January-March Goldman supports herself by working as a nurse in New York City; helps to arrange a U.S. tour for Peter Kropotkin in March and April.

Goldman reestablishes friendship with her former lover Edward Brady.

April-July Goldman lecture tour begins with a free-speech battle in Philadelphia when she is prevented from speaking before the Shirt Makers Union. Goldman and the organizations that sponsor her talks, including the Single Tax Society, defy police orders; Goldman speaks in public on at least two occasions. On April 14 she speaks at an event sponsored by the Social Science Club; other speakers include Voltairine de Cleyre. Despite the Social Science Club's opposition to Goldman's anarchist views, it passes a resolution protesting the violation of her right to free speech.

Speaks in Lynn, Mass., Boston, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago, and Spring Valley, Ill., on such topics as "Anarchism and Trade Unionism," "The Causes of Vice," and "Cooperation a Factor in the Industrial Struggle."

July 15-August 15 Goldman spends a month with her sister Helena, in Rochester, N.Y., traveling briefly to Niagara Falls and to Buffalo, N.Y., to visit the Pan-American Exposition.

Early September Goldman visits Alexander Berkman at the penitentiary in Allegheny, Pa., the first time she has seen him in nine years.

September 6 President William McKinley shot by self-proclaimed anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, N.Y., at the Pan-American Exposition. Police claim that Czolgosz was inspired by one of Goldman's lectures. She is in St. Louis when she learns about the assassination and recollects that she first met Czolgosz at her May 5 lecture on "The Modern Phase of Anarchy" before the Franklin Liberal Club in Cleveland.

September 7 Goldman leaves St. Louis for Chicago.

September 9-23 In an atmosphere of intense anti-anarchist hysteria, Goldman goes into temporary hiding at the home of American-born anarchist sympathizers. On Sept. 10, she is arrested by Chicago police and subjected to intensive interrogation. Though initially denied, bail is set at $20,000.

President McKinley dies on Sept. 14.

September 24 Goldman released; case dropped for lack of evidence.

October Goldman expresses her sympathy for Leon Czolgosz in an article, "The Tragedy at Buffalo," published in Free Society (Chicago), prompting many of her close anarchist associates to distance themselves from her.

Finding much difficulty in securing an apartment and job, Goldman adopts the pseudonym "E. G. Smith."

Czolgosz executed on Oct. 29.

November-December Goldman avoids public appearances.

1902

Criminal Anarchy Act passed in New York State.

Goldman continues to conceal her real identity, at times to no avail. Chased from her apartment on First Street, Goldman moves to a crowded Lower East Side tenement building on Market Street. She finds work as a night-shift nurse for poor immigrants living on the Lower East Side.

May-December Increased repression in Russia and a strike of Pennsylvania coal miners propel Goldman to resume her political work.

Conducts lecture tour to raise funds for the students and peasants under attack in Russia and for the striking coal miners. Her activities are closely monitored by police detectives; many of her lectures are outlawed, especially in coal-mining cities like Wilkes-Barre and McKeesport, Pa. Despite police harassment, Goldman holds successful lectures in Chicago; scheduled to speak in Milwaukee and Cleveland.

1903

January 27 Police arrest Goldman and Max Baginski in New York City for being "suspicious persons"; released after questioning.

March 3 Anti-anarchist immigration act passed by Congress.

April Edward Brady, former lover of Goldman, dies.

June-September Alarmed by the threat to civil liberties posed by the anti-anarchist immigration law and the public hysteria of the moment, prominent American liberals, including Theodore Schroeder, rally to her support.

October 23 First attempt to test anti-anarchist immigration act: At an event at Murray Hill Lyceum, where Goldman is scheduled to speak, English anarchist John Turner is arrested and charged with promoting anarchism and violating alien labor laws. Turner detained on Ellis Island until his deportation.

November In an effort to mobilize broad support from American citizens for John Turner, Goldman acts under the pseudonym E. G. Smith to form a permanent Free Speech League in New York City.

December Cooper Union mass meeting protests anti-anarchist proceedings against John Turner, still awaiting deportation.

1904

January Goldman, on behalf of the Free Speech League, undertakes a brief lecture tour to gain support for John Turner; speaks before garment workers in Rochester and miners in Pennsylvania.

February Russo-Japanese War begins.

April Goldman seeks to extend her influence beyond the immigrant community by exposing a broader American audience to anarchism. Travels to Philadelphia to lecture on "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation." Her first attempts to deliver lecture stalled by police. Public support for free speech gains her eventual success in delivering the lecture.

Supreme Court rules on the John Turner case (Turner v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279) that Congress has unlimited power to exclude aliens and deport those who have entered in violation of the laws, including philosophical anarchists.

Fall Goldman hosts two members of the Russian Social Revolutionary party seeking to organize support for political freedom in Russia. With the assistance of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, Goldman manages a successful tour of Catherine Breshkovskaya (the "Grandmother of the Russian Revolution"), recently freed from Siberian exile.

September 11 Goldman among a cast of speakers at one of the largest reported New York City anarchist meetings in support of the Russian anarchist movement.

December Exhausted by nursing, Goldman opens her own business as a "Vienna scalp and face specialist" in New York City.

1905

January 9 (22) "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg, Russia. Goldman continues to lecture and raise funds to gain support for political freedom in Russia.

February Goldman speaks at memorial meeting for Louise Michel.

Ricardo Flores Magon moves to St. Louis where his friendship with Goldman begins.

Catherine Breshkovskaya returns to Europe.

