An annotated bibliography of Melanesian Folklore
Below is an annotated bibliography of Melanesian folklore. Bibliographic entries are included for Papua New Guinea, ex-Irian Jaya (Papua Province of Indonesia), Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia.Please send comments and corrections to me.
I use Wurm and Hattori (1983) to standardize references to groups of people, where each group listed under language name (or “People”) corresponds to a distinct language group in Wurm and Hattori (1983).
Wurm, S. A. & Hattori, Shirô, eds. (1983).
Language Atlas of the Pacific Area. Part I. New Guinea Area,
Oceania, Australia. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 67.
Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities.
Oral History (Port Moresby) is an important source for Papua New Guinean mythology, but it is at few libraries and is no longer published. It was published by the Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. Below, I have indexed many myths from this journal . Oral History was published as the following issues: 1(1-10) [1973], 2(1-10) [1974], 3(1-10) [1975], 4(-10) [1976], 5 (1-10) [1977], 6 (1-10) [1978], 7(1-10) [1979], 8(1-10) [1980], 9(1-4) [1981], 10(1-4) [1982], 11(1-4) [1983], 12(1-4) [1984], 13 (1-2) [1985]. A collective table of contents appeared in Oral History 5(2): 91-100. Issue 7(1) [misnumbered as 6(1)] (1978) was an index of previous issues.
A selection of 13 myths from the Institute of Papua New Guinea’s folklore archive of at the time 3500 items was given in Oral History 5(3): 94-125. These are included below.
I have not indexed those articles in this journal which do not pertain to mythology.
I wish to thank Robin Hide of Australian National University for extensive additions to this bibliography.
See also the Amazon Papua New Guinea Store.
Berndt, Catherine H. “Myths and Tales.” In: Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea. Melbourne / Port Moresby: Melbourne University Press / University of Papua New Guinea, pp. 822-829. This chapter gives an overview of PNG mythology with a bibliography of major works. Out of print.
Kirtley, Bacil Fleming (1955). A Motif-Index of Polynesian, Melanesian, and Micronesian Narratives . Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana University . This was reprinted in the Folklore of the World Series by Ayer Company (New York). In print!
Lessa, William A. (1961). Tales from Ulithi Atoll: A Comparative Study in Oceanic Folklore. Folklore Studies 13. Berkeley: University of California Press, 493 pp. This book compares motifs and tale types from Ulithi Atoll to other Oceanic folktales. The bibliography includes a large number of Melanesian references. Out of print.
Stories that are strictly historical are not included.
See Blong (1981) for a description of the Time of Darkness.
Below are sources that report substantial amounts of Papua New Guinean mythology text in an apparently unbiased (i.e., not "retold") form with good source attribution. A source is considered major if
it contains texts from many areas (e.g., McElhanon (1974) ),
it contains many texts from one area (e.g., LeRoy 1985a , 1985b ),
or it contains several texts and it is likely to be the only source for a language group (e.g., Sanders et al. (1986) ).
Abau: Craig (1980b) , Lock & Lock (1985) , Scorza (1972)
Abelam: Akimoula (1980) , Areka (1980) , Baker (1983) , Bisa (1980) , Draper & Draper (1966) , Felix (1980) , Gobikambe (1980) , Huber-Greub (1990) , Ihiruom (1980) , Jimmy (1980) , Kaingen (1980) , Kamis (1980) , Kiaakia (1980) , Kipa (1980) , Kose (1980) , Kutian (1980) , Lansak (1980) , Lauiagun (1980) , Loa (1980) , Losche (1990
, 1997 ), Manikuli (1980) , McElhanon (1974) , Mellam (1980) , Nix (1990) , Noknale (1980a , 1980b ), Numba (1980) , Sakui (1980) , Simalo (1980) , Sanginawa (1980) , Sapayé (1975) , Wakun (1980) , Wamalia (1980) , Wanbis (1978) , Wani (1980) , Watape (1980) , Wilson (1990) , Winkuaku (1980) , Yamus (1980) , Yapasi (1980)
