Ь ð÷c b¢ng tiªng:

Him Ha Cn Kit Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin v Nhim Mi Sinh Ca Фt N߾c
Phm Phan Long, P.E.

Abstract: Doi Moi has been widely credited with the economic success of Vietnam in recent years, but it also came at the expense of the highland people, with a severe cost to the environment and serious impacts to the life of the majority of the population who live in poor rural areas. To maintain the steady growth of her export based economy, Vietnam is rapidly depleting the natural resources and polluting the environment while poverty continues to plague the nation. Much of the forest has been destroyed, millions of cubic meters of uncontrolled domestic and industrial waste are being discharging directly into rivers. Urban air pollutants have exceeded all permissible limits by 2 to 10 folds. World Bank classified Vietnam in the lowest income group and also a severely indebtedness nation. Transparency International rated Vietnam's Corruption Perception Index at 2.5 placing Vietnam the 10th among the most corrupted nation in the world. This paper reports the facts and call for an immediate national action to save the nation from this mess.

Dn Nhp
p Lc Dn S v Nghch L
S Chnh Lch Gia Nng Thn V Thnh Th
Gi Tr Ca Хu T Trc Tip T Ngoi Quc
nh H߷ng Nhng Ngun Cho Vay
Nhng Vn Ы Mi Sinh v Nn Kinh T Xut Cng Da Vo Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin
Quyn S Hu Фt ai
Chnh Sch Di Dn иnh C Du Mc
Nng Nghip Du Canh
Thy in
n иnh Mi Sinh v Tng Tr߷ng Kinh T Ti Vit Nam

Dn Nhp

Vi mt lnh th tri di ln nhiu cao v v tuyn, to ha ban cho dn tc Vit Nam mt h sinh thi a dng v nhiu kho tng tch sinh hc him qu. Chin tranh hy hoi t n߾c v y a nhiu th h; ngy nay, pht trin kinh t trong ha bnh, lm sn, khong sn v thy sn b khai thc kit qu v nn nhim lan trn ra khng kh, sng h, kinh rch v t ai. Mi sinh b t d߾i p lc nng n ca dn s gia tng v chnh sch khai thc ti nguyn ro rit xut cng trong tnh trng qun l thiu k thut v thm quyn.

Khai thc ln ln rng gi lm than ly g, xung vng ngp mn ph trm ly ch nui tm, ln cao x ni ly , o su tm ging, khai m, ht du, v hng ngy hng triu mt khi n߾c thi v cht thi ang chy thng vo sng h kinh rch khng h x l. Thm ch cc cht thi v rc r߾c cn ng ngay trong cc thnh ph cht chi ng c, nhng trn lt li mang cc ngun bnh tt ri rng khp ni.

L Huy B, Nguyn c An, Lm Minh Trit t߶ng trnh v cc tnh trng bo ng gn nh ton din: Фt ai ang b ong ha ti nhiu ni, 15% din tch min ng Nam B v Ty Nguyn bin thnh "vng t cht". Rng vn che ph trn 45% din tch t, nay sa st ch cn 23%. Rng ngp mn nay ch cn 70% din tch ngy tr߾c. Trong thnh ph, nhim SO2 trong khng kh ln 2 ti 10 ln, bi bm ln 20 ti 60 ln mc cho php. Ging UNICEF phi o su n 70 mt cng ch 15% l c n߾c dng c. Ri c khi ch 6 thng sau cng b phn ha. Hm lng nhim trong n߾c min Nam, ni xem l va la ca c n߾c, ln gp 2-10 ln, c khi 50 ln cc ch tiu ca World Health Organization. Vic o ging cu th ang gy nhim nhng ngun n߾c ngm khc. Thnh ph HCM c 550.000 m3/ngy n߾c thi t gia c v 650.000-1.000.000 m3/ngy n߾c thi t cng ngh. [1,2,3] Mai Thanh Truyt cng nhn nh: nhim rt nguy him v min Nam n߾c ngm nm khng su, cc cht nhim rt d xm nhp v lan truyn bnh tt. Уc bit nhim nitrate trong n߾c gy ra bi con ng߶i ln thin nhin c him ha t vong cho thai nhi v tr s sinh, ln n 80 mg/L gn gp i lng cho php nn cn phi i ph cp bch.[4]

