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TAKE A QUIZ-UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Welcome to the Educational Informations and Aids page. Here, we have maps, pictures, links, and information to help you
understand the unit that the class is currently on. All Ancient Greece information was found at http://www.ancientgreece.com/, Ancient Egypt information is found from a variety of sources-given seperately for each item.
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| Trojan War - legendary conflict between the early Greeks
and the people of Troy in western Anatolia, dated by later Greek authors to the 12th or 13th century BC.
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 The Persian Wars ( 500 - 449 B.C ) - conflict between the Greek city-states
and the Persian Empire.
The Peloponnesian War ( 431 - 404 B.C ) -
war fought between the two leading city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta.
Alexander the Great -
king of Macedonia ( 336 - 323 BC ). He overthrew the Persian Empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations
for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms.
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Alexander the Great - King of Macedonia
Archimedes |
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Aeschylus - was born in the city of Eleusis,
near Athens, in 525 BC and died in 456 BC. He was a Greek dramatist, the earliest of the city's great tragic poets. As the
predecessor of Sophocles and Euripides, he is the founder of Greek tragedy.
He fought successfully against the Persians
at Marathon in 490 BC, at Salamís in 480 BC, and possibly at Plataea in the following year. He made at least two trips, perhaps
three, to Sicily, where on his final visit he died at Gela. A monument was later erected there in his memory.
It was a
major step for drama when Aeschylus introduced the second actor. He also attempted to involve the chorus directly in the action
of the play. Aeschylus is said to have written about 90 plays. His tragedies, first performed about 500 BC, were presented
as trilogies, or groups of three, usually bound together by a common theme, and each trilogy was followed by a satyr drama
(low comedy involving a mythological hero, with a chorus of satyrs). The titles of 79 of his plays are known, but only 7 have
survived.
Aeschylus' Plays:
Perseus Encyclopedia- Aeschylus
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Euripides - was born in 480 BC and died in 406
BC. Euripides was the youngest of the three principal fifth-century tragic poets. His work, which was quite popular in his
own time, exerted great influence on Roman drama. In more recent times he has influenced English and German drama, and most
conspicuously such French dramatists as Pierre Corneille and Jean-Baptiste Racine.
His plays began to be performed in the
Attic drama festivals in 454 BC, but it was not until 442 BC that he won first prize. This distinction, despite his prolific
talent, fell to him again only four times. Aside from his writings, his chief interests were philosophy and science.
Euripides
represented the new moral, social, and political movements that were taking place in Athens towards the end of the 5th century
BC. It was a period of enormous intellectual discovery, in which "wisdom" ranked as the highest earthly accomplishment. Anaxagoras
had just proven that air was an element, and that the sun was not a divinity but matter. New truths were being established
in all departments of knowledge, and Euripides, reacting to them, brought a new kind of consciousness to the writing of tragedy.
His interest lay in the thought and experience of the ordinary individual rather than in the experiences of legendary figures
of the heroic past.
Euripides' Plays:
- Alcestis written 438 B.C.E trans. by Richard Aldington
- Andromache written 428-24 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- The Bacchantes written 410 B.C.E
- The Cyclops written ca. 408 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Electra written 420-410 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Hecuba written 424 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Helen written 412 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Heracleidae written ca. 429 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Heracles written 421-416 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Hippolytus written 428 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Ion written 414-412 B.C.E trans. by Robert Potter
- Iphigenia At Aulis written 410 B.C.E
- Iphegenia in Tauris written 414-412 B.C.E trans. by Robert Potter
- Medea written 431 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Orestes written 408 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- The Phoenissae written 411-409 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- Rhesus written 450 B.C.E
- The Suppliants written 422 B.C.E trans. by E. P. Coleridge
- The Trojan Women written 415 B.C.E
from The Internet Classics Archive
The Euripides Home Page
Michael Psellus on Euripides and George of Pisidia
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Sophocles - was born about 496 BC in Colonus
Hippius (now part of Athens), he was to become one of the great playwrights of the golden age. The son of a wealthy merchant,
he would enjoy all the comforts of a thriving Greek empire. Sophocles was provided with the best traditional aristocratic
education. He studied all of the arts. By the age of sixteen, he was already known for his beauty and grace and was chosen
to lead a choir of boys at a celebration of the victory of Salamis in 480 BC. In 468 BC, at the age of 28, he defeated Aeschylus,
whose pre-eminence as a tragic poet had long been undisputed, in a dramatic competition.