Adzera: Cates & Price (1969a , 1969b ), van der Wilden & van der Wilden (1973)
Aekyom (?): Anonymous (1975a) , Depew (1986)
Agarabi: Goddard (1973) , Kavani (1974)
Aibom: Apral (1981) , Gewertz (1983) , Schuster (1990)
Aiome: Aufenanger (1960)
Ak (Kwieftim): Kelm (1975 , 1980 , 1990 )
Ali: Kalipapung (1980) , Mato (1980)
Amanab: Juillerat (1981 , 1986 , 1991 , 1995 , 1998 )
Ambonwari: Telban (1998)
Ambrym: Paton (1971)
Ambulas: Gélége et al. (1971)
Ampeeli-Wojokeso: McElhanon (1982)
Amto: Craig (1980a)
Amungme (see also Dani ): Nawipa (1995) , Beanal (1994)
Andarum: Z’graggen (1992 , 1995 )
Anem: Thurston (1994)
Anga : Blackwood (1939 , 1978 )
Anggor: McElhanon (1974)
Anggoram: Newton (1975)
Anuta (a Polynesian outlier in the Solomon Islands): Feinberg (1989 , 1998 )
Arapesh, Ilahita: Joshua (1980) , Tuzin (1976) , Tuzin (1977) , Tuzin (1980) , Tuzin (1982) , Tuzin (1997)
Arapesh, Mountain (Bukiyip): Alois (1983) , McElhanon (1982) , Mead (1970) , Nawimin (1980) , Nekitel (1987) , Tairas (1980) , Taminde (1980)
Arapesh, South: Anonymous (1980) , Joshua (1980) , Kapris (1980) , Kuminiga (1980) , Likita (1980) , Loa (1980b) , Lukas & Alungum (1978) , Mark (1980) , Mathew (1980)
Arop: Z’graggen (1992 , 1995 )
Arosi: Fox (1984) , Scott (2000 , 2001 , 2007 )
Aru: Crawford (1971)
Asaro: Gavey (1985)
Asmat (see also Mimika ): Hillhouse (1990) , Monnier (1999) , Münzel (1987) , Offenberg & Pouwer (2002), Roosman (1975) , Schnnebaum (1990) , Zegwaard (n.d.)
Au: McElhanon (1982) , Philsooph (1990) , Scorza (1972 , 1975 ), Scorza & Yamene (1980)
Auyana: Bee (1973) , Marks (1973) , McElhanon (1982) , McKaughan (1973b) , Sara et al. (1973)
Awa: McElhanon (1974) , McKaughan (1973a) , Newman & Boyd (1982)
Awar: Z’graggen (1992)
Awin: Anonymous (1977)
Awun (Abrau): Kelm (1975 , 1990 )
Baegu: Bauman (1998)
Bahinemo: Kawasaki (1998)
Baining: Bley (1914) , Fajans (1997) , Hesse & Beier (1977) , Hesse & Aerts (1979 , 1982 ), Laufer (1960 , 1961 )
Bali-Vitu: Blythe (1992 , 1995 ), Lattas (1992 , 2001 ), Rhoads & Specht (1980) , van den Berg & Bachet (2006)
Baluan-Lou-Pam: Meier(1978) , Takei (1977)
Bam: Z’graggen (1996)
Banoni: Lincoln (1979)
Barai: Hodgkin & Olson (1986) , McElhanon (1982) , Tinauri & Olson (1975)
Bargam: Inar (1988a , 1988b , 1988c , 1988d , 1991 ), Inar et al. (1988) , Inarbu (1990 , 1994 ), Nuwayme (1988) , Malbak et al. (1988) , Tumuw (1991) , Yagay et al. (1987)
Bariai: McPherson (1994)
Baruya: Lloyd & Lloyd (1969a , 1969b ), Herdt (1987) , McElhanon (1974)
Bauzi: Briley (1983)
Beli: Sowei (1980)
Bellona: Kirtley (1973)
Benabena: Afoe (1983) , Kuyave (1983) , Langness (1998) , Lipisie (1983) , Seka (1983)
Berik: Kalmbacher (1983) , Ooserterwal (1961)
Biak: Anonymous (1981f) , Marjen (1983) , Kamma (1955) , Weror (1981)
Biam: Z’graggen (1992)
Biami: Dwyer (1990) , Kelly (1977 , Kelly (1993)
Biangai: Koni (1973)
Bilbil: Anonymous (1981c , 1981i ), Aufinger (1946 , 1978 ), Dempwolff (1911) , Derr (1976) , Derr (1977) , Korow (1980) , Mennis (1978) , Mennis (1979) , Mennis (1980b) , Mennis (1981a) , Mennis (1981b) , Pech (1979 , 1991 ), Simango (1980) , Z’graggen (1992)
Biliau: Z’graggen (1992)
Bimin: Poole (1982 , 1983 , 1994 )
Binandere: Johnston (1995) , Opeba (1981) , Waiko (1981 , 1983a , 1983b )
Bine: Anonymous (1975a)
Biwat (Mundugumor): McDowell (1991)
Biyom: Aufinger (1979)
Boiken: Anurim & Kabaru (1980) , Bell et al. (1980) , Bose (1978) , Freudenburg (1976) , Gerstner (1952) , Hwasimani (1976) , Hwasimani & Katimo (1974) , Kachau et al. (1980) , Kankai et al. (1980) , Laitmagau et al. (1980) , Mandau & Varahui (1980) , Mando & Bokele (1980) , McElhanon (1982) , Mereken et al. (1980) , Numbatai & Bong (1980) , Roscoe (1984 , 1989 , 1990 ), Sale et al. (1980) , Tuonokon (1980) , Unau & Jimlake (1980) , Z’graggen (1992)
Bola: Specht (1980).