July Goldman meets Russian actor Paul Orleneff; assists him in the management of the Orleneff troupe's theater engagements in New York City.

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) established in Chicago.

September Russia and Japan sign peace treaty at Portsmouth, N.H.

October 17 (30) Czar Nicholas II signs manifesto guaranteeing civil liberties in Russia.

November Renewed pogroms of Jews in Russia. Orleneff troupe arranges benefit performances on behalf of Jewish victims.

Goldman accompanies Orleneff troupe on tour to Boston.

December Russian revolution crushed.

1906

February Goldman, in Chicago with the Orleneff troupe, identifies herself without a pseudonym at lectures to local anarchists.

March First issue of Mother Earth published; first run numbers three thousand.

Goldman begins national lecture tour with associate editor Max Baginski; speaking engagements scheduled in Cleveland, Toronto, Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica. Encounters interference in Buffalo when the police mandate that their lectures be presented in English, preventing Baginski from addressing the audience.

March 17 Death of Johann Most.

April Goldman discontinues her scalp and facial massage business; devotes full attention to the publication of Mother Earth.

April 1 Goldman speaks at an anarchist gathering at Grand Central Palace in New York City to commemorate the life of Johann Most.

May 18 Alexander Berkman released from prison; Goldman and Berkman unite in Detroit.

May 22 Goldman and Berkman travel to Chicago, where they are followed by the press. Newspaper falsely reports that Goldman and Berkman have married.

June 10-12 Goldman scheduled to speak in Yiddish and English in Pittsburgh on the following topics: "The Constitution," "The Idaho Outrage" (addressing the arrests of Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George A. Pettibone of the Western Federation of Miners), "The General Strike," and "The False and True Conception of Anarchism."

June 17 Goldman and others address a crowd of two thousand people who had gathered to greet Alexander Berkman in New York City.

Mid-July Goldman vacations at farm in Ossining with Berkman and Baginski.

October Goldman devotes October issue of Mother Earth to the commemoration of the fifth anniversary of Leon Czolgosz's death, despite the objection of many of her political associates.

October 30 Scheduled to speak at a meeting to protest the Oct. 27 arrests of several anarchists for debating whether Czolgosz was an anarchist, Goldman is arrested for articles published in Mother Earth and for inciting to riot. Nine others also arrested.

October 31 Goldman released on $1,000 bail.

November 2 Goldman pleads not guilty to criminal anarchy charges before the New York City magistrate.

November 11 Goldman scheduled to speak at the nineteenth anniversary commemoration of the Chicago martyrs, organized by the Freiheit Publishing Association.

November 23 Mother Earth Masquerade Ball at Webster Hall in New York City disrupted by police; owner is forced to close the hall.

December 16 Goldman lectures on "False and True Conceptions of Anarchism" before the Brooklyn Philosophical Association.

1907

January 6 Goldman arrested by the New York City Anarchist Police Squad while delivering the same lecture she had successfully presented the previous month; charged with publicly expressing "incendiary sentiments." Berkman and two others also arrested.

January 9 Case against Goldman from Oct. 30, 1906, arrest dismissed by the New York City grand jury.

January 11 Police evidence from Goldman's Jan. 6 arrest presented before the New York City magistrate's court; case later dismissed.

January 24 New York City police suppress meeting where Goldman is scheduled to speak.

January-March Berkman attempts to run a small printing business.

February Goldman speaks in Boston, Lynn, and Chelsea, Mass.

February 27 Goldman shares platform with Luigi Galleani at the Barre, Vt., opera house.

Late February, Early March Russian exile Grigory Gershuni, recently escaped from Siberia, visits Goldman to encourage her work on behalf of Russian freedom.

March 3 Goldman leaves New York City for national lecture tour; asks Berkman to take charge as editor of Mother Earth in her absence.

March 9 All lecture halls in Columbus, Ohio, are closed to Goldman.

March 10-15 Mayor Brand Whitlock of Toledo, Ohio does not allow Goldman to speak until Kate Sherwood, a respected political activist and community leader, convinces him of Goldman's right to speak.

March 16-17 Goldman's scheduled Detroit lectures stopped by the local police.

March 18-28 Successful lecture series in Chicago before audiences of many nationalities, including Jewish, Danish, and German. Her topics include the Paris Commune, the trial of Moyer and Haywood, and the "Revolutionary Spirit of the Modern Drama."

March-April Speaking on such subjects as "Education of Children" and "Direct Action versus Legislation," Goldman continues lecture tour in Milwaukee, Cincinnati, and Minneapolis.

April 10-15 Goldman makes her first visit to Winnipeg, Canada; lectures in German and English on topics including "Crimes of Parents and Education" and "The Position of Jews in Russia."

April Goldman expected to lecture in St. Louis; lectures in Denver.

May 5-19 Addressing audiences in German and English, Goldman speaks in San Francisco and San Jose on such issues as "The Corrupting Influence of Religion" and character building.

May 23-28 Hundreds of people turn out on successive nights in Los Angeles to hear Goldman speak, and, on one occasion, debate socialist Claude Riddle. Organizes a Social Science Club with fifty-five charter members to study social issues, literature, and art. goldman declares her intent to start a movement on behalf of Mexico among U.S. radicals.

June 2-16 Buoyed by the success of her speaking engagements--"the first tour of any consequence I have made since 1898"--Goldman travels to Portland, Tacoma, Home Colony, Wa., Seattle, and Calgary, Canada.

June 27 Goldman back in New York City in time to celebrate her thirty-eighth birthday.

July-August Goldman's essay, "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation" translated and published by German and Japanese anarchists.