In 441 BC he was in turn defeated
in one of the annual Athenian dramatic competitions by Euripides. From 468 BC, however, Sophocles won first prize about 20
times and many second prizes. His life, which ended in 406 BC at about the age of 90, coincided with the period of Athenian
greatness. He was not politically active or militarily inclined, but the Athenians twice elected him to high military office.
Sophocles
wrote more than 100 plays of which seven complete tragedies and fragments of 80 or 90 others are preserved. He was the first
to add a third actor. He also abolished the trilogic form. Sophocles chose to make each tragedy a complete entity in itself--as
a result, he had to pack all of his action into the shorter form, and this clearly offered greater dramatic possibilities.
Sophocles also effected a transformation in the spirit and significance of a tragedy; thereafter, although religion and morality
were still major dramatic themes, the plights, decisions and fates of individuals became the chief interest of Greek tragedy.
Sophocles' Plays:
from The Internet Classics Archive
Amazon- The Complete Plays of Sophocles
Sophocles - guide to his life and works.
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Alexander the Great - one of the greatest military
genius in history, Alexander the Great was born in 356 B.C. in Pella, Macedonia, the son of Philip of Macedon, who was an
excellent general and organizer. His mother was Olympias, princess of Epirus.
He conquered much of what was then the civilized
world, governed by his divine ambition of the world conquest and creation of universal world monarchy. He was the first great
conqueror which has reached, Greece, Egypt , Asia Minor, and Asia till Afghanistan and India. He is famous for having created
ethnic fusion between the Macedonians and the Persians. From victory to victory, from triumph to triumph Alexander created
empire wich had marked history and brought him eternal glory.
Alexander the Great This project is dedicated to the most charismatic and heroic king of all times.
Alexanderama A catalogue of pages related to Alexander
In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great With Michael Wood
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great Web Site
Alexander the Great [williams.edu]
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Archimedes - Born in 287 B.C., in Syracuse, a Greek seaport colony in Sicily, Archimedes
was the son of Phidias, an astronomer. Archimedes was schooled at Euclid's school in Alexandria, Egypt, which was one of the
biggest cities of the time.
In pure mathematics he anticipated many of the discoveries of modern science, such as the
integral calculus, through his studies of the areas and volumes of curved solid figures and the areas of plane figures. He
also proved that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of a cylinder that circumscribes the sphere.
Archimedes
spent the major part of his life in Sicily, in and around Syracuse. He did not hold any public office but devoted his entire
lifetime to research and experiment.
Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier after snapping at him ``Don't disturb my
circles,'' a reference to a geometric figure he had outlined on the sand.
Several of his works on mathematics and mechanics
survive, including Floating Bodies, The Sand Reckoner, Measurement of the Circle, Spirals, and Sphere and Cylinder.
Archimedes This site is a collection of Archimedean miscellanea under continual development.
Archimedes Page
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Other links:
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 Athens is the symbol of freedom, art, and democracy in the conscience of the civilized
world. The capital of Greece took its name from the goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge.
In Athens memory
never fades. Wherever you stand, wherever you turn, the city's long and rich history will be alive in front of you. This is
where that marvel of architecture, the Parthenon, was created. This is where art became inseparable from life, and this is
where Pericles gave the funerary speech, that monument of the spoken word. In the centre of town are two hills, the Acropolis
with the monuments from the Age of Pericles, and Lycabettus with the picturesque chapel of Ai Giorgis.
Ancient ruins provide
a vivid testimony to the glory of Athens, hailed by many people as the cradle of western civilization.
Sparta a beautiful town near the river Evrotas, located in the centre of the Peloponnese
in southern Greece, is the capital of the prefecture of Lakonia. SPARTA ( known in Greek as Sparti) has a history which dates
back to the Neolithic period, at least 3,000 years before Christ.