Bonerif: Ooserterwal (1961)
Buang: Davidson & Davidson (1972) , Girard (1976) , Hooley & Johnson (1971 , 1973 , 1983 ), Johnson & Hooley (1980) , McElhanon (1974)
Buin: Anonymous (1981b) , Laita (1971) , Laita (1977) , McElhanon (1982) , Thurnwald (1970)
Bukawac: Lehner (1931 , 1938 )
Bundi: Aufinger (1979)
Burum-Mindik: Olkkonen & Yage (1985)
Busama: Hogbin (1969)
Bwaidoga: Cohen (1999) , Jenness & Ballantyne (1928) , Young (1979)
Canala: Metais (1988)
Cemuhi (Camuhi): Bensa & Rivierre (1983 , 1994 )
Chambri: Errington & Gewertz (1990) , Gewertz (1978 , 1982 , 1983 ), Gewertz & Errington (1991) , Mepi & Garnier (2006)
Chuave: Eugene (1985) , Kerea (1990) , Yame (1990)
Dadibi: Wagner (1978 , 2001 )
Daga: McElhanon (1974)
Dani (see also Amungme ): Bromley (n.d.) , Gardner & Heider (1968) , Heider (1979) , Mampioper (1980)
Daribi: Wagner (1986)
Dedua: Ceder & Ceder (1989).
Degenan: Z’graggen (1992)
Dehu: Drile & Lercari (1983) , Ihage (1992) , Kacoco (1994) , Nekoeng (1990)
Dobu: Cohen (1999) , Duduwega (1975) , Fortune (1932) , Kuehling (1998) , McElhanon (1982)
Duau: Kanadi (1975)
Duna: Stewart & Strathern (2002) , Strathern (1998 , 2005 )
Efate, South: Waiet al. (1983)
Eipo: Heeschen (1990)
Elepi: Gehberger (1950 , 1977 )
Enga: Anonymous (1973) , Clark (1993 , 1995 ), Dlugosz (1998) , Kyakas & Wiessner (1992) , Feil (1997) , Gibbs (1978 , 2007), Kamimura (1988) , Kopilyo (1978). , Ninji (1977) , Lacey (1974 , 1975 , 1981 ), Mai (1981) , Meggitt (1976) , Timothy et al. (1974a , 1974b ), Wiessner & Tumu (1998)
Ere-Lele-Gele’-Kuruti: Kais (1977) , Kais & Minol (1996) , Kaspou (1977)
Faiwol: Anonymous (1975a)
Fasu: May et al. (1974) , Williams (1977a)
Foi: Rule (1993) , Weiner (1986 , 1988 , 1991 , 1994 , 1995 , 1998 )
Fore: Berndt (1965) , Nicholson (1969)
Fuyuge: Hirsch (1987) , Williamson (1912)
Gadsup: Du Toit (1964) , McElhanon (1974) , McKaughan (1973c)
Gahuku (Alekano, Gafuku, Gehamajuha): Deibler & Deibler (1963 , 1971 , 1974 , 1979 ), Namagulehe (1983) , Nunuwe (1977)
Guhu-Samane: Sali (1983)
Gaina: Johnston (1995)
Gamei: Josephides (1990)
Garuh: Z’graggen (1992)
Garus: Z’graggen (1992 , 1995 )
Gawigl (Kaugel): McElhanon (1974)
Gebusi: Knauft (1985 , 1998 )
Gedaged: Anonymous (1981e , 1981i ), Korow (1980) , Mennis (1978) , Mennis (1979) , Mennis (1980b) , Pech (1979 , 1991 ), Z’graggen (1992 , 1995 )
Gende: Aufenanger & Höltker (1940) , Aufenanger (1953) , Maragau (1973)
Gidra: see Wipi
Gimi: Gillison & Gillison (1983), Gillison (1993 , 2002 )
Girawa: Mokirip (1984a , 1984b , 1984c , 1985 )
Giri: Z’graggen (1992)
Gnau: Lewis (1980)
Gogodala: Anonymous (1975a)
Guyebi: Aufinger (1979)