X hi hin nay th hin ra cnh trng ro rit v vt ti nguyn thin nhin, hy hoi mi sinh, ph mc cho cc mm bnh tt gieo rc trn h sinh thi v xm nhp vo cc ngun thc phm ca mi ging loi. Th h ny ang n cn kho thc ging ca mnh, i v sinh vo ming ging, ri b li cho th h sau mt gnh cng n cht chng v lnh th mang cc vn nn mi sinh trm kha tc trch. S bo ton ti nguyn cho t n߾c, v lnh mnh ca mi sinh cho dn tc phi l iu thao thc trong tm t ca mi ng߶i Vit. Nu khng nim hnh din c "бi Mi", "Lnh o tin b sng sut" s thnh nhng ma mai chua xt ca dn tc ny tr߾c thm Th K 21.

Vit Nam cn phi thc hin ngay cc bin php phng nga v ch gim cc tc hi mi sinh trong mi ch߽ng trnh pht trin ngn ln di hn. Vic la chn mt ߶ng h߾ng kinh t v chnh tr kh d bo m s bn vng t߽ng lai cho mi sinh ca t n߾c, cng nh np sng ng߶i dn, phi c cn nhc v em ln hng u bn tho cng khai c n߾c. n lc phi huy ng mt Hi Ngh Din Hng v Ti Nguyn v Mi Sinh cu ly t n߾c ny.

p Lc Dn S v Nghch L

Dn s Vit Nam trung bnh tng 2.1% mi nm t 1991 n 1997. Tui th trung bnh ca ng߶i Vit Nam l 68 tui. T l sinh sn mi b m c 3.21 con. б ng, mi ng߶i c 0,13 mu t, hng t nht th gii. Min Bc cn t hn, ch c 0,06 mu t mi u ng߶i . T s dn Vit bit ch v tui th trung bnh cao hn so vi cc n߾c c ngang Tng Sn Lng Quc Gia (GNP). [5][6] Khng nn ly tin mng ny lm nim hnh din qu ng v t n l mt nghch l b bng: Nu dn ta sng lu hn, kho mnh hn, i hc ng hn, th sao ta li khng nui ni mnh m vn phi chu cnh ngho i ngang hng vi cc dn tc ngho nht th gii nh vy ? Ch s "GNP per capita" nm 1997 ca Vit Nam l US$320. Vit Nam thnh n߾c ngho th 24 trn th gii. Transparency International va t߶ng trnh trong 1998, Vit Nam c "Corruption Perception Index" l 2.5, ng vo hng th m߶i trong cc n߾c tham nhng nht th gii, ngang hng vi Kenya v Russia.[7]

S Chnh Lch Gia Nng Thn V Thnh Th

Chng ߶ng u tin ca s thay i kinh t ti Vit Nam l k hoch бi Mi. Vic gii th c ch tp th ha mang li mt s thnh cng cho nn kinh t nng nghip. Nhng chnh lch gia nng thn v thnh th tr thnh mt quc nn ni bt. a s dn cn sng d߾i mc ngho i. Sau khi бi Mi mc chnh lch v li tc tng li nhanh. Ъn 30% li tc c n߾c nm trong tay s 10% cao nht .[8] Nn thiu ht thc phm nhng vng nng thn tiu biu ko di n su thng trong mt nm. [5] 45% Tr con ang thiu dinh dng. [8] Theo Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), tr ngi to tt nht trong vic pht trin nng nghip Vit Nam l s thiu n nh trong vic cung cp thc phm, s ngho nn tuyt cng ca nn kinh t nng thn, cng thm nn tht nghip tng cao.