Goldman selected to act as an American representative at the International Anarchist Congress in Amsterdam.

July 28 Haywood acquitted; Goldman and associates send telegram to President Theodore Roosevelt to express their joy.

Early August Goldman and other anarchists speak about the Boise trials (of Haywood et al.) at the Manhattan Lyceum in New York City.

Mid-August Goldman travels with Baginski to Amsterdam.

August 25-30 International Anarchist Congress takes place in Amsterdam, attended by three hundred delegates.

Early September After attending anti-militarist congress organized by Dutch pacifist anarchists, Goldman tours major European cities. In Paris, Goldman visits Peter Kropotkin and Max Nettlau; visits Sébastien Faure's experimental school for poor and orphaned children, and studies syndicalism at the Confédération Générale du Travail.

September 24 U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, anticipating Goldman's return from Europe, directs the East Coast commissioners of immigration to fully verify Goldman's U.S. citizenship before allowing her to cross the border.

October 7 Goldman speaks in London, England, on "The Labor Struggle in America"; is trailed by Scotland Yard detectives.

Mid-October Goldman evades U.S. immigration authorities by entering New York via Montreal.

November-December Finding Mother Earth in terrible financial shape upon her return from Europe, Goldman conducts lecture tour in Massachusetts and Connecticut.

1908

January Goldman lectures in German, English, and Yiddish on "Trade Unionism," "The Woman in the Future," and "The Child and its Enemies," among other topics, in cities throughout New York State.

Large crowd turns out to hear Goldman in Baltimore.

Police prevent Goldman from delivering her lecture on "The Revolutionary Spirit in Modern Drama" in Washington, D.C.

Lectures in Pittsburgh.

February 13 Goldman heads out for a tour of the western states via Montreal, London, Ont., Toronto, and Cleveland; scheduled to speak in English and German on "The [Economic] Crisis: Its Cause and Remedy," "The Relation of Anarchism to Trade Unionism," "Syndicalism a New Phase of the Labor Struggle," and "Woman Under Anarchism."

February 23 Giuseppe Guarnacoto, reported to be a former resident of Paterson and a follower of Goldman, assassinates Father Leo Henrichs at the altar of a Catholic church in Denver.

February 28 Goldman delivers several lectures in St. Louis, despite word from Chicago authorities who, in coordination with Washington D.C. officials, threaten to deport Goldman under the immigration law.

March 2 Chicago Chief of Police George Shippy attacked by alleged anarchist Lazarus Averbuch; Shippy's son shot. Goldman implicated in incident, which prompts new legislation to coordinate efforts of city, state, and federal authorities to stamp out all anarchist agitation.

March 6 In Chicago, Goldman is barred by police from addressing any meetings in a public hall. Goldman meets with the press, vowing that she will seek an opportunity to lecture in Chicago no matter what the authorities do to prevent her.

March 7-12 Goldman repeatedly barred from speaking at public lecture halls in Chicago; meets Ben Reitman, a physician specializing in gynecology and venereal disease, who offers to arrange a speaking engagement for Goldman at a storeroom on Dearborn Street, the meeting place of his Brotherhood Welfare Association, otherwise known as the Hobo College.

March 13 Despite an indication from Chicago authorities that Goldman will be allowed to speak if she makes no incendiary remarks against the police or the government, Goldman is prevented from speaking at Ben Reitman's hall.

March 15 Chicago newspapers report a budding romance between Goldman and Reitman.

March 16 Police forcibly remove Goldman from Workingmen's Hall in Chicago, where she is scheduled to speak on "Anarchy as It Really Is," an event organized by the newly created Freedom of Speech Society.

March 17-19 Goldman unable to secure a hall in Chicago.

March 20-22 Temporarily abandoning attempts to speak in Chicago, Goldman meets success in Milwaukee, where large crowds, including Milwaukee socialist Victor Berger, come to hear her.

March 28 Lecturing in Minneapolis, Goldman denies knowledge of those involved in a bomb explosion at a New York City demonstration of the unemployed in Union Square. News reports claim that Selig Silverstein, the bomb-thrower, was a member of Goldman's Anarchistic Federation.

March 31-April 5 Goldman delivers several lectures in Winnipeg, including discussions encouraging street railway employees to strike for an eight-hour workday.

April President Theodore Roosevelt investigates legality of not only barring anarchist propaganda that advocates political violence, but also prosecuting those who produce the material.

April 6 Goldman leaves Winnipeg; temporarily detained and interrogated at the border by U.S. immigration officials.

April 7 Goldman enters the United States; itinerary includes lectures in Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, and Sacramento.

April 17 Accompanied by Ben Reitman, Goldman arrives in San Francisco, where the police notify her that anarchist propaganda cannot be circulated.

April 18 Objecting to the notoriety caused by Goldman's presence, the management of the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco forces Goldman to leave; encounters an escalated level of surveillance.

April 19 Despite warnings, police do not interfere with Goldman's lecture at Walton's Pavilion in San Francisco, which is attended by five thousand people.

April 26 Goldman ends her San Francisco lecture series with a speech on patriotism. In attendance is U.S. soldier William Buwalda, stationed at the Presidio, who is witnessed shaking hands with Goldman following her speech. Buwalda is subsequently court-martialed for this action.

April 28-May 2 Goldman lectures in Los Angeles; debates socialist Kaspar Bauer on the question of "Socialism versus Anarchism." While in Los Angeles, Goldman visits George A. Pettibone.