Hagen (Medlpa): Anda (1983) , Ape (1983) , Aruma (1983a , 1983b ), Fagon (1977a , 1977b ), Kaewa (1977) , Kei (1981) , Kera (1983) , Kiye (1983) , Kopil (1977a , 1977b , 1981 ), Kupu (1983) , Lepi & Bowers (1983) , Mandikera (1983) , Nakinch (1977) , Neapu (1983a , 1983b , 1983c , 1983d , 1983e , 1983f , 1983g ), Pius (1983a) , Pundia (1983a , 1983b , 1983c ), Ralye (1983a , 1983b , 1983c , 1983d , 1983e , 1983f , 1983g , 1983h , 1983i , 1983j ), Roitinga (1977) , Rokop (1977) , Stewart & Strathern (2001). , Strathern (1979 , 1980 ), Strauss et al. (1990) , Vicedom (1977) , Wak (1977) , Wapiye (1983a , 1983b ), Wigley (1973)
Hahon: Giddings (1975)
Halia: Allen (1968) , Allen & Allen (1976) , McElhanon (1974)
Ham: Mennis (1978)
Hewa: Abramson, J. A. & Holst, R. (1973)
Hoava: Davis (1991)
Huli: Allen & Wood (1980) , Ballard (1998) , Blong (1979) , Clark (1993) , Glasse (1963 , 1965 ), Goldman (1983 , 1995 , 1998b , 1998c ), Tavali (1980)
Iamalele: Beaumont & Beaumont (1988) , Nugavali (1988)
Iatmul: Agwi (1980) , Bateson (1958) , Coiffier (1995) , Gewertz (1983) , Hauser-Schaüblin (1983) , Laki (1980) , Laycock (no date) , McElhanon (1982) , Schindlbeck (1984) , Silverman(2001). ,Spearritt (1996) , Stanek (1982) , 1983 , 1990 ), Uri (1980) , Wassmann (1982 , 1984 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 2001 ), Welly (1980)
Iduna (Vivigana): Huckett et al. (1975 , 1976 ), McElhanon (1974)
Igom: Z’graggen (1992)
Inoke-Yate: Mativa’ae et al. (1985) , McCarthy et al. (1986)
Ipili: Biersack (1998)
Irarutu: Visser (1989)
Isirawa (Saberi): Kalmbacher (1983) , Ooserterwal (1961)
Itik: Ooserterwal (1961)
Iwam: David (1980) , Yapawi et al. (1975a , 1975b , 1976 ), Yoshida (1987)
Jate: Berndt (1965)
Kadiba: Kadiba (1983)
Kaian: Z’graggen (1995)
Kairiru: Boyek (2000) , Bukasu & Wamani (1980) , Cheam et al. (1980) , Howley (1980a , 1980b , 1980c , 1980d , 1980e , 1980f ), Juanat & Kasir (1980) , Kabur et al. (1980) , Kaien & Kaiu (1980) , Kainang et al. (1980) , Kasier & Salot (1980) , Kuan et al. (1980) , Maiet & Kasir (1980) , Mandau & Varahui (1980) , Mando & Bokele (1980) , Mereken et al. (1980) , Mokis & Kaiu (1980) , Mon et al. (1980) , Monub & Sarec (1980) , Nimbilau et al. (1980) , Pulsio & Pabite (1980) , Siaui & Surum (1980) , Siaui et al. (1980) , Sperir et al. (1980) , Tikapas & Mariembongen (1980) , Waiat et al. (1980) , Worawai et al. (1980) , Worong et al. (1980) , Yaut & Boui (1980) ,Yawum & Pawdum (1980)
Kalam: Gi et al. (1975) , Kei (1981) , Majnep & Bulmer (1977) , Pius (1983a)
Kalauna (Iduna): Young (1983 , 1984 , 1987 )
Kaliai: Counts (1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1994 ), Lattas (1998) , Laupu & Sapanga
Kaluli: Feld (1982 , 1991 ), Schieffelin (1976 , 1982 , 1990 )
Kamano: Berndt (1955 , 1962 , 1965 ), Finch (1974) , Igemo (1983) , McElhanon (1982) , Payne (1988)