Cch bit li tc s dn n nhng nguy him sp ti trong vic pht trin th ba bi. Nng dn khi ht ߶ng xoay s phi tm cch vo thnh ph kim sng. Robin Broad tm tt: "Nu khong sn ca bn ang b tiu hao, rng ca bn ang b cht n, t ai ca bn ang b hao mn, hi sn ca bn b ng߶i khc nh bt, bn cn con ߶ng no i na ?"

Theo ti liu cu World Bank: "Nu dn s th gia tng nh k hoch d tr 5 n 7% mt nm, th trong nm 2000 dn s th s ln n 24 triu. Tr߶ng hp ny s khng c cch no gii quyt c ... bng nhng khu nh chut cht hp, v khng trnh khi nhng vn nn x l rc v cht thi". Mc d c nhng li cnh co thng thit ny, chnh i din Ngn Hng cng nhn rng "trn thc t", nhng k hoch cho mn tin v ch o ca c quan FDI li t߽ng ߽ng vi mt chin lc th ha do chnh World Bank (Ngn Hng Th Gii) ym tr.

Gi Tr Ca Хu T Trc Tip T Ngoi Quc

K t khi бi Mi, mi nm hng t M kim Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) c u t vo Vit Nam. Nhng con s nhn cng tm c vic lm nh FDI rt thp v ng tht vng. Ch dng c 70,000, hay 0.02% trn tng s cng nhn. Theo IMF, u t vo nng thn ch c 20%, nhng nng thn li chim hn 80% dn s. [5] Lut Хu T N߾c Ngoi ca Vit Nam c Citibank cho l mt trong nhng lut u t rng ri nht ng Nam . Nhiu cng ty a quc (Multinational CorporationdMNC) n Vit Nam nhng khng gp phn vo vic pht trin lu di. MNC vo Vit Nam v ga cng nhn v chi ph bo v mi sinh cn thp r. t em FDI vo mt ni ngho kh qu lu nh Vit Nam c th tiu dit ch t sinh t tn, bp sc khng mong manh ca mi sinh, v c hi quyn lc v t bn kt hp v km hm. Trong "Blueprint for a Banana Republic", Sixto Roxas pht biu, "theo chin thut dng ln nhng khu cng nghip bt ng sn v nhng khu ch xut, t n߾c ang gt nhn dn nng thn ra ngoi l to nn nhng lnh a dn c ngho kh v bn cng ..."

Vit Nam cn phi thay i chin lc u t thc y cng nghip ha nng thn, lp ra nhng t hp trung v tiu th߽ng thay v nn kinh t kit qu i vi nn di dn vo th gay gt thm. Chin lc pht trin kinh t bn vng cho Vit Nam phi ch trng vo nng thn c ng dn sinh sng v cho gip h c cng n vic lm lu di.

nh H߷ng Nhng Ngun Cho Vay

Theo phc trnh chnh thc t World Bank: "Mc tiu lu di ca Ngn Hng Vit Nam l thc y pht huy cc pht trin bn vng nhanh chng xo b ngho nn." Ngn Hng hin c nhng d n chn chnh c cu (Structural Adjustment Credits, SAC). Qy Tin T Quc T, IMF cng u thc 535 triu M kim qua c quan Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility, ESAF vo Vit Nam. Cc ch߽ng trnh ny s cp ti tr vi iu kin phi c ci t chnh sch qun l x hi v ct gim chi ph. Chi tit chnh sch ct gim chi ph ca chnh ph khng c cng b ra ngoi. Hin nay ng߶i dn s dng dch v y t v gio dc u phi tr l ph. Quan im kh hiu ca Ngn Hng l l ph ny l "gip ng߶i ngho", tng dch v cn bn vi ngn qu ct gim, v hn ch li nn gio dc cao cp. By gi, nhng gia nh tht ngho khng cho con i hc c na. Con gi phi chu thit thi v con trai mi u tin c i hc ln cao.