Even in its most prosperous days, it was merely a group
of five villages with simple houses and a few public buildings. The passes leading into the valley of the Evrótas were easily
defended, and Sparta had no walls until the end of the 4th century BC. The city itself was destroyed by the Goths under their
king, Alaric I, in 396 AD.
Modern Sparta, founded by the government in 1834, occupies part of the site of ancient Sparta
and is the capital of the department of Laconía. Excavations of the ancient city have uncovered ruins of temples and public
buildings as well as a theatre dating from the Roman period, but the sparse remains are insignificant for a city of such renown
in antiquity.
Olympia ancient sanctuary and site of the ancient Olympic Games, located in the western
Peloponnese, 10 miles (16 kilometres) inland from the Ionian Sea, near a point where the Alpheus (Alfios) and Cladeus (Kladios)
rivers meet.
Maps :
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Neolithic Period (6000 - 2900)
Early Bronze Age (2900 - 2000) - The period
in antiquity that corresponds to the introduction of metallurgy, notably bronze-working, for making tools, weapons, and ceremonial
objects.
Minoan Age(2000 - 1400 BC ) - Bronze Age civilization,
centring on the island of Crete. It was named after the legendary king Minos. It is divided into three periods: the early
Minoan period (c.3000-2200 B.C.), the Middle Minoan period (c.2200-1500 B.C.) and the Late Minoan period (c.1500-1000 B.C.).
Mycenaean Age (600 - 1100 BC) - Period of high
cultural achievement, forming the backdrop and basis for subsequent myths of the heroes. It was named for the kingdom of Mycenae
and the archaeological site where fabulous works in gold were unearthed. The Mycenaean Age was cut short by widespread destruction
ushering in the Greek Dark Age.
The Dark Ages (1100 - 750 BC) - The period between
the fall of the Mycenean civilizations and the readoption of writing in the eigth or seventh century BC. After the Trojan
Wars the Mycenaeans went through a period of civil war, the country was weak and a tribe called the Dorians took over. Some
speculate that Dorian invaders from the north with iron weapons laid waste the Mycenaean culture. Others look to internal
dissent, uprising and rebellion, or perhaps some combination.
Archaic Period (750 - 500 BC) - The period in
which the beginnings of Greek monumental stone sculpture and other developments in the naturalistic representation of the
human figure are found. During the Archaic Age the Greeks developed the most widespread and influential of their new political
forms, the city-state, or polis . Rise of the aristocracies. Greek colonization of Southern Italy and Sicily begins.
Classical Period (500-336 BC) - Classical period of ancient
Greek history, is fixed between about 500 B. C., when the Greeks began to come into conflict with the kingdom of Persia to
the east, and the death of the Macedonian king and conqueror Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. In this period Athens reached
its greatest political and cultural heights: the full development of the democratic system of government under the Athenian
statesman Pericles; the building of the Parthenon on the Acropolis; the creation of the tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus
and Euripides; and the founding of the philosophical schools of Socrates and Plato.
Hellenistic Period (336-146 BC) - period between the conquest
of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great and the establishment of Roman supremacy, in which Greek culture and learning
were pre-eminent in the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. It is called Hellenistic (Greek, Hellas, "Greece") to distinguish it
from the Hellenic culture of classical Greece.
Chronology sites:
General history sites:
Map Found At http://homepages.tcp.co.uk/~nicholson/egypt/nilemap.html RHMSWS
A Fact File about the Nile River.
Length: (From White Nile Source to Mouth) 6695km (4184 miles).
Name: The Nile gets its name from the Greek word "Nelios", meaning River Valley.
Sources: The White Nile: Lake Victoria, Uganda. The Blue Nile: Lake Tana, Ethiopia.
Countries: The Nile and its tributaries flow though nine countries. The White Nile flows though
Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt. The Blue Nile starts in Ethiopia. Zaire, Kenya, Tanzanian, Rwanda, and Burundi all have tributaries,
which flow into the Nile or into lake Victoria Nyanes.