Mid-late May Goldman delivers five lectures in Portland--including "Why Emancipation Has Failed to Free Women" and "Direct Action a Logical Method of Anarchism"--following initial free-speech battle. Goldman's success attributed in part to support received from Charles Erskine Scott Wood, Portland attorney and writer.

Local Portland anarchists organize protest against the court-martial and imprisonment of William Buwalda.

May 31 Goldman presents two lectures in Spokane: "What Anarchism Really Stands For" and "The Menace of Patriotism."

June Marking the last leg of her tour, Goldman travels to Montana; despite police harassment and lack of press coverage, Goldman speaks in Butte and Helena.

July Goldman vacations in Ossining, N.Y.

Goldman captivated by J. W. Fleming's invitation to make a two-year tour of Australia; tentatively plans to travel to Australia in February.

July 19 New York World publishes Goldman's article, "What I Believe."

September 7 Ben Reitman delivers speech on the meaning of Labor Day at Cooper Union. When the audience learns that the speech was written by Goldman, there is a tremendous uproar; Berkman and young anarchist Becky Edelsohn arrested.

September 13 Goldman begins five-week Sunday afternoon Yiddish lecture series under the sponsorship of the Free Worker Group in New York City; talks include "Love and Marriage," "The Revolutionary Spirit in the Modern Drama," and "The Political Circus."

Late September Goldman tormented by revelation of Reitman's infidelity.

October 16 On the eve of her departure for her next lecture tour, Goldman delivers a farewell lecture in New York City on "The Exoneration of the Devil" (based on a popular play at the time).

October 17 Goldman begins national lecture tour while the country is immersed in presidential campaigning; hopes to wind up her tour on the West Coast and depart for Australia in the new year. Lecture topics include "The Political Circus and Its Clowns," "Puritanism, the Great Obstacle to Liberty," and "Life versus Morality."

October 18-24 Large audiences attend Goldman's lectures in Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

October 27 Goldman prevented from speaking in Indianapolis.

October 30-November 1 Goldman lectures in St. Louis; meets William Marion Reedy, editor of the St. Louis Mirror, whose article "The Daughter of the Dream," published later that week, praises her.

November 2-6 Goldman lectures in cities throughout Missouri: Springfield, Liberal, and Kansas City.

November 7-13 Omaha chief of police prevents Goldman from lecturing in the hall of her choice; crowds gather to hear Goldman at other sites in the city.

November 15 Goldman's lectures in Des Moines, Iowa, are successful.

November 17-23 Lectures in Minneapolis and St. Paul poorly attended.

November 24-30 Goldman in Winnipeg for lectures and a debate with socialist J. D. Houston.

December 2-11 Goldman scheduled to lecture in Fargo, N.Dak., Butte, and Spokane.

December 13 Seattle police take Goldman into custody after the lock on a closed hall is broken to allow Goldman entry to speak; released when she promises to leave the city.

December 14 Goldman protests actions of the police authorities in Everett, Wash., who prevent her from speaking on the claim that vigilantes will harm her.

Goldman and Reitman arrested in Bellingham, Wash., in anticipation of Goldman's scheduled lecture.

December 15 Goldman released from jail; placed on board a train bound for Canada.

December 16-28 Following lectures in Vancouver, Goldman lectures in Portland and conducts two debates--one with Democrat John Barnhill, the other with socialist Walter Thomas Mills.

1909

January 2-6 Goldman lectures in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Pasadena on such topics as "The Psychology of Violence" and "Puritanism, the Greatest Obstacle to Liberty." Some of Los Angeles's leading drama critics attend her lecture "The Drama, the Most Forcible Disseminator of Radicalism."

January 13 Goldman lectures on "The Dissolution of Our Institutions" in San Francisco, followed by a statement by William Buwalda, the soldier court-martialed the previous year and recently pardoned by President Roosevelt. Event takes place without police interference.

January 14 Goldman and Reitman arrested on charges of conspiracy against the government; both held on bail. Buwalda arrested for disturbing the peace. Supporters of Goldman and Reitman rally to protest the arrests on Jan. 15; police forcibly end gatherings.

In jail, Goldman learns about her father's death.

Goldman released Jan. 18; participates in a public debate on "Anarchism versus Socialism." Case dropped Jan. 28.

January 23 Goldman's anticipated departure for Australia is postponed.

January 31 Goldman speaks to a crowd of over two thousand people in San Francisco on "Why I Am an Anarchist."

February Goldman stays in San Francisco with hopes of delivering the lectures she was prevented from giving during the week of her arrest and imprisonment.

March 1-10 Delivers two lectures and participates in one debate in Los Angeles.

March 12 Goldman lectures in El Paso, Tex.; prevented by city authorities from holding meeting in Spanish.

March 14-15 Goldman attempts to lecture in San Antonio; unable to secure a hall.

March 16 Goldman speaks on the outskirts of Houston in a hall owned by the Single Taxers; remarks that this event is "the most inspiring meeting of my entire tour."

Mid-March Tour ends with two meetings in Forth Worth.

March 27 Goldman in Rochester, N.Y.

April-May Goldman conducts Sunday lecture series in Yiddish and English in New York City; topics include "The Psychology of Violence," "Minorities versus Majorities," and the modern drama.

April 8 U.S. Court in Buffalo invalidates the citizenship of Jacob A. Kersner, Goldman's legal husband; threatens Goldman's claim to U.S. citizenship and results in cancellation of Goldman's trip to Australia.

May Goldman's essay "A Woman Without a Country," responding to the threat of deportation, published in Mother Earth.

With increased public attention on her citizenship status, Goldman is stopped repeatedly by the police.