Kamasau (Wand Tuan): Bunima (1980) , Sanders et al. (1986)
Kambot: Pondua (1981)
Kamoro: see Mimika )
Kanite: Ate’ya et al. (1981) , Gibson & McCarty (1966)
Kapauku: Dharmojo (1998)
Kapriman: Kumagai (1998)
Kara (Manus): Kuechler (1983) , Mokis (1977)
Kara (New Ireland): Schlie (1994)
Karkar-Yuri: Ouwinu & Price (1986 , 1988 )
Kare: Z’graggen (1995)
Kâte (Kai): Keysser (1911)
Katiati: Z’graggen (1992)
Kaulong: Goodale (1995)
Keapara: Rageau (1977) , Rawali (1977)
Kehelala: Grant (1953)
Williams 1936
Keriaka: Giddings (1975)
Kesawai: Z’graggen (1992)
Keuru: Hailaeavila (1978a) , Hailaeavila (1978b)
Kewa: Diaya (1980) , Franklin (1972) , Josephides (1982 , 1998 ), Nanape et al. (2001) , LeRoy (1975 , 1983 , 1985a , 1985b ), MacDonald (1988a , 1988b , 1990 ), McElhanon (1974) , Ogale (1977) , Pius (1983b , 1983c ), Rambi et al. (1977) , Weiner (1998)
Kilivila (Trobriand or Kiriwina): Devereux (1986-1988) , Kasaipwalova & Beier (1978) , Malinowski (1926 , 1929 , 1935 , 1935 , 1948 ), Malnic & Kasaipwalova (1996) , Mathew (1981) , Mosko (1986) , Mwayubu (1977) , Senft (1995) , Spiro (1982)
Kimam: Serpenti (1965)
Kiwai: Anonymous (1975a) , Anonymous (1977) , Hughes (1959) , Landtman (19171927 1918 ), Little (1952a)
Kobon: Jevi et al. (1979)
Koiari: Gaigo (1979) , Goava (1979)
Koita: Gadiki (1977) , Gaigo (1979) , Goava (1979) , Kidu (1976) , Oram (1981) , Swadling (1981)
Komba: Harding (1967)
Konua (Kunua): Giddings (1975)
Korowai: van Enk & de Vries (1997)
Korafe: Farr et al. (1979)
Kovai: Ploeg(1994)
Kuanua: See Tolai.
Kubokota (Ranongga) (a Polynesian outlier): Roga (1989) , Stubbs (1989 , 1991 )
Kukukuku, Kuku Kuku: see Anga
Kuman (Chimbu): Brookfield & Brown (1963) , Brown (1995) , Jacobsen (1995)
Kuni: Egidi (1913)
Kunimaipa: Bjorkman et al. (1987) , Gariai et al. (1988a , 1988b , 1988c ), Geary (1974) , Geary & Bjorkman (1977)
Kuot: Galeng (1997)
Kurum: Z’graggen (1992)
Kwanga: Manabe (1988) , Manari (1980) , Poinaji (1980)
Kwara’ae: Alasa’a (1990) , Burt (1998)
Kwerba: Kalmbacher (1983)
Kwesten: Ooserterwal (1961)
Kwoma (Washkuk): Bowden (1983) , Bowden (1990) , Buria & Kooyers (1976) , Bowden (1990) , Laycock (no date) , McElhanon (1982) , Whiting (1941)
Kyaka: Kaewa (1977)
Lakalai (Nakanai): Guinness (1973) , Johnston (1974) , Johnston & Johnston (1972) , McElhanon (1974) , Theng (1997) , Valentine (1961 , 1965 )
Lau: Fox (1984)
Lavongai: Stamm (1988)
Lewo (Epi): Lui et al. (1988)
Lilau: Z’graggen (1992)
Lindrou: Buah (1981) , Moijam (1981) , Selipiu (1981)
Loniu: Hamel (1994)
Magi: Thomson (1976)
Mairasi: Peckham (1983)
Malaita: Fairbrother (1924) , Ivens (1930) , Scott (1990)
Managalasi: McElhanon (1982)
Manam: Böhm (1983) , Boucher (1971) , Lutkehaus (1982)
