Introduction:
============

Alt.support.crohns-colitis was created in early 1994 as a forum where
people suffering from ulcerative colitis, Crohn's Disease, and irritable
bowel syndrome can share their everyday struggles with these illnesses,
as well as discuss medicines, treatments, surgery, diet, health care
providers, related illnesses, and anything else anyone can think of that
relates to these diseases.  In other words, this is the on-line
equivalent of a support group, which means that no question is stupid
and no condition embarrassing here.  It also means we're all here to
help each other out, so please be nice, be polite, and no flaming.
Lastly, discussions of all types of medicine- conventional and
alternative, Western and Eastern, your Aunt Harriet's home remedies,
whatever- are welcome here.  No one's figured out what causes these
illnesses, no one's come up with a cure, and we need all the help we can
get.  

If you have comments, suggestions, or corrections concerning the content
of this FAQ, please contact me via email at khorgan@ucla.edu.
Please do not send me email asking for help with your news reader (ask
your system administrator) or to subscribe to a mailing list (I have no
control over the usenet group or the IBDLIST mailing list) or anything
unrelated to the content of this FAQ.  Sorry. 

Copyright Notice:
================

Copyright 1997 by Kevin Horgan, M.D., Christopher Holmes and Michael
Bloom.  All rights reserved.  See the end of this document for information 
on permission to use, copy and distribute. 

Disclaimer:
==========

This FAQ is provided by the authors "as is".  See end of document for
complete disclaimer. 

Where to get this FAQ:
=====================

This FAQ is posted twice a month to the alt.support.crohns-colitis,
alt.answers, and news.answers newsgroups.  

It is also now archived at MIT and is available by anonymous ftp at
rtfm.mit.edu and its mirrors (listed below).  The file is,
unfortunately, not found in a consistent place.  It can be archived
under the subject line of the post (Inflammatory_Bowel_Disease_FAQ_Vx.x)
or under the archive name (crohn-colits-faq) note the misspelling.  Some
sites use UNIX compress so there may be a trailing .Z as well and you'll
need a program to UN-compress it. 

Note that there are three other FAQ's, the Information Resources FAQ, the
IBS FAQ and the Collagenous Colitis FAQ The Information Resources FAQ is
also posted to alt.support.crohns-colitis twice a month and describes
informational resources on IBD and IBS available either on the internet or
elsewhere.  It includes address and phone numbers of support organizations
such as the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA) and the
United Ostomy Association (UOA), book titles and reviews, and WWW sites. 
The IBS FAQ deals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, which has symptoms that
can be similar to those of UC or CD.  The Collagenous Colitis FAQ
discusses a less typical form of IBD which also shares many of the
symptoms of UC.

For those with World Wide Web access, current versions of all these FAQs
can be found at Bill Robertson's website, URL
http://qurlyjoe.bu.edu/cduchome.html.

Commonly-used abbreviations in this FAQ and on
alt.support.crohns-colitis (a.s.c.-c):

IBD     inflammatory bowel disease- includes Crohn's Disease and
            ulcerative colitis
IBS     irritable bowel syndrome
UC      ulcerative colitis
CD      Crohn's Disease
CCFA    the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America
CCFC    Canadian Foundation for Ileitis and Colitis
UOA     the United Ostomy Association
NSAID   Non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug
TPN     Total parenteral nutrition
GI      Gastro-intestinal, i.e., pertaining to your digestive system



==============================
1.0 Digestive system primer
1.1 Q: What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?
1.1.1 Q: What is ulcerative colitis (UC)?
1.1.2 Q: What is Crohn's disease (CD)?
1.1.3 Q: What is ileitis?
1.1.4 Q: What is Crohn's colitis?
1.1.5 Q: What is ulcerative proctitis?
1.1.6 Q: What is Granulomatous colitis?
1.1.7 Q: What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

1.2 Q: What symptoms are experienced by IBD patients?
1.2.1 Q: What are extra-intestinal manifestations of these diseases?
1.2.2 Q: What other complications can occur?
1.2.3 Q: What is toxic megacolon?
1.2.4 Q: What are fistulas and abscesses?
1.2.5 Q: What are strictures?
1.2.6 Q: What is the cancer risk in IBD patients?
1.2.6.1 Q: Are there other factors predisposing to the development of colon
cancer?
1.2.6.2 Q: Are there ways to reduce the risk of developing colon cancer?