Cities: The major cities that are located on the edge of the Nile and White Nile are: Cairo, Gondokoro,
Khartoum, Aswan, Thebes/Luxor, Karnak, and the town of Alexandria lies near the Rozeta branch.
Major Dams: The major dams on the Nile are Roseires Dam, Sennar Dam, Aswan High Dam, and Owen
Falls Dam.
Flow Rate: The Nile River's average discharge is about 300 million cubic metres per day. To get
a more accurate idea about how much water actually flows in the nile look at this image:
 Atbara is the first town on the Nile, when no more smaller rivers join the nile futher down it.
To find out where Atbara is have a look at the maps on the maps page. Or click here to go directly to the correct map.
Cubic metres * 35.31 = cubic feet.
Cubic feet * 7.481 = USA gallons
600 cubic metres = 21,186 cubic feet.
21,186
cu.feet = 156,776.4 USA gallons.
If you need other conversion units:Click here |
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Flow Direction: I have recieved many emails about why does the nile river flow south to north,
the answer is very simple. The river just flows down hill, from the high mountains in the middle of africa to the Nile delta
(point where Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea). Here is an image I scanned in from a book to show in more detail the way
the Nile flows. Use this image with the maps on the maps page to find out where the places on this map are.
Crocodiles are very common along the banks of the Nile River. |
Fishing Eagles are a common bird along the Nile. | | Information
from http://www.mbarron.net/Nile/ RHMSWS
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The River Nile
 There is no better way to trace the course of Egyptian history than to follow the course of
the Nile. The river has been Egypt's lifeline for millenniums, fertilizing the narrow strip of land along its bank with a
deposit of silt after each annual inundation - now controlled by the High Dam at Aswan. Along its length Pharaohs, nobles
and lesser mortals have all built monuments and tombs to immortalize themselves.
The Nile is Associated with Life
"Egypt is the gift of the River Nile", said Herodotus, the great Greek historian, on his only visit to Egypt. Egyptians
would still agree wholeheartedly with his words today. At the end of every year, they are eager to hear good news about the
water level in the River Nile. In 1994 the volume of inlet water was considered high. In the High Dam Lake, water reached
its highest ever level.
Since time immemorial, Egyptians have associated the River Nile with life, fertility and development. They care about it,
and it, in turn, runs in their blood. It has always been their source of prosperity, and was the main factor in building their
great civilization. It is from the River Nile that Egyptians draw their friendly character. They have gained generosity, sincerity
and fidelity from its flow, flood and purity. Every day, its banks witness thousands of true love stories, as lovers meet
on its banks. It provides them with hope and promises them happiness. It had always been a source of inspiration and creativity
for all kinds of arts. Many songs are dedicated to the River Nile. And in ancient times, Egyptians made sacrifices for its
sake and transmitted its legends through successive generations.
History Tells
 Egyptians are blessed with the River Nile, and they appreciate that. They have always built dams, barrages and gauges to
maintain it. Akhenaton thanked his god for it in lengthy prayers. Amenamhat III built EI-Lahoon dam in Fayoum city to manage
the irrigation system. Another dam was then constructed at Madris Lake, topped by a 100km bridge.
Alexander the Great then extended both Alexandria and Cisostris canals. The latter joins the River Nile and the Red Sea,
and was later rebuilt by Amr Ibn El-As. In 1861, Mohammed Ali constructed barrages to substitute the basin irrigation system
with a year-round system. Several waterways, such as El-Mahmoudia, El-Ibrahimia and El-Ismailia, were then dug.
In 1901 a new dam was built in Aswan, which was then elevated many times later until finally, Egyptians built the High
Dam in Aswan.
The High Dam
The High Dam was seen to symbolize the iron will and great steadfastness of the Egyptian people.
It protected them against the annual River Nile inundation, saved the excess water to be used later at different times,
and thereby spared them the sufferings of drought. The High Dam is the most important project that Egyptians have implemented
for Nile water management. In fact, it is a landmark in their history. This eminent dam reflects positively on various areas
such as irrigation, agriculture and power generation. Hundreds of feddans are now continuously irrigated instead of using
the basin system, and more than a million feddans are now reclaimed. Moreover, electrical power is generated on daily basis.