Mt vin chc i din World Bank ni "Ti l mt nh kinh t v m, ti tht s khng bit v nhng vn ngoi lnh vc kinh t ny." Da theo m hnh m nhng kinh t gia ca World Bank ti Vietnam Country Desk s dng, mi sinh khng c gi tr kinh t. Mc d World Bank c rt nhiu pho ti liu phn tch v mi tr߶ng v nhng khuyn co pht trin bn vng, s thiu st ni trn trong cp iu hnh ca World Bank c th coi l iu cn bo ng v h khng ch n t nn cn kit ti nguyn thin nhin v nhim mi sinh. World Bank nhn mnh rng Vit nam phi tip tc u t c hiu qu v pht trin ti a. Ti tr ca World Bank ty thuc vo vic Vit Nam tip tc tin trnh tng tr߷ng da vo xut cng m World Bank nhit lit tn thnh.[5]

Nhng Vn Ы Mi Sinh v Nn Kinh T Xut Cng Da Vo Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin

Ph rng c th l mi e da ln nht cho mi tr߶ng v pht trin ca Vit Nam. Rng vng Ty Bc c thi T Hu coi l "Rng che b i, rng vy qun th" nay ch cn c 13.3% m thi. [1] Hin ti c 9.3 triu mu (hecta) c phn loi nh rng (k lun cc n in). Ch 1.4 triu mu c xem nh rng che kn. Din tch rng b mt i ߾c tnh khong 200,000 mu: 50% b lm g t, 25% b ph lm t nng nghip, v 25% b chy.[5]

Nn ph rng lm mt i kh nng thm ht v gi n߾c ca Cao nguyn gy ra l cun lt li v tht thot i mt tr lng n߾c ln cn trong ma kh. Hin tng si l v lt li tn ph nhng vng t nng nghip thp ca Vit Nam, hy hoi ng la, rng ߾c, v cng nghip c ven bin.

C khong 365 loi th c c nguy dit chng ang sng trong rng bao gm ra Javan Rhinoceros, voi Chu v cp. Theo thng k ca Government's Biodiversity Action Plan, " - Ti Vit Nam, 28% l ng vt c v, 10% l chim, v 21% l loi b st v lng c phi i u vi nn dit chng." T nm 1970 n 1994, s lng cp t 3000 xung khong 200 con, v t gic t 300 xung cn 25 con. Vin chc ca United Nations Development Program, Rob Morey pht biu rng, "Nu nh ph rng ny c tip tc na, trong t߽ng lai s hon ton khng cn rng che ph mi sinh trong nm 2020." [5]

Vi cng ty n߾c ngoi u t nhng qui trnh sn xut bt giy v vn p vo Vit Nam. N߾c ngoi lm ch 100% t vic c canh cy khuynh dip (bch n) n vic thu hoch cho sn phm giy. Nng nghip c trng c gieo tr li vi nhng ging ngoi lai nh khuynh dip v cy keo. Nhng ging cy ny ht rt nhiu n߾c lm mc n߾c ngm phi rt xung su, mt t ha cn ci v khng to c mi tr߶ng sng cho cc chng loi ng vt a dng. Rng cng nghip cho kt qu nhanh, ba nm c g, nhng khng c kh nng che ph tt, hp th mt qu nhiu n߾c, dit hi cc tho mc a ph߽ng v lm gim thu hoch nng phm cho dn sinh sng trong vng.[14]

Quyn S Hu Фt ai

Nn ph rng Vit Nam l mt tr߶ng hp c in: Nh n߾c lm ch tt c t ai nn khng c ng lc thc y c nhn gi gn ti sn cng cng. Quyn s hu l iu kin cn thit nn kinh t lm nghip tr nn bn vng. Lut l v t ai tuy tha nhn quyn s hu, li cho gii chc cp tnh c quyn phn phi, s dng v tch thu t ai. iu ny to u th cho cc k hoch nng nghip th߽ng mi v hi cho sinh k ca ng߶i thiu s. Sc lnh v rng n nh cc vng c bo v hay c qun l vi quyn khai thc. Ti cc vng "t tr cn", chnh ph tr cp gy rng, nhng phn ln dn c khng tham gia.