1.3 Q: What are the causes of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?
1.4 Q: Could IBD be an inherited condition?
1.5 Q: Who gets these diseases?
1.6 Q: Are there any factors that predispose to the development of UC and/or CD?
1.7 Q:  Are there any factors that protect against the development of UC
and/or CD?

1.8 Q: How is ulcerative colitis diagnosed?
1.8.1 Q: What are flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy?

1.9 Q: How is Crohn's disease diagnosed?

2.1 Q: What Drug therapies are used to treat IBD?
2.1.1 Q: What are 5-ASA Drugs?
2.1.1.1 Q: What is Azulfidine?
2.1.1.2 Q: What is Dipentum?
2.1.1.3 Q: What is Asacol?
2.1.1.4 Q: What is Salofalk?
2.1.1.5 Q: What is Pentasa?
2.1.1.6 Q: What is Balsalazide?
2.1.1.7 Q: What is Rowasa?

2.1.2 What is Metronidazole?
2.1.3 Q: What is Ciprofloxacin?
2.1.4 Q: What is Clarithromycin (Biaxin)?

2.1.5 Q: What are adrenal corticosteroids (steroids), and when and why are
they used?
2.1.5.1 Q: What are the side effects from taking steroids?
2.1.5.2 Q: What is meant by "Alternate Day Therapy"?
2.1.5.3 What is Budesonide?
2.1.5.4 What is ACTH?
2.1.5.5 Q: What do steroids do to bones?
2.1.5.6 Q:  What should be done to minimize the damage done by steroids to
 bones when I am being treated for IBD?

2.1.6 Q: What are immunosuppressive drugs and when are they used?
2.1.6.1 Q: What are  Azathioprine and 6-MP?
2.1.6.2 Q: What is Methotrexate?
2.1.6.3 Q: What is Cyclosporine?

2.2 Q: Are any other drugs used to treat IBD?
2.2.1 Q: Are nicotine patches ever used to treat UC?
2.2.2  Q: What about antibodies against TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)?
2.2.2.1 Q: What is Tumor Necrosis Factor or TNF?
2.2.2.2 Q: Does TNF serve any useful function?
2.2.2.3 Q: Is TNF important in IBD? just CD? what about UC?
2.2.2.4 Q: What is this new anti-TNF treatment?
2.2.2.5 Q: How does the anti-TNF treatment work?
2.2.2.6 Q: Are there problems with the treatment?
2.2.2.7 Q: What sort of patients are suitable candidates for treatment with
       anti-TNF antibody?
2.2.2.8 Q: What are the alternatives available at present?
2.2.3 Q: What about Interleukin-10 (IL-10) therapy for CD?
2.2.4 Q: What about fish oil for therapy?
2.3 Q: Can different drugs be used together to treat IBD?
2.4  Q:  Will I need to keep taking medications permanently?

3.1 Q: Drugs aren't working, what can surgery do for my UC?
3.1.1 Q: What's an ileostomy?
3.1.2 Q: What's a Continent Ileostomy?
3.1.3 Q: What's an Ileoanal Anastomosis, or Ileoanal Pull-Through?
3.2.4 Q: What can go wrong with these surgeries?

3.2 Q: Are there surgical treatments for Crohn's?
3.2.1 Q: What's a resection?
3.2.2 Q: After surgery for CD can anything be done to prevent it recurring
again?

4.1 Q: What role does diet play in IBD?
4.1.1 Q: What is an elemental or astronaut diet?
4.1.2 Q: What is total parenteral nutrition?
4.1.3 Q: What is lactose intolerance?
4.2.3.1Q: So what can I do about lactose intolerance?
4.1.3.1 Q: So what can I do about lactose intolerance?