Manambu: Farnsworth & Kwaramwuk (1972) , Harrison (1982 , 1990 ), Halipeim (1980) , Takendu (1975) , Waki (1980)
Mandak: Eves (1998) , Tevene (1990)
Mandara: Anonymous (1998)
Mander: Ooserterwal (1961)
Mandi: Gehberger (1977)
Mangseng: Anonymous (1998) , Vua et al. (1998b)
Manikion (Sougb): Anonymous (1997) , Zevenbergen (1997a , 1997b )
Mare: Illouz (2000)
Mari: Z’graggen (1992)
Marind: Geurtjens (1956) , van Baal (1966) , Wirz (1920 , 1922 , 1928 )
Maring: Healey (1993) , Kei (1981) , Pius (1983a) , Woodward et al. (1975)
Matukar: Z’graggen (1992)
Mayo: Staalsen (1965)
Mekeo: Barnett (1974a , 1974b ), Bergendorff (1992 , 1996 ), Faliu (1989) , McLaren (1978) , Mosko (1986) , Natachee (1974) , Stephen (1995)
Mehek: Nouso (1980) , Sufali (1980)
Mendi (Wola): Sillitoe (1979 , 1993 )
Mengen: Panoff (1969 , 1988 , 1994 )
Meyah: Makambak & Gravelle (1991) , Zevenbergen (1997b)
Meybrat: Bless (2000)
Mianmin: Brumbaugh (1987) , Gardner (1988) , Kumagai (1989) , Morren (1991)
Mimika (a.k.a. Kamoro; see also Asmat ): Coenen (1963) , Drabbe (1947) , Groen (1961) , Locher (1956) , Monnier (1999) , Offenberg & Pouwer (2002) , Pouwer (1955) , Shoot (1969) , Zegwaard (1952 , 1956 , 1980 , n.d. )
Mindiri: Mennis (1978)
Misima: Alek (1989) , Bartlett (1955?) , Callister (1988) , Cohen (1999) , Peter (1976)
Mono-Alu (Solomon Islands): Monnerie (1988) , Wheeler (1912 , 1913 , 1926 )
Monumbo: Höltker (1974) , Z’graggen (1995)
Morafa: Z’graggen (1992)
Moresada: Z’graggen (1992)
Motu: Anonymous (1981u) , Gaigo (1979) , Goava (1979) , Igo (1977) , Kidu (1976) , Kolia (1981) , Manega (1976 , 1981 ), Miria (1974) , Oram (1981) , Swadling (1981) , Ugava (1974) , Vagi (1981)
Mugil: Z’graggen (1992 , 1995 )
Murik: Aris (1977) , Höltker (1975) , Lipset (1985 , 1997 ), Meeker et al. (1986) , Pulou (1978) , Schmidt (1923-1924, 1926 , 1933 )
Murupi: Z’graggen (1992)
Mussau-Emira: Chinnery (1925)
Mutu: Allace (1976) , Mennis (1981b) , Pomponio (1994a)
Muyuw: David et al. (1971) , Kalos (1977) , McElhanon (1982)
Nabak: SiÖgema (1978)
Nagovisi: Hodgkin & Olson (1986)
Nali: Kais & Minol (1996) , Pfaff & Masta (1989 , 1990 )
Nalik: Powdermaker (1933)
Narak: Hainsworth & Brien (1976)
Nasioi: Hodgkin & Olson (1986)
Nauna: Meier(1978)
Nehan (Nissan): Glennon (1993) , Hannett (1977)
Nemi: Ozanne-Rivierre (1975 , 1979 )
Nengone (Mare): Dubois (1975)
Ngaimbom (Lilau): Höltker (1974) , Z’graggen (1992)
Ngaing: Lawrence (1965b)
Nguna: Facey (1988) ,Schütz (1969)
Nii: Kondwal & Trompf (1982)
Nokopo: Kocher-Schmid (1990)
Ogea: Kennedy et al. (1985) , Kennedy & Kennedy (1985)
Ogebi: Aufinger (1979)
Oksapmin: Lawrence (1983) , Lawrence & Bek (1976) , Perey (1973)
Olo (Wape): Mantovani (1984b) , McGregor (1969 , 1978 , 1982 ), Mitchell (1987) , Waisi (2000)