Vic thiu minh bch trong vic phn nh quyn s hu t ai dn n hu qu khng ai lo bo tr gn gi t m ch cn khai thc ngn hn "n xi th". Vic kim tra ti nguyn v t ai phi c giao cho cng ng a ph߽ng qun l v giao cho ng߶i dn v gia nh h chm sc lu di. Chnh ph nn cho php chnh dn a ph߽ng khng phi chnh quyn a ph߽ng m thi] c quyn quyt nh v vic pht trin v cch s dng t ai ca h. Khi no ng߶i dn hnh ng do thi thc ca quyn li chnh h, chnh quyn s bt i gnh nng kim sot, vic pht trin Mi bn vng t nhin v i tc gia thin nhin v loi ng߶i Mi thc ln c mc ti u .

Chnh Sch Di Dn иnh C Du Mc

Sau nm 1975, chnh quyn Vit Nam bt u k hoch di dn cp ln ln nhng vng cao nguyn gim mt dn s min Bc, n nh a hnh chnh tr v an ninh. Chnh quyn Vit Nam huy ng 4.8 triu ng߶i Kinh t ng bng di dn ln nhng "vng kinh t Mi", ti Trung Nguyn v Cao Nguyn. Theo Rainforest Action Network, k hoch di dn vo tnh Сc Lc nh h߷ng nghim trng n mi tr߶ng. Chnh quyn d nh di chuyn trn 1 triu ng߶i n lp nghip khu bin gii Cambodia, khai ph rng su, trng trt nng sn nh tiu, c ph, v cao s Nhng k hoch ny lm tng p lc khai khn trn nhng khu vng cao v y nhng dn tc thiu s ra ngoi l. Ba phn t rng b ph hy c th qui trch vo chnh sch di dn nhng khu vc n [5] Chnh sch ny khng nhng gay gt trn nhng vng mi sinh vn mong manh nht ca t n߾c m cn gy ra cc vn x hi v c hi ti phn phi ti sn theo n hu chnh tr.

Nng Nghip Du Canh

Nng nghip du canh ca dn tc thiu s l ph߽ng php lm n nh, n v t dn dp nhng ming t nh trong rng canh tc. Tr߾c khi b i ni khc du canh h dn dp li ri nguyn cho t phc h Theo truyn thng, nhng ming t ny rt nh so vi din tch mnh mng ca rng, do nng nghip c truyn khng ph hoi rng m li vng chc nh cho t c cho phc hi tr lո Edward Goldsmith ghi ch, "Qu tht, rng cn tn ti cho n ngy hm nay l mt s thnh cng k diu ca h thng du canh c truyn trn vi th k". Ng߶i Cao nguyn by gi trng trt theo cch ny l vic kh khn v h khng cn ch du canh khi rng b ng߶i di dn nh c ln chim ng."

Khi ng߶i di dn v chnh quyn ln thm d lng tm cc vng t canh tc mi th߶ng lm ln cho nhng mnh t tm nm hoang l khng c ch hay khng ai canh tc. C khi bit t ang tm b hoang nhng quyn s dng c hu ca ng߶i du canh khng c h nhn nhn.[5]

Thy in

Ь p ng nhu cu in nng ca cng nghip, nm 2020 s l 100 t kw gi. Hin ti kh nng sn sut in nng cu Vit Nam l khong 14.5 t kw gi mt nm. Hin cng sut in nng ang c l 5,000 megawatt (MW), s cn tng ln 14,000 MW trong nm 2010. [9] Vic gia tng in nng ang c theo ui bng cc l than t, kh t v ngay c nhng l ht nhn. Thy in hin l ngun nng lng chnh yu m Vit Nam mun khai thc thm nhiu .