5.1 Q: What part does stress play in IBD?
5.2 Q: Can anything else cause a flare up?

6.1 Q: How can I make the most of my consultations with my physician?


=============================================================================
1.0 Digestive System Primer

The Digestive System is a complex system of organs responsible for converting
the food we eat into the nutrients which we require to fuel our metabolism.
Here is a guide to the terminology used to describe the various components
of the Digestive System.

The Digestive System in essence consists of a long tube which connects the
mouth to the anus. The term Gastrointestinal (GI) tract refers to the
entire system. Once food leaves your mouth it enters the first part of the
GI tract which is called the esophagus and then the stomach. The food
passes relatively quickly into the stomach where it pauses and is churned
up with acid into very small particles. It then passes into the small
intestine which is about 20 feet long. The main function of the small
intestine is to absorb nutrients from the food particles that arrive from
the stomach. The food is digested with the assistance of secretions from
the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. 

The term bowel is synomymous with intestine. The small intestine is
therefore also referred to as small bowel. The small bowel has three parts;
the part nearest the stomach is the duodenum, the next part is the jejunum
and the third part that connects to the large intestine is the ileum. The
last part of the ileum, known as the terminal ileum, is a frequent site of
involvement in Crohn's disease.

The large intestine is more frequently referred to as the colon. The first
part of the colon is called the cecum and the appendix is found there. The
main function of the colon is to absorb water from the processed food
residue that arrives after the nutrients have been absorbed in the small
intestine. The last part of the colon is the rectum which is a reservoir
for feces. Feces are stored here until it is convenient for their expulsion
and the sphincter muscles of the anus then relax.


1.1 Q: What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is an umbrella term referring to two chronic
diseases that cause inflammation of the intestines: ulcerative colitis (UC)
and Crohn's disease (CD).  Though UC and CD are different diseases they do
have features in common but there are important distinctions also.
Frequently, the symptoms caused by UC and CD are similar.

Both diseases are chronic and most frequently have their onset in early
adult life. Some patients have alternating periods of relative health
(remission) alternating with periods of disease (relapse or flare), while
other patients have continuous symptoms from continued inflammation.
Fortunately, as treatment has improved the proportion of people with
continued symptoms appears to have diminished significantly .

The severity of the diseases varies widely between individuals. Some suffer
only mild symptoms, but others have severe and disabling symptoms.  Some
have a gradual onset of symptoms, some develop them suddenly. About half of
patients have mild symptoms, the other half suffer frequent flare-ups.
Medical science has not yet discovered a cause or cure, but numerous
medications are now available to control symptoms with  many more on the
horizon.

1.1.1 Q: What is ulcerative colitis?

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine,
commonly called the colon. UC causes inflammation and ulceration of the
inner lining of the colon and rectum. This inner lining is called the
mucosa. Crohn's disease (CD) causes inflammation that extends into the
deeper layers of the intestinal wall.

The inflammation of UC is usually most severe in the rectal area with
severity diminishing (at a rate that varies from patient to patient) toward
the cecum, where the large and small intestine join. Significant deviations
from this pattern may be a clue to the physician to suspect CD rather than
UC. Such deviations may include either "skip areas" and/or "sparing of the
rectum". Skip areas are patches of healthy tissue separating segments of
diseased tissue. They are often seen in CD, but rarely in UC. Inflammation
of the rectum is called proctitis. Inflammation of the sigmoid colon
(located just above the rectum) is called sigmoiditis. Inflammation
involving the entire colon is termed pan-colitis.

The inflammation causes the colon to empty frequently resulting in
diarrhea. As the lining of the colon is destroyed ulcers form releasing
mucus, pus and blood.

UC is relatively common in the western world and at least 250,000 in the
United States alone have the disease. It occurs most frequently in people
ages 15 to 30 although children and older people occasionally develop the
disease.

About 50% of patients are free of symptoms at any given time but the vast
majority suffer at least one relapse in any 10 year period.

Drug treatment is effective for about 70-80% of patients; surgery becomes
necessary in the remaining 20-30%.

