
prepozitiile care
cer gerund
sunt : at , in , on , to , by , of
, for , from , like , with , about , against , without , after , before ,
through , forward to , etc.
Exemple : She is
quite good
at
solving crossword
puzzles .
They have never
shown interest
in learning languages
.
Why do
you so much
insist
on keeping
fit ?
I’ll never get
used to
standing in
queues .
He finally
got the
money by
selling his
wife’s jewels .
I’m tired of waiting
in the
rain . Let’s go
home .
She has
bought a
new TV set
for using
it in
her bedroom .
All his
troubles come
from trusting
people .
Don’t you feel like
going for
a walk ?
Some people can
do
with eating
little bread .
What
about inviting
them for dinner ?
Nobody was against
telling him
the truth .
How can
you do
without knowing
a foreign
language ?
After locking the
shutters she
went to
bed .
Don’t forget
to switch
the lights
off before
leaving .
Harry is looking forward
to getting the
answer from
Harvard.
-
be no good ;(= a
nu avea
rost)
-
be no use ;(= a
nu avea
rost)
-
be worth ;( a merita
sa )
-
can(‘t) stand ;( a (nu)
suporta sa )
-
can(‘t) help .( a (nu)
se putea
abtine sa
NU…)
Exemple : It’s
no good
calling him , he’s
out of town .
Was it
any use asking
him for
advice ?
It’s not worth
talking to
her . ( He is
not worth
talking to .)
People can’t help
giggling when
they hear
the word
‘sex’.
Gerundul este
cerut de
verbe ca : suggest
, mind , miss , avoid , admit , deny , delay , postpone , put
off , give up , enjoy ,
keep(=continue), keep on , imagine
, fancy , consider(=think) , detest , dread , loathe , prevent , practice ,
resent , resist , risk , etc.
Cu verbe
ca : excuse , forgive , pardon
, gerundul nu apare imediat
dupa verb
ci dupa
un adjectiv
posesiv sau
pronume in
acuzativ ( cu sau
fara prepozitie).
Exemple : Forgive
my/me for
ringing you
up so early .
Excuse
his interfering, he doesn’t
know what he is
talking about .
You can’
prevent his/him
from spending
his own
money .
Daca gerundul se
refera la
acelasi subiect
ca predicatul
propozitiei , el apare direct
dupa celalalt
verb . Daca subiectele
sunt diferite , cel
al gerundului
apare sub
forma unui
adjectiv posesiv ,
substantiv in
genitiv sau
pronume in
acuzativ .
Exemple : Do you
mind smoking
in the
kitchen ?
# Do you mind
my smoking
in the
kitchen ?
I dread
getting bad
marks .
# I dread
her getting
bad marks .
Exista anumite categorii
de verbe
care pot
fi urmate
fie de
infinitiv , fie de
gerund , cu schimbari
mai mici
sau mai
mari de
sens . De regula , gerundul
se refera
la o actiune in
curs de
desfasurare sau
deja realizata , in
timp ce infinitivul
face referire
la o actiune ne
realizata sau
care abia
urmeaza sa
se realizeze .
A.
Verbe
al caror
inteles nu
se modifica
de loc
atunci cand
sunt urmate
de infinitiv
sau gerund : LIKE , DISLIKE
, HATE , LOVE , PREFER .
Atentie ! : daca
verbul ‘prefer’ este
urmat de
doua infinitive , acestea
sunt le-gate
prin ‘than’ . Daca
este urmat de doua
gerunduri , ele sunt legate prin ‘to’ .
Exemple : I prefer
watching cartoons
to cooking .
She prefers
to walk
than (to)
drive to
the office .
B.
Verbe
al caror
inteles se
schimba partial in functie de
forma verbala
de dupa ele :START,STOP, CONTINUE, FORGET, REMEMBER, REGRET .
Exemple : They
stopped talking
to Bob
when they
saw me .
They stopped to talk to Bob.(They stopped walking in order to talk to
Bob.)
How could you forget posting the letter?(You forgot all about posting
it .)
How could you forget to post the letter?(You had to post it
but forgot )
We
regret having
to fire
you .(We had
to fire
you and
we regret
it )
We regret
to have
to fire
you .(We will
have to fire you and we are
sorry for
it .)
C.
Verbe
care isi
schimba complet
sensul
in functie
de forma
verbala care
le urmeaza : TRY , PROPOSE ,
MEAN .
·
try + infinitiv = effort
·
try + gerund = experiment
Exemple : Have you
really tried
to solve
the exercise ?
I’ll try boiling
the eggs
first .
·
propose + infinitiv = intention
·
propose + gerund = suggestion
Exemple : He proposed
to stay
there overnight .
He proposed
spending the
evening in
a bar .
·
mean + infinitiv = intention
·
mean + gerund = reference , meaning
(= a se referi la,a vrea
sa spuna )
Exemple : I don’t
mean to
be rude but
she deserves
it .
She means
getting up
earlier than
usual .