Thy in tuy khng nh khi ta nhit ra tri, khng c cc ng khi cao vt nh nhit in, nhng khng nht thit l ngun in nng c hiu sut cao, gi thnh r v trong lnh nht cho loi ng߶i. K nguyn xy p co chung ti cc quc gia tn tin, con chu h ang tm cch ng ca cc nh my thy in, tho h n߾c, m ca p, mong lm sng li cc dng sng m th h cha ng l lm hy hoi. [10] D th, hn mt t d n thy in c bt ra ti Vit Nam. D n Mi v gy nhiu tranh lun nht Sn La, cn gi l p Ta Bu, vi ߽c tnh ph tn 3,5 t USD, cho cng sut 3.600 MW v 17 t kw gi nng lng. Чp Sn La ln gp i p Ho Bnh, m Ho Bnh vn l con p ln nht ng Nam . H cha n߾c cho p Sn La s lm ngp hu ht cc cnh ng la trn Lai chu v Sn La v phi tn c t nht 70.000 ng߶i sc tc, tc ng n sinh k ca 110.000 ng߶i thng ngun. [11] Rt kinh nghim t Ho Bnh, a s ng߶i phi di tn khng phi l ng߶i Kinh m l sc tc thiu s. K hoch tn c ca Ho Bnh n b trung bnh ch c 500 mt vung t cho mi gia nh. Ngay trong cuc chin chng Php, tuyn truyn chng ch thuc a nhn mnh l gia nh nng dn ngho cng cn n 1000 mt vung Mi tm sng c. Vn vn canh tc trn t m mu m, ng߶i b tn c nay phi g t trng cy bn cc s߶n ni kh cn v dc cao quanh h cha d߾i nn l si t lan rng khin h khng th no ti lp k sinh tn.

Philip Hirsch ghi nhn "Phn ln s ng߶i phi tn c v h cha phi chu iu bt cng l h chng c h߷ng nh n thp sng hay phc li g khc t con p". Cng trnh Ho Bnh gip phn no vic chng l lt, nhng chnh n li cn ph sa cn thit trong vic canh tc h lu, lm nhu cu dn thy v phn bn ha hc tng ln, thu hoch nng dn v ng dn gim xung. S soi mn thng ngun v ven h cha dn trm tch vo h khin thi gian hu dng ca Ho Bnh phi gim t 300 nm xung d߾i 100 nm [12]. D n Ho Bnh s dng mt 70% tng s lng g sn sut ra t lu vc sng . D n Sn La, nu tin hnh, s cn n mt s lng g ln lao hn v s phi ly ngay mt vng rng kit qu.

n иnh Mi Sinh v Tng Tr߷ng Kinh T Ti Vit Nam

Vit Nam l mt quc gia va ht chin tranh, b phi mnh d߾i hng ngn tn ha cht c hi, nay li phi i ph tr߾c mu thun gia pht trin kinh t, cn kit ti nguyn thin nhin v hy hoi mi sinh. Thm vo l s tranh chp quyn li v quyn lc gay gt trong ni b chnh quyn. Bi hc nh my than Qung Ninh b ng ca khi va xy xong l mt in hnh.[13] Ng߶i Vit ni chung hin khng bn tm nhiu n s lng ti nguyn cn phi gn gi li hay vic bo tr mi tr߶ng chung. Vi dn s tng nhanh, ti nguyn cn him dn, s khai thc s cng thm khc lit trn ngun ti nguyn cn st li m 80% dn s thn qu cn c sinh tn.