1.1.2 Q: What is Crohn's disease?

Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory process that can affect any
portion of the digestive tract, but is most commonly seen (roughly half of
all cases) in the last part of the small intestine otherwise called the
terminal ileum and cecum. Altogether this area is also known as the
ileocecal region. Other cases may affect one or more of: the colon only,
the small bowel only (duodenum, jejunum and/or ileum), the anus, stomach
or esophagus. In contrast with UC, CD usually doesn't affect the rectum,
but frequently affects the anus instead. 

1.1.3 Q: What is ileitis?

This is CD of the ileum which is the third part of the small intestine. At
one time, CD was thought to affect only the ileum, and for this reason the
name "ileitis" was at one time synonymous with CD but now simply refers to
CD of the ileum.

1.1.4 Q: What is Crohn's colitis?

This is CD affecting part or all of the colon. This form comprises about
20% of all cases of CD. Various patterns are seen. In about half of these
cases CD lesions may be seen throughout one continuous subsegment of the
colon.  In another quarter, skip areas are seen between multiple diseased
areas. In the remaining quarter, the entire colon is involved, with no
skip areas. 

Unlike UC, in which inflammation is usually confined to the inner mucosal
surface, CD typically involves all layers of the affected tissues.

1.1.5 Q: What is ulcerative proctitis?

Ulcerative proctitis is a form of UC that affects only the rectum.

1.1.6 Q: What is Granulomatous colitis?

This is another name for Crohn's disease that affects the colon.

1.1.7 Q: What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

This is *NOT* a variant of UC and Crohn's. UC and Crohn's disease are
defined by the presence of inflammation in the intestine. There is no
inflammation in the intestine in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Irritable Bowel
Syndrome (IBS) is also known as Functional Bowel Syndrome (FBS),
Functional Bowel Disease (FBD) or spastic colon . Older terms for IBS are
spastic or mucous colitis or even simply "colitis".  These terms are no
longer used because they cause people to confuse IBS with UC. 

IBS is characterized by a variety of symptom patterns which include diarrhea,
constipation, alternating diarrhea/constipation and abdominal pain. Fever
and/or bleeding are NOT features of IBS.

IBS is much more common than CD or UC and many people with symptoms of IBS

do not seek medical attention. Some patients with Crohns or UC can also
have concurrent IBS.

1.2 Q: What symptoms are experienced by IBD patients?

The most common symptom of both UC and CD is diarrhea, sometimes severe,
that may require frequent visits to a toilet (in some cases up to 20 or
more times a day). Abdominal cramps are often present, the severity of
which may  be correlated with the degree of diarrhea present. Blood may
also appear in the stools, especially with UC.

Fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite may accompany these symptoms (with
consequent weight loss).

At times, some UC and CD patients experience constipation during periods of
active disease. In CD this can result from a partial obstruction usually of
the small intestine. In UC constipation is most often a consequence of
inflammation of the rectum (also known as proctitis); the colon has a
nervous reaction and stasis of stool occurs upstream .

Inflammation can affect gut nerves in such a way as to make the patient
feel that there is stool present ready to be evacuated when there actually
is not. That results in the symptom known as tenesmus where there is an
uncomfortable urge to defecate but nothing comes out. The feeling of
urgency to pass stool is a frequent consequence of proctitis also.
Inability to retain stool is an extreme manifestation of urgency. It is
important to bring these symptoms to the attention of your physician
because they may improve dramatically with appropriate local therapy.

Pain usually results from intestinal cramping or inflammation causing
reflex irritability of the nerves and muscles that control intestinal
contractions. Pain may also indicate the presence of severe inflammation or
the development of a complication such as an abscess or a perforation of
the intestinal wall. Generally, new onset pain or a significant change in
the character of pain should be brought to the attention of your physician.
The pain of CD is often in the lower right area of the abdomen. This is
where the terminal ileum is located and pain there usually indicates
inflammation of the terminal ileum.