May 1 Scheduled to speak at a Mother Earth May Day concert and dance in New York City.

May 6 Goldman speaks at a convention of the National Committee for the Relief of the Unemployed in New York City, encouraging the unemployed to organize.

May 10 and 13 Goldman scheduled to speak in New York on "Direct Action as a Logical Tactic of Anarchists" and "How Parents Should Raise Children" (in Yiddish).

May 14 Goldman scheduled to speak in New Haven on "Anarchy: What It Stands For"; police admit her into the lecture hall, but prevent entry to thousands of people waiting outside.

May 21 Goldman and Berkman invited by civil libertarian Alden Freeman to lunch at the elite New Jersey Society of Mayflower Descendants; subsequent scandal threatens Freeman's membership in the club.

May 23 Police break up Goldman's Sunday lecture series, claiming that she did not follow the subject of her lecture on "Henrik Ibsen as the Pioneer of Modern Drama"; two arrests made.

May 24 Goldman speaks at the Sunrise Club in New York City on "The Hypocrisy of Puritanism," sharply criticizing Anthony Comstock, anti-vice crusader.

May 28 Brooklyn chief of police orders cancellation of a Goldman lecture.

Late May "A Demand for Free Speech" manifesto signed and circulated by prominent individuals to protest the recent suppression of Goldman's rights. Free Speech Society is formed.

June 7 Free-speech conference to take place in New York City.

June 8 Goldman scheduled to speak in East Orange, N.J., at a meeting organized by Alden Freeman to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of Thomas Paine's death; police prevent her from entering the lecture hall. Crowd relocates to Freeman's barn, where Goldman delivers lecture suppressed by police on May 23.

June 30 Large meeting organized by the Free Speech Society takes place at Cooper Union to protest harassment of Goldman and to win back the right of free speech. Speakers include former congressman Robert Baker, Alden Freeman, Voltairine de Cleyre, James P. Morton, and Harry Kelly. Telegrams from Eugene Debs and others read.

July 2 Goldman tests her free-speech rights by delivering a lecture before the Harlem Liberal Alliance; standoff with police, but no interference.

August 11 Goldman prevented from speaking in New York City at a meeting sponsored by Mother Earth to celebrate the antiwar uprising in Spain. Other speakers include Voltairine de Cleyre, Harry Kelly, and Max Baginski.

August 24 Reitman secures a lecture hall in Boston despite police intimidation of hall owners.

September Goldman, accompanied by Reitman, conducts a short lecture tour of Massachusetts, Vermont, and Rhode Island.

While in Worcester, Goldman attends lecture by Sigmund Freud at Clark University.

September 3 Mayor of Burlington, Vt., prevents Goldman from speaking anywhere in his city.

September 8 Unable to secure a lecture hall in Worcester, Goldman is invited to speak on the private property of Rev. Eliot White.

September 24-October 21 Goldman engaged in free-speech battle in Philadelphia. Police chief will let Goldman speak on the condition that he review her speech prior to the engagement; Free Speech Association deems proposed review an infringement on Goldman's free-speech rights and Goldman refuses to comply.

When Goldman is prevented from entering lecture hall, Voltairine de Cleyre reads Goldman's lecture to the audience.

Goldman appeals for injunction to restrain the Philadelphia police from further intimidation; testifies before the Philadelphia courts.

Philadelphia judge denies injunction, claiming that the police had the right to prevent both citizens and aliens from speaking if their words were deemed likely to cause a public disturbance; in addition, claims that Goldman is not a citizen and therefore is not guaranteed constitutional right to free speech.

October 17 Goldman is chief speaker at a New York City mass meeting called to protest the Oct. 13 execution of Francisco Ferrer, founder of the modern school movement, in Spain.

October 23 Goldman marches in a parade of six hundred anarchists and socialists in New York City to protest Ferrer's execution.

November 5 Prevented from speaking in a Brooklyn lecture hall, Goldman addresses a crowd of three thousand in an open-air meeting; Reitman arrested for failing to obtain a permit.

December 12 Goldman speaks on "Will the Vote Free Woman: Woman Suffrage" to an audience of three hundred women, many of whom are suffragists. A collection is taken for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, recently sentenced to a three-month prison term resulting from her arrest during a free-speech battle in Spokane.

December 26 Goldman scheduled to deliver her last lecture, "White Slave Traffic," in New York City before embarking on her western tour.

1910

January-June Goldman delivers a total of 120 lectures before forty thousand people in thirty-seven cities in twenty-five states; credits her success to the organizing skills of Ben Reitman.

January Her tour begins with free-speech battles that thwart her from speaking in Detroit, Columbus, and Buffalo.

January issue of Mother Earth held by the U.S. Postmaster on Anthony Comstock's objection to the publication of Goldman's essay "White Slave Traffic." Released on Jan. 29 when officials decide there is nothing legally objectionable in the magazine.

January 9-10 Large audiences attend Goldman's lectures in Cleveland.

Mid-January Goldman holds a successful meeting in Toledo.

In Chicago, Goldman conducts six lectures in English and three in Yiddish.

January 23-24 Goldman holds three successful meetings in Milwaukee.

January 26-27 Goldman's speaking engagements in Madison, Wis., set off a storm of protest from state and university officials who deny any formal endorsement of Goldman.

Late January Press attributes Goldman's unsuccessful meeting in Hannibal, Mo., to the intimidation posed by police when they record the names of everyone who stepped inside the lecture hall.

February 2-6 Goldman's lectures in St. Louis include "Ferrer and the Modern School," "Leo Tolstoy, the Last Great Christian, His Life and His Work," and "Art in Relation to Life."