Vy lm sao bo v kho ti nguyn t n߾c v mi sinh lnh mnh mi cho i sau vi kh nng k thut hn hp ca mnh? Chi ph bo v ti nguyn v mi sinh ly u ra ? Khng phi tm u xa, m nhng ngun ang th h߷ng m ng߶i dn no trong n߾c cng thy tr߾c mt; ngay cc x nghip ang ngang nhin thi c hng gi thng ra mi tr߶ng; nhng khon phung ph nhp cng hng xa x [gnh nng cho cn cn mu dch m ch gip tng tr߷ng kinh t cc n߾c ngoi].

Ly u ra in nng p ng kp nhu cu tiu th nu khng tip tc trc tip khai thc mi sinh v xy dng thm nh my ? Nng lng c th dnh ra bng cch tn lc bo ton, trnh lng ph, dng thit b hiu qu cao, v qun l nhu cu tiu th ln tht thot. N߾c M nh vo m trong thp nin qua gim tiu th nng lng qun bnh i c 25-50%, trong khi nn kinh t vn pht trin u n. Ti Vit Nam, tim nng tit kim ny phi cn cao hn th na.

Tm u ra chuyn vin kinh nghim giao ph trng trch ny ? Hin c nhiu nhn ti, trong n߾c, v ngay trong cc vin khoa hc v c quan mi tr߶ng. Chuyn vin u cng cn c hun luyn, hc kinh nghim v c dng c thi hnh trng trch ca h. Nhng gnh nng trn vai h s nh i rt nhiu, nu c s hu thun trit nhit thnh v quyt lit ca php lut ngay t thng nh. Khi , gii u t khng cn l do nghi ng lng c߽ng quyt bo v ti nguyn v mi sinh ca t n߾c. Khi , mnh mung v lo lch khng cn l con ߶ng php l hiu qu nht v t tn km nht. Khi , cc chuyn vin, vn c lng s x thn em "quch c s tn lm s dng". Nhng ngun u t ng n lu di s tm v thay th nhng i tc ngn hn thu mau. Khi , c tnh trng mi tr߶ng ln cng l x hi s lnh mnh sng li.

Dn tc Vit gi ci b bng lng hy sinh sut c lch s, ngy nay vn khng thiu nhng ng߶i dn ang hy sinh, v tr thc sn sng dn thn cho khoa hc v x hi, nhng s hy sinh lch s cn thit ln ny khng phi l ca ng߶i dn, cng khng phi ca gii tr thc, m l ca nhng ng߶i cm quyn c l߽ng tm v thc.

Ti Liu Tham Kho:

[1]L Huy B - Nguyn c An, Qun Tr Mi Tr߶ng Nng Ng Nghip, 1996
[2]L Huy B, Mi Tr߶ng, 1997.
[3]Lm Minh Trit, Kho St Nhim Cng Nghip TPHCM, 1994.
[4]Mai Thanh Truyt, Nhim N߾c & Vn Ы Mi Sinh TPHCM i Hi Khoa Hc K Thut Vit Nam, Anaheim, CA 1997.
[5]Sandy Buffett, Viet Nam's Development Path & Implications for Natural Resource Degradation, American University 1996.
[6]World Bank, Vietnam at a Glance, October 1, 1998.
[7]Transparency International, 1998 Corruption Perception Index,
[8]World Bank, World Development Indicator 1998.
[9]Reuters, Hanoi, October 17.
[10]Phm Phan Long, K Hoch Khai Thc Sng Mekong i Hi Khoa Hc K Thut Vit Nam, Anaheim, CA 1997.
[11]Patrick McCully, Silenced Rivers, The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, 1966
[12]Phillip Hirsch et. al., Politics of Environment in South East Asia, 1998
[13]Bach Tan Sinh, Environmental Policy and Conflicting Interests at Qung Ninh, The Politics of Environment in Southeast Asia, 1998
[14]Watersher, Natural Forest is The Right of Local People, Vol 3., No. 3, June 1998

November 98

VISITOR no