THE SUBJUNCTIVE
THE SUBJUNCTIVE
A.
Prezent .
Are
aceeasi forma
cu infinitivul
scurt .
Se foloseste :
- pentru a
exprima urari
care implica
divinitatea ;
e.g. Lord bless
you !
Be happy !
Enjoy your
lunch !(= Pofta buna!)
Sleep tight !(= Somn
usor!)
- in engleza
veche (Old English) apare in regula
I a
lui IF ;
e.g. If she
be the one , I’ll
be happy
for you .
If this
prove right , you
will be
punished .
- in
engleza americana (American
English) este folosit in locul
subjonctivului cu “should
".
Are
aceeasi forma
cu past
tense-indicativ ( pentru “to
be” este
forma “were”
la toate
persoanele ).
Se foloseste :
- in regula
a II-a a
lui IF ;
- dupa verbul
wish , pentru a
exprima o
dorinta / regret in legatura
cu o
actiune prezenta .
- dupa constructiile
ipotetice , pentru a exprima o
ipoteza sau
un regret legat
de o
actiune prezenta ; CONSTRUCTII
IPOTETICE (HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCTIONS)
: as
if / as though (= ca
si cum , de
parca), if
only (= ce bine
ar fi
daca , ce bine
era daca …), it’s
high time , would
rather (= as prefera ,
as vrea ) , had better (= mai
bine , mai degraba ) .
e.g. I
wish they
helped me
with the
translation .
She speaks
as if she didn’t
know me .
He knows
it’s high
time we
left .
I would
rather he
washed the
car .
ATENTIE ! : * would
rather este urmat
de infinitiv
scurt daca
face referire
la
actiunile aceluiasi
subiect .
e.g. I would rather go
now than
stay till
the end .
They
would rather
take the
exam this
year .
* had better
este urmat
intotdeauna de
infinitiv scurt , pentru
ca se
refera
doar la
actiunile aceluiasi
subiect .
e.g. You
had better
keep quiet .
She’d
better forgive
him for
his mistakes .
EXCEPTIE !
Daca dorinta
sau ipoteza
se refera
la o
actiune viitoare , despre
care vorbitorul
stie ca
nu se va realiza
niciodata , se foloseste “would”+
infinitiv scurt.
e.g. I
wish they
wouldn’t smoke
so much .
They wish
she wouldn’t
marry a
foreigner .
If only
he wouldn’t
eat so
much garlic .
Are
aceeasi forma
cu past
perfect-indicativ .
Se foloseste :
- in regula
a III –a
a lui IF .
- dupa verbul
“wish” sau
constructiile ipotetice ,
pentru a
face referire
la o
actiune trecuta , care
nu s-a
realizat conform
asteptarilor , dar nu se
mai poate
modifica .
e.g.
We wish
they had
told her
the truth .
Nobody wishes
she had
been present .
Good Gracious , you look as
if you
had seen
a ghost .
If only
I hadn’t
forgotten my
keys .
She would
rather you
hadn’t refused
her .
ATENTIE ! * dupa had
better si
would
rather ( cand se
refera la
acelasi subiect )
folosim infinitiv
perfect pentru
a face
referire la
trecut .
e.g. You
had better
have waited
outside .
They would rather
have given
up that
job .
Este
cerut de “that”
si compusii
lui that: so
that , in order
that , in case (that) , for
fear (that)(+ verb afirmativ)
, lest (=so
that not + verb
afirmativ).
e.g. :
It is
possible that
she should
be late
for the
party .(subiectiva)
Being there on
time means
that we should
get up
very early .(predicativa)
The idea
that he
should leave
me was
driving me
crazy .(atributiva)
He suggested
that we
should take
a taxi .
e.g.
She left
early so
that she
should catch
the last
train .
He invited
Bob in case father
should need
someone to
talk to .
They stopped
talking for
fear he
should hear
them .
He left
in a hurry lest
the neighbour
should catch
him .
OBS. In
anumite situatii , pentru
a implica
o nuanta
modala , in locul
lui should
putem folosi :
Ø
can
– could ( capacitate fizica
sau intelectuala);
Ø
will
– would ( vointa);
Ø
may
– might ( posibilitate ).
e.g.: He refused
the job
for fear
he might
find a
better one .
I spoke
to Jack
in case
he would
come .
She turned
down the
light so
that he
could sleep .
ATENTIE : Orice
constructie cu
subjonctiv cu
should poate
fi inlocuita
cu un
infinitiv sau
gerund .
e.g. : He suggested
that we
should come
the next
day .
Ø
He
suggested our
coming the
next day .
Leaving
now means
that we
should get
there rather
early .
Ø
Leaving
now means
getting there
rather early .
They
were invited
so that
they should
deliver a
speech .
Ø
They
were invited
to deliver
a speech .