 Long and Wide
The River Nile's downstream surface is 2.9km2. It is considered the longest river in the world, as it flows
for 6690km, starting from Tanganicka Lake to the Mediterranean Sea. On its journey it passes through nine different countries;
namely Tanzania, Kenya, Zaire, Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Uganda, the Sudan and Egypt. Along its way it encounters many rocky
waterfalls, makes sudden deep drops, then flows along rapidly up and down to reach Egypt's land quietly and safely.
If you ever visit Egypt and drink water from the Nile even once, you will be sure to come back. Indeed Egyptians, as well
as all their guests, believe in that.
Information from www.sis.gov.eg/egyptinf/culture/html/rnile.htm RHMSWS
 
 
The Nile River is the longest river in the world, stretching for 4,187 miles. The Nile flows from south to north
and is formed by three major tributaries: the White Nile, the Blue Nile and the Atbara.
The Blue Nile has its source in the highlands of the African country of Ethiopia, by Lake Tana. The runoff from
spring rain and melting snow caused the annual summer flood of the Nile that the Egyptians depended on for water to irrigate
their crops, and deposit fertile top soil.
 Just north of Khartoum the combined White and Blue Nile meet their final major tributary, the Atbara which
also has its source in the Ethiopian highlands.
The Nile then plunges into a canyon. Before the construction of the Aswan High Dam; the Nile rolled through a series
of six rapids, called cataracts, between northern Sudan and southern Egypt. Since construction of the dam, the river has gradually
changed its course.
North of Cairo, the Nile splits into two branches (or distributaries), the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta
to the east.
Lake Nasser is a man-made lake created by the construction of the Aswan High Dam, opened in 1971. The dam was built
to regulate the flow of the Nile River, and thus benefit the region's inhabitants. However, technology often also disrupts
a local ecosystem, the life and nature it affects.
 The canyon that was once behind where the dam is now, was flooded after the dam was built. Before the region was flooded
for the dam, some Ancient sites were carefully moved. Others were permanently covered and destroyed by the water. Lake Nasser
stretches over a distance of 312 miles. Gone are the days when Egyptians worry that the Nile will flood too high, destroying
their crops; or fall too low, not providing proper irrigation. To enjoy the benefits of a steady riverflow, thousands of peoples
homes were submerged when the dam went into operation and Lake Nasser was formed.
The Aswan High Dam has caused other changes. The water surface of the lake has reduced the average temperature in the region.
The dam has also harnessed the water for the production of electricity and navigation has been improved.
Farmers are forced to use chemical fertilizers because the rich top soil is now deposited in Lake Nasser instead
of along the banks of the Nile. Furthermore, the Nile is no longer flowing strongly enough to keep salt water from the Mediterranean
Sea from forcing its way up the Nile. The salt water disrupts the animal habitat and sterilizes the soil in the northern delta
region where the banks of the Nile are becoming badly eroded.
In one generation, thousands of years of life along the Nile River have been permanently altered.
Information From
www.website1.com/odyssey/week1/nile.html | RHMSWS
The Nile River
The Nile river is the longest river in the world. It's 4,132 miles in length and 1,107,000
square-mile basin. The Nile river is made up of two rivers the White Nile and the Blue Nile. These rivers meet in Sudan and
then go on on their large journey. The white Nile is a lot bigger then the Blue Nile..
Discovery of the Nile
Egypt was blessed by the Nile in many different ways. Because of the Nile Egypt became one
of the great cradles of world civilization. The Nile provided the people that moved to it's valley in the year 5000 BC
water to drink, irrigation water, farming opportunity, fish and waterfowl for food, papyrus reeds grew on the banks of the
Nile and they were used for boats and for houses. these reeds also allowed the ancient Egyptians to make paper on which to
write important documents. The Nile River was guarded by desert on either side of it and that offered protection. In ancient
Egypt the Nile would flood yearly covering up the farmlands. This would make the land very fertile for farming, thus improving
Egypt's agriculture. But the Aswan high dam stopped the great river from flooding each year.