Early February Police chief of Springfield, Ill., attempts to stop Goldman from lecturing.

February 14-18 Goldman attracts sizable crowds in Detroit.

February 19 Goldman hissed by her Ann Arbor audiences.

Late February Goldman speaks in Buffalo, despite residues of Czolgosz-inspired apprehension and disapproval of anarchism.

Holds three meetings in Rochester.

March 11 Goldman speaks on "The General Strike [of Philadelphia]" in Pittsburgh. Press does not announce her talks in fear that she will prompt a riot.

March 18 A celebration of the fifth anniversary of Mother Earth takes place in New York City.

Mid-March Despite an absence of press coverage, Goldman conducts four lectures in Minneapolis.

Goldman lectures for the first time in Sioux City, Iowa.

Organized on short notice, Goldman's lecture in Omaha is well received.

March 26 Amendment to the Immigration Act of 1907 is passed, forbidding entrance to the United States of criminals, paupers, anarchists, and persons carrying diseases.

Early April Goldman's lectures in Denver well attended.

Goldman and Reitman arrested in Cheyenne, Wyo., while conducting an open-air meeting. Arrests spur further interest in Goldman.

Mid-April Goldman lectures in San Francisco and debates a socialist on "whether collective regulation or free love will guarantee a healthy race."

Late April Goldman visits Jack London and his wife Charmian at their ranch at Glen Ellen, Calif.

May 1 Goldman lectures on anarchism and "Marriage and Love" in Reno.

May 6-18 Goldman pleased by the overwhelmingly positive reception to her lectures and debate in Los Angeles; claims to have delivered that city's first-ever Yiddish lecture.

Late May Goldman lectures in San Diego, Portland, Seattle, and Spokane.

May 31 Car in which Goldman and Reitman are riding is struck by a freight train in Spokane. Goldman thrown from car and badly bruised.

June Goldman speaks in Butte, Bismarck, and Fargo; travels through Milwaukee and Chicago.

June 25 The Mann Act, popularly known as the "white slave traffic act," passed by Congress, prohibiting interstate or international transport of women for "immoral purposes."

Summer and Fall Goldman divides her time between New York City and the Ossining farm where she prepares Anarchism and Other Essays for publication; Berkman begins writing Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.

October Canadian subscribers denied receipt of Mother Earth books on orders of Canadian authorities because of their "treasonable nature."

October 1 Bombing of the Los Angeles Times building by James and John McNamara kills twenty people; anarchist involvement immediately suspected.

November 1 At a public meeting in New York City, Goldman and Reitman question Anthony Comstock about his promotion of laws denying the use of mails for "obscene" materials.

November 10 Goldman sets out to organize public protest in response to the pending execution of Japanese anarchist Kotoku Shusui (Denjiro), his common-law wife, Kanno Sugako, and twenty-four others.

November 20 Goldman scheduled to lecture on "The Danger of the Growing Power of the Church" in New York City.

November-December Police authorities deny Goldman the right to speak in Washington, D.C., and Indianapolis. Escapes police interference in Baltimore where she presents five lectures.

December Anarchism and Other Essays published.

December 4 Goldman begins Sunday lecture series in New York City on anarchism, the drama, "Tolstoy, the Rebel," and "The Parody of Philanthropy."

December 24 Anarchist ball sponsored by Mother Earth in New York City.

1911

Early January Mother Earth office moved from 210 East Thirteenth Street to 55 West 28th Street, New York City.

January 5 Goldman speaks at the inauguration of the new Ferrer School in New York City.

January 6 Goldman begins her annual "pilgrimage" with a lecture in Rochester. Over the next six months she will travel to fifty cities in eighteen states, delivering 150 lectures and debates.

January 8-14 Goldman's lectures in Buffalo and Pittsburgh poorly attended.

January 15-16 Successful events in Cleveland, especially the Jewish meeting.

January 17-20 Goldman has mixed results in Columbus; denied opportunity to speak on several occasions. Goldman receives support from many members of the United Mine Workers, although the leaders of the UMW vote against inviting Goldman to speak at their convention.

Mid-January Goldman holds small meetings in Elyria and Dayton, Ohio.

January 21-23 Speaks in Cincinnati.

January 24 Execution of twelve anarchists in Japan.

January 24-25 After free-speech battle in Indianapolis, Goldman is offered use of the Pentecost Tabernacle by a preacher; the next day she speaks at the Universalist Church.

Late January Goldman holds two meetings in Toledo.

January 31-February 5 Lectures in Detroit disappointing.

Early February Goldman's lectures in Ann Arbor received more favorably than previous year.

Speaking engagement in Grand Rapids hosted by William Buwalda.

February 10-16 Goldman lectures in Chicago.

February 26-March 3 With the help of William Marion Reedy, Goldman's lectures are widely attended in St. Louis. Meets political artist Robert Minor. Roger Baldwin arranges two speaking engagements for Goldman at the exclusive Wednesday Ladies' Club. Lecture topics include "The Eternal Spirit of Revolution," "The Social Importance of Ferrer's Modern School," "Tolstoy--Artist and Rebel," and "Galsworthy's Justice."

March 5 Goldman encounters police interference in Staunton, Ill., but manages to speak before members of this mining town despite arrest of one comrade.

March 6-12 Goldman lectures in Belleville, Ill., Milwaukee, and Madison.

March 13 Ricardo Flores Magón appeals to Goldman for support of the revolutionary movement in Mexico.

March 13-21 Scheduling problems for Goldman's lecture series in St. Paul-- holds only one meeting.