Omie (Ömie or Aomi): McElhanon (1974) , Johnston (1995)
Onabasulu: Ernst (1991)
Orokaiva: Iteanu & Schwimmer (1996) , Johnston (1995) , Jojoga (1975) , Opeba (1981) , Sareki & Gagari (1981) , Schwimmer (1973)
Orokolo (Elema): Brown (1975 , 1977 , 1988 ), Clifton (1991) , Hailaeavila (1978a 1978b ), Hauka (1978) , Kavo (1978) , Kakare (1980) , Kakure (1974) , Kekeo (1978) , Williams (1940 , 1977a )
Paama: Crowley (1980) , Mael & Crowley (1984)
Paici: Bensa & Rivierre (1983 , 1994 )
Paka: Brumbaugh (1983)
Papitalai: Meier (1978)
Patep: Adams & Lauck (1979) , McElhanon (1982)
Pele-Ata: Hashimoto (1990)
Pije: Rivierre (1978)
Pila: Z’graggen (1992)
Pileni: Elbert & Kirtley (1966)
Purari: Koivi (1978) , Mari’a & Kolia (1977) , Murray (1924) , Poiki (1978) , Rove (1983) , Ulijaszek & Poraituk (1981) , Waheo (1989)
Raga: Firth (1930)
Ranongga: Roga (1989)
Rauto: Maschio (1994 , 1995 )
Rawa: Claassen (1970a , 1970b ), McElhanon (1982)
Reapa Tati: Haro (1978)
Rempi: Mennis (1979) , Pech (1979 , 1991 ), Suguman (1980) , Z’graggen (1995)
Rennell: Elbert (1970) , Kirtley (1973) , Ito et al. (1978) , Monberg & Kuschel (1981)
Roro: Efi (1983) , Kairi (1978b) , Miria (1974)
Rossel Island (Yeletnye): McElhanon (1974)
Rotokas: Firchow & Akoitai (1974) , McElhanon (1974)
Roviana: Makini (1991)
Sabarl (Nimowa): Battaglia (1990)
Salt-Yui: Irwin et al. (1971) , McElhanon (1982)
Sambia: see Baruya
Saposa: Hodgkin & Olson (1986)
Saviano: Buinklo (1980)
Sawos: Gewertz (1983) , Kinjet (1980) , Schindlbeck (1984)
Selepet: Garam & McElhannon (1983) , Harding (1967) , Kinjet (1980) , McElhanon (1974) , McElhanon (1982) , Schindlbeck (1984)
Sentani: Mehue (1990)
Sepa: Z’graggen (1992)
Sepen: Z’graggen (1992)
Sera: Powe (1980)
Sewa Bay: Schlesier (1990)
Siane: Eugene (1985) , Knutson (1976) , Kumani (1989a , 1989b , 1989c , 1989d ), Loba & Kafa (1982) , Peter (1983)
Sihan: Anonymous (1981m)
Sinagoro: Kari & Mala (1977) , Kolia (1981) , Mareva (1980) , Navuru (1973)
Sio: Harding (1967) , Harding & Clark (1994)
Siwai: Dawia (1982a , 1982b )
Sko: Takra (1980) , Tonte (1980)
Sori: Romanucci-Ross (1985)
Sowanda (Umeda): Gell (1975)
Suabo (Inanwatan): van Oosterhout(1996)
Suau: Lasaro (1975)
Suena: Sali (1983)
Suki: Anonymous (1975a) , Anonymous (1977)
Sulka: Jeudy-Ballini (1986 , 1988 , 1997 , 2001 )
Sursurunga: Hodgkin & Olson (1986)
Susuri: Z’graggen (1992)
Tagula (Vanatinai or Sudest): Lepowsky (1993) , Madiyu et al. (1987)
Taiap (Gapun): Kulick (1992)
Tairora: Hays (1985 , 1992 ), McElhanon (1974) , Watson (1997) , Vincent (1973)
Takia: Anonymous (1981a) , Derr (1977) , Hodgkin & Olson (1986) , Kupeng (1981) , McSwain (1994) , Singirok (1976) , Wabei (1977)
Takū: Moyle (2004)
Tangga: Patimos (1983) , Voklus (1977)
Tangu: Burridge (1956 , 1959a , 1959b , 1960 , 1969 ), Z’graggen (1995)