Equator
The equator is an imaginary circle on the surface of the earth, equidistant from the north
pole and the south pole, and dividing the earth in half. The Nile has to cross the Equator in order to continue its long journey.
Marine Officer James Corbett says on the Equator there are chunks of vegetation that breaks loose from the shore. This makes
it very wavy and hard to steer. Some boats engines give out and people are stranded in the middle of the Equator. All year
thunderstorms crash and it rains and pours. The Nile is not the prettiest river when people are crossing it.
History of the Nile
The first few settlers of the Nile River built houses of papyrus reeds that were all tied
together in columns, with thatched roofs. The walls were made of straw, mud, and clay. Later settlers used the clay to build
bricks. With the bricks they built stronger houses. Small villages started to appear along the Nile River. The people of these
villages learned to irrigate and divert the water during the flooding season. As time passed the residents of the Nile River
became better farmers.
The Land Around The Nile
The land on and next to the Nile has growing plants as do the oases, but other wise the
land is all dry deserts. The land gets no water there for they can not grow much. But where the little water is they grow
trees and plants and there most popular tings dates. The dates provided food and shade.
Water Use of the Nile
The Nile river's mingled waters are poured into the Mediterranean. Many Cities get their
water supply from the Nile such as Burundi, Rwandi, Republic of Congo, Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia. One 8th of the Niles water
is supplied by Atbara.
Weather
Most of the weather around the Nile river is hot and very dry. They hardly get any rain.
Instead of having rain or snow storms they have sand storms. Sand storms are when the strong winds blow the sand around and
force it into sand hills which are hill made of sand. These sand storms are not a good thing to be stuck in because when the
sand is being thrown around it feels like sand paper on your skin.
Uganda
The population in Uganda is estimated to be 19,386,000. It is located in East Central Africa
and it is bordered by Tanzania, Rwanda, Zaire, Sudan, and Kenya. The capital of Uganda is Kampala. Uganda is located across
the equator. Lake Kyoga is located in the center of the country. The highest point in Uganda is Margherita Peak with an elevation
of 16,794 ft. The main type of economy is agriculture. They farm these types of crops-cassava, sweet potatoes, plantains,
millet, and sorghum, the big producer crop is coffee with 90% of all of the cash crops. The other cash crops are cotton, tea,
and tobacco.
Sudan
Sudan is the largest country on the African continent. One major topographical feature of
Sudan is the Nile river. The White Nile goes into the country through the Uganda border and meets the Blue Nile at a point
near Khartum, and forms the Nile proper. the Blue Nile rises in the Ethiopian plateau , and flows across east central Sudan.
Egypt
There rose a leader in the year 3100b.c. He came from Upper Egypt. His name was Menes. He
started a dynasty that would rule for about 3000 years. Menes organized and had extensive irrigation ditches built to provide
more land for cultivation. One of the achievements that he made was that he built a temple inside of his capital called Ptah.
The other achievement that he accomplished was a tomb for himself. He would set the pace for all of his successors. Menes
was known as a god to the residents of the Nile River and to people today.
Ethiopia
The population of Ethiopia is about 51,000,000. It is located in northeast Africa. It is
also formerly known as Abyssinia. It is bordered by Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya and Sudan. Addis Ababa is the capitol.
Ethiopia's largest lake is named Lake Tana. In Ethiopia the main export is coffee with 60% of all exports. The other leading
exports are oilseeds, hides skins, and grain. Amharic is the official language of Ethiopia.
Nile Crocodile
Some crocodiles live on the banks of the Nile river. They are called the Nile Crocodile.
As the male reptiles, with four distinct heart chambers, are catching their prey with a little help from their strong tail
the female is at home laying eggs. The female crocodiles starts being eligible to lay eggs around the age of 10 years old.
She lays 20 to 90 eggs depending on how old she is. These crocodiles lay their eggs along the sandy banks of the Nile river
where the sit on the eggs until a baby crocodile is hatched. The Nile is a big part of a crocodiles life. These animals are
blamed for the deaths of a number of people each year.
Information From www.nileriver.com/nile/nileinfo/nileriver.htm
We hope that the information and educational adis we have compiled help you learn more about
the topic we are currently covering in class!
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