March 25 Fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City kills 146 people, mostly young women.

Late March Goldman delivers six lectures in Minneapolis and three lectures in Omaha.

Early April Goldman speaks to law students in Lincoln, Nebr., and Lawrence, Kans.

Scheduled to participate in a debate and speak before a Jewish audience in Chicago.

April 6-7 Goldman scheduled to speak in Kansas City, Mo.

April 7 Free Speech League incorporated in Albany, N.Y., by Leonard D. Abbott, president, and Brand Whitlock, vice president.

April 14-19 Goldman's lecture on "Victims of Morality" among the most well attended in Denver.

April 22-26 Goldman speaks in Salt Lake City.

May Climax of land revolt in Baja California led by the Partido Liberal Mexicano; Porfirio Diaz signs a peace treaty with Francisco Madero in Mexico.

April 30-May 7 Goldman immensely pleased with success of her tour in Los Angeles; holds eleven meetings and raises financial support for the Mexican cause, and likens the uprising to the Paris Commune.

May 9-10 Goldman holds two meetings in San Diego.

May 13 Goldman accused of being an agent provocateur by the editors of Justice, a publication of the Social-Democratic Party in London, England. Accusation prompts anarchists and liberal journalists and lawyers to rally to Goldman's defense; statement protesting charges made by Justice is circulated.

May 14 Goldman lectures twice in Fresno, Calif.

May 16-25 Eight lectures and a debate in San Francisco.

Late May-early June Goldman lectures in Portland and Seattle.

June Six-month tour concluded with lectures in Spokane, Colville, Wash., Boise, and Denver. Collections made for Mexican comrades.

Summer Goldman spends time with Alexander Berkman at their Ossining summer retreat while Berkman completes Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.

August 26 Goldman rallies support for the Mexican Revolution at a mass meeting at Union Square in New York City. Other speakers include Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Max Baginski.

Fall Unable to secure a mainstream publisher for Berkman's book, Goldman seeks financial support from attorney Gilbert Roe and journalist Lincoln Steffens for its publication by the Mother Earth Publishing Association.

October 1 Goldman speaks out about "The Growing Religious Superstition" at a mass meeting in New York City.

October 13 Goldman among speakers at a New York City commemoration of the second anniversary of the death of Francisco Ferrer. Other speakers include Leonard Abbott, James P. Morton, and Harry Kelly. Bayard Boyesen, professor at Columbia University and a teacher at the Ferrer School, is later fired by university administrators for having shared the platform with Goldman at this event.

October 15-December 10 Series of Sunday afternoon and evening lectures in Yiddish and English to residents of New York City's Lower East Side. Lecture topics include "Marriage and the Lot of Children among the Poor," "Government by Spies: The McNamara Case and Burns," "Art and Revolution," "Communism, the Most Practical Basis for Society," "Mary Wollstonecraft, the Pioneer of Modern Womanhood," and "Socialism Caught in Its Political Trap."

November 18 Mother Earth concert and ball to take place in New York City.

December 1 John and James McNamara plead guilty to bombing the Los Angeles Times building; admission of guilt creates controversy among their supporters who believed them to be innocent. Goldman defends their action in Mother Earth editorial.

December 17 Goldman scheduled to present a farewell lecture on "Sex, the Element of Creative Work," in New York City, before departing for annual lecture tour with Ben Reitman.

1912

January Paul Orleneff returns to the United States for a brief series of dramatic performances.

January 12 Lawrence, Mass., textile strike begins.

February Goldman debates socialist Sol Fieldman twice in New York on "Direct versus Political Action." Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn take collections for the striking textile workers.

Mother Earth alerts its readers to a major free-speech fight in San Diego.

February 3 Goldman a scheduled speaker at a meeting organized by the Italian Socialist Federation in Union Square to raise support for the Lawrence strikers.

February 10-18 Goldman's annual lecture tour begins in Ohio; speaks in Cleveland, Lorain, Elyria, Columbus, and Dayton; topics include "Anarchism, the Moving Spirit in the Labor Struggle" and "Maternity," a Drama by Eugene Brieux (Why the Poor Should Not Have Children)."

February 21-29 Lectures in Indianapolis and St. Louis.

March Aroused by the experience of hearing her lecture, Almeda Sperry begins a passionate correspondence with Goldman.

March 3-9 Goldman continues lectures in Chicago; topics include "The Failure of Christianity" and "Edmond Rostand's Chantecler." Debates Dr. Denslow Lewis on "Resolved, that the institution of marriage is detrimental to the best interests of society."

Meets Russian revolutionary Vladimir Bourtzeff.

March 10-April 13 Speaking engagements in Grand Rapids, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Milwaukee, Madison, Minneapolis, Omaha, Kansas City, and Lawrence, Kans.

April 14-27 Goldman's lectures in Denver positively received; lecture topics include "Woman's Inhumanity to Man" and "The Failure of Charity." Denver Post features interviews with and articles by Goldman.

Extends stay in Denver to teach a course on the modern drama.

Late April Goldman in Salt Lake City.

May 1-13 Continuation of lecture tour in Los Angeles; Goldman responds to growing intensity of free-speech battle in San Diego. On May 13, she speaks at the Los Angeles funeral of IWW agitator Joseph Mikolasek, killed by the San Diego police on May 7.

May 14 Mob of vigilantes waits for Goldman's arrival at the San Diego train station; follows her to the Grant Hotel in an attempt to run her out of town. Reitman is kidnapped, tarred, and sage-brushed, his buttocks singed by cigar with the letters "I.W.W." Goldman flees from San Diego to Los Angeles.