Tani: Z’graggen (1992)
Tawala: Nekudomesi & Batholomew (1988)
Teanu (Vanikoro): Tua & Lincoln (1979)
Tec: Guiart (1974)
Telefol: Brumbaugh (1984a , 1984b , 1987 , 1990 ), Craig (1990) , Futengim (1977 , 1981 ), Healey & Healey (1981) , Jorgensen (1986 , 1990 , 1993 ), Morren (1991) , Quinlivan (1954)
Teop: Terrell & Purupuru (1972)
Tifal: Bercovitch (1996) , Boush (1981) , Brumbaugh (1987)
Tikopia (a Polynesian outlier in the Solomon Islands): Firth (1961 , 2001 )
Timbe: McElhanon (1982)
Titan: Chawanin (1977) , Fortune (1935) , Mead (1930) , Samol (1977) , Tawali (1977)
Toaripi: Eite (1978) , Haro (1978) , Huiapo (1978) , Kakare (1977) , Kakare (1978) , Karava (1978a) , Karava (1978b) , Karava (1978c) , Koaru (1974 , 1978 ), Korai (1978) , Lavaki (1981) , Miva (1978) , Opa, Farapo (1971). , Sala (1978) , Sarenko (1978) , Siari (1978) , Thomas (1975)
Tolai (Kuanua): Anonymous (1981j) , Bögershausen (1917-1919) , Bola (1977) , Janssen et al. (1973) , Kleintitschen (1924) , Meier (1909) , Meyer (1910) , Laufer (1974-1975) , Sack (1997) , ToPagur (1982) , To Vairop (1977) , Valian (1977) , Wallom (1977)
Toror: Flassy (1995 , 1997 )
Tubetube: Grant (1952)
Uaripi: Haro (1978)
Ubir: Kamit (1975)
Ulau-Suain: Wamer (1980)
Ulingan: Z’graggen (1992)
Umanakaina: Jesudason & Jesudason (1990)
Umeda: See Sowanda
Urigina: Z’graggen (1992)
Urii: McElhanon (1974)
Urim: Luoma (1988)
Usu: Anonymous (1981o)
Utu: Z’graggen (1995)
Usurufa: Berndt (1965)
Vangunu: Solomon & Padakana (1995)
Vasui (Tinputz): McElhanon (1982)
Wadaginam: Z’graggen (1992)
Waffa: Stringer (1978)
Wahgi: Anonymous (1981n) , Kondwal & Trompf (1982) , Okona (1984a) , Pok (1981)
Wampar: Fischer (1992 , 1994 ), Sack (1976)
Wandamen: Ongkodharma & Nelwan (1983)
Wando: Tapari (1977)
Wantoat: Kaima (1985)
Wape: See Olo
Wares: Ooserterwal (1961)
Warop: Held (1956 , 1957 )
Waskia: McSwain (1994) , Singirok (1976) , Z’graggen (1992)
Waxei (or Wahei): Yamada (1997 , 1998 )
Wedau: Kahn (1983 , 1990 )
Weri: Narere (1977)
Wipi: Okona (1984b) , Sagere et al. (n.d.)
Wogamusin: Buinklo (1980)
Wogeo: Johnson (1978) , Sack (1975) , Hogbin (1970) , Z’graggen (1995 , 1996 )
Wom: Dengewe (1980)
Wuvulu-Aua: Ala’u (1977) , Kolia (1976)
Wiru: Collier (1975) , Clark (1989) , Clark (1993) , Ogale (1977) , Strathern (1983)
Yabim: Paulisbo (1981) , Tiesler (1968)
Yabio: Saito (1988)
Yafar: See Amanab
Yagwoia: Mimica (1988)
Yali: Zöllner (1983 , 1988 )
Yareba: McElhanon (1974)
Yau: Iqinuc et al. (1988a , 1988b )
Yaweyuha: Belalo (1975)
Yessan-Mayo: Foreman & Marten (1985) , Koukou (1985)
Yimas: Foley (1986)
Yonggom: Anonymous (1975a)
Yuri: Hanns (1982)
Zia: Kanasa (1983)
Zimakani: Anonymous (1975a)
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