Location and intensity of abdominal pain vary from patient to patient,
depending upon the location and type of disease in the affected tissues.
Because of a phenomenon known as "referred pain", the location where pain
is produced may not be the same as the location where it is experienced.

1.2.1 Q: What are extra-intestinal manifestations of these diseases?

These are symptoms of IBD that occur outside of the digestive tract.

Many IBD patients experience a wide variety of extra-intestinal
manifestations of their disease. The most common is joint pain due to
inflammation of the joints (arthritis). Others include various types of
eye inflammation (iritis, conjunctivitis and episcleritis), skin
inflammation (erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum) liver
inflammation (hepatitis and sclerosing cholangitis). Other diseases and
complications may be associated with IBD but less frequently. 

At present there is no satisfactory explanation for the occurence of these
extra-intestinal complications of IBD. Some researchers consider them to
be secondary to the primary disease, while others see both the
extra-intestinal manifestations *and* the primary disease as symptoms of a
"systemic" condition. Resolution of this will depend on clarification of
the cause of IBD. 

1.2.2 Q: What other complications can occur?

Fatigue is the most common complication. Fever usually indicates active
disease and/or a complication such as an abscess. Severe diarrhea, blood
loss or infection can lead to rapid heartbeat and a drop in blood pressure.
Continued loss of small amounts of blood in the stool (which may not be
visible) may lead to anemia (reduced blood count); this may result in
fatigue.

CD frequently results in the development of fistulas which are abnormal
connections between loops of intestine. These may even involve other organs
such as the urinary bladder or open onto the skin. CD inflammation also
frequently results in the formation of scar tissue with narrowed segments
known as strictures. These strictures frequently cause bowel obstructions
the symptoms of which will depend on the severity. The presence
of a significant stricture is a common reason for surgery in CD.

Hemorrhoid-like skin tags and anal fissures may also develop.

Growth may be retarded in children with both forms of IBD and/or there may
be a delay in the onset of puberty. 

1.2.3 Q: What is toxic megacolon?

Toxic megacolon is a severe dilation of the colon which occurs when
inflammation spreads from the mucosa through the remaining layers of the
colon. It is much more commonly a complication of UC though it can be seen
occasionally in CD. The colon becomes paralyzed which can lead to it
eventually bursting; this is known as a "perforation". Such
perforation is a dire medical emergency with a 30% mortality rate. Many
patients with toxic megacolon require surgery.

Anyone with UC or CD serious enough to be at risk for toxic megacolon
should be hospitalized and closely monitored. Warning signs include
abdominal pain/tenderness, abdominal distention, fever, large numbers of
stools with obvious blood and a rapid (more than 100/minute) pulse rate.

Fortunately, this grave complication appears to be decreasing in frequency
which probably reflects more effective treatment.

Use of certain drugs (opiates, opioids and/or antispasmodics) may
predispose to this complication. This is one of the reasons that these
drugs should be used very carefully in both UC and CD. 

1.2.4 Q: What are fistulas and abscesses?

Fistulas are hollow tracts running from a part of one organ (such as the
colon) to other organs, adjacent loops of bowel, and or the skin. They
occur in CD as a result of deep ulceration.

Fistulas between loops of bowel can interfere with nutrient absorption.
This is especially true for fistulas between the small and large bowel.

Fistulas can also become infected forming abscesses. Abscesses are
collections of pus that may be accompanied by significant pain, and which
can become life threatening emergencies. Simple treatment of abscesses
resulting from fistulas can sometimes be accomplished via a procedure
called "incision and drainage" (I/D), in which an incision is made,
through which the abscess is drained. However this procedure does not deal
with the underlying fistula which gave rise to the problem.  Accordingly,
a more elaborate procedure, known as a fistulectomy, is usually necessary
for more definitive treatment. 

Fistulas are relatively common in CD patients and are very rare in patients
with UC.

1.2.5 Q: What are strictures?

Patients with CD in the small intestine may develop bowel obstructions
which can result in severe cramps and vomiting.  These obstructions can
result from narrowing of the intestine due to inflammation as well as from
scar tissue (stricture) from healed lesions. If the obstruction is a
consequence of inflammation then it can usually be relieved by medical
therapy such as steroids. However if the obstruction is due to a fibrous
stricture then surgical resection may be necessary. In others, it may be
possible to clear some of these obstructions via a technique known as
stricturoplasty, which attempts to expand the narrowed segment of the
intestine. 

Strictures can also occur in the large intestine, but are much less common.

1.2.6 Q: What is the cancer risk in IBD patients?

For patients who have had UC longer than ten years, the risk of colon
cancer is greater than that for comparable people without UC. There is data
that suggests a risk of  5-10% at that point increasing to a range between
15 and 40% after 30 years, depending upon the particular study one looks
at. If only the rectum and lower (sigmoid) colon are involved, the risk of
cancer is not significantly increased.  Patients that exhibit dysplasia
(pre-cancerous changes in cells that can be detected by a biopsy) are at
much higher risk.

There is some data suggesting that the risk of colon cancer in patients
with colonic CD is similar to that of UC patients with disease of similar
extent. 

Other cancers, such as lymphoma or carcinoma of the small intestine or
anus, may be slightly more common in Crohn's disease but the risk is not
high.

In the presence of longstanding (> 7-8 years) UC which involves more than
the rectum and sigmoid colon or extensive Crohn's colitis then the
consensus of informed medical opinion is that the patient should have a
regular (yearly or every second year) screening colonoscopy to look for
evidence of dysplasia. If that is found then the safest option is for a
colectomy to be performed. This strategy does not guarantee that cancer
can be avoided but seems to significantly increase the probability that it
is not life threatening if and when it is detected. 

1.2.6.1 Q: Are there other factors predisposing to the development of colon
cancer?

Patients who have both UC and sclerosing cholangitis may be at even greater
risk of developing colon cancer. Accordingly screening should be done with
particular vigilance in these patients.

There is also some data suggesting that low folic acid levels may
predispose to the development of colon cancer in UC patients.

1.2.6.2 Q: Are there ways to reduce the risk of developing colon cancer?

The only certain way is to have a colectomy: in other words to have the
colon removed surgically.

However, there is circumstantial evidence that taking 5-ASA drugs drugs
such as azulfidine  [See Section 2.1.1] might reduce the risk of colon cancer
also.

Also there is some data that eating a diet rich in fruit and vegetables
(five servings a day) and low in red meat is associated with a reduced risk
of colon cancer in people without colitis. Regular exercise also seems to
be associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer. These associations may
also be true for UC and CD patients but they have not been studied.

1.3 Q: What are the causes of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?

The answer, unfortunately, is that no cause is yet known.

1.4 Q: Could IBD be an inherited condition?

Many researchers believe these diseases may be result of an "inherited
predisposition" combined with a triggering environmental agent (possibly a
bacteria or a virus). There is no simple, predictable pattern of
inheritance though there is certainly some evidence to suggest that
heredity has some role to play. For example, when two immediate family
members both have IBD, the most common combination is mother-child,
followed by sibling-sibling, with father-child being least common.  About
15 to 20% of people with IBD have immediate family members with IBD. 

Heredity factors seem to be more important in CD than UC.

1.5 Q: Who gets these diseases?

Up to 2,000,000 Americans are estimated to suffer from IBD with males and
females affected equally.

The diseases can appear at any age, but the age at which patients are
usually first diagnosed falls neatly onto a bell curve centered at about
24 years old, falling off quickly in the late teens and early thirties. 
However, there are also a significant number of patients in whom the
diseases first occur in later life. 

There are significantly more cases in western Europe and North America
than in other parts of the world. 

1.6 Q: Are there any factors that predispose to the development of UC
       and/or CD? 

Smoking appears to enhance the likelihood of developing CD.

1.7 Q:  Are there any factors that protect against the development of UC
 and/or CD?

Smoking appears to protect against the development of UC.

There is data that surprisingly few UC patients have had their appendix
removed (appendectomy). This suggests that removal of the appendix may
protect against the subsequent development of UC. There is no apparent
relationship between appendectomy and CD.