May 15 U.S. grand jury initiated to investigate the IWW as "an organization operating contrary to the laws of the United States." Proceedings terminated before Goldman formally called to testify.

May 16 Goldman and Reitman among speakers at two large protest meetings held in Los Angeles.

May 18-29 Goldman and Reitman in San Francisco; lectures on anarchism and the San Diego free-speech battle are widely attended despite condemnation of Goldman in the press.

Socialists deny Goldman use of their Oakland auditorium.

May 30 Reitman and Goldman speak in Sacramento about their recent experience in San Diego.

June 1-6 Goldman continues lecture tour in Portland.

June 9-20 Goldman's lecture series in Seattle threatened by U.S. military veterans who protest her right to speak. Mayor orders a large contingent of police to monitor, rather than bar, her lectures. Goldman speaks in public in defiance of anonymous death threat; no attempts made on her life.

Mid-June Goldman travels to Spokane, Colville, Wash., and Butte to lecture.

June 20 Following a long illness, Voltairine de Cleyre dies at the age of forty-five.

June 26-July 13 Goldman returns to Denver intending to teach classes on eugenics and on modern drama; eugenics class canceled for lack of interest. Public lecture topics include "Patriotism--a Menace to Liberty" and "Vice, Its Cause and Cure."

July 16 Her lecture circuit completed, Goldman stops at the Waldheim cemetery in Chicago to visit Voltairine de Cleyre's grave.

July 22 Goldman pleased to return to a well-organized _Mother Earth_ office in New York.

Summer and Fall Goldman vacations and writes at the Ossining farm; grows impatient with Berkman's difficulties with revision of Prison Memoirs.

August 1 Goldman impressed by African-American political theorist W. E. B. Du Bois lecture at the Sunrise Club in New York.

October 6-December 22 Goldman holds a Yiddish and English Sunday lecture series in New York City; topics include "The Psychology of Anarchism," "The Dupes of Politics," "Sex Sterilization of Criminals," "The Resurrection of Alexander Berkman: Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist," "The Failure of Democracy," "Economic Efficiency--the Modern Menace," and Damaged Goods by Eugčne Brieux (A Powerful Drama, Dealing with the Curse of Venereal Disease).

November 5 Woodrow Wilson elected president; Socialist candidate Eugene Debs receives over 900,000 votes.

November 11 Goldman participates in major commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Haymarket martyrs in New York, sponsored by more than a dozen anarchist and labor organizations.

November 26-30 Goldman scheduled to speak at a meeting organized by Almeda Sperry in New Kensington, Pa., followed by meetings in Pittsburgh, New Castle, and McKees Rocks.

December 6 Goldman scheduled to lecture on syndicalism in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn.

December 7 Gala celebration of Peter Kropotkin's seventieth birthday in New York City cosponsored by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme and Mother Earth; Goldman a featured speaker.

December 11 Berkman and Goldman speak at the Chicago celebration of Kropotkin's birthday.

December 20 Goldman scheduled to lecture on Leonid Andreyev's King Hunger in Brownsville.

December 24 Mother Earth Grand Ball and Reunion in New York.

1913

January 12-February 16 Goldman delivers six Sunday lectures in New York City on the modern drama, discussing the plays of Scandinavian, German, Austrian, French, English, and Russian dramatists including August Strindberg, Gerhart Hauptmann, Arthur Schnitzler, Frank Wedekind, Maurice Maeterlinck, Edmond Rostand, Octave Mirbeau, Eugčne Brieux, George Bernard Shaw, Arthur Pinero, John Galsworthy, Charles Rann Kennedy, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorki, and Leonid Andreyev.

February 12 Lecture in Hartford, Conn.

February 14 Lecture in Newark, N.J.

February 17 The International Exhibition of Modern Art--the Armory Show--opens at the 69th Regiment Armory in New York City.

February 20 Benefit event for Mother Earth's eighth anniversary and for Goldman on the eve of her departure for her annual lecture tour.

February 22-April 22 Goldman describes her engagements in Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Mo., Coffeyville, Lawrence, and Topeka, Kans., as "dreadfully uneventful and dull." Lecture topics include "Sex Sterilization of Criminals," "The Psychology of Anarchism," "Woman's Inhumanity to Man," "Syndicalism--the Modern Menace to Capitalism," "Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist," "Syndicalism, the Strongest Weapon of Labor--a Discussion of Direct Action, Sabotage and the General Strike," and the modern drama.

February 25 Paterson, N.J., silk strike begins.

April 25 Goldman opens series of lectures on Nietzsche at the Woman's Club in Denver.

May 1-8 Goldman lectures on the modern drama in Denver, which "brought larger and more representative audiences than we have ever had in Denver."

May 11-19 Goldman delivers thirteen lectures in Los Angeles.

May 19 Goldman accompanies Reitman, obsessed with returning to San Diego, to the place of his abduction by vigilantes the previous year.

May 20 Goldman and Reitman arrested on arrival in San Diego; vigilantes surround the police station. Police order Goldman and Reitman to board the afternoon train back to Los Angeles.

May 22 In Los Angeles, Goldman and others speak out against continued vigilante intimidation in San Diego.

May 25-June 8 Goldman delivers a series of anarchist propaganda lectures in San Francisco, followed by several talks on the modern drama, including Stanley Houghton's Hindel Wakes, John Galsworthy's The Wheels of Justice Crush All, and Charles Rann Kennedy's The Dignity of Labor.

June Arahata Kanson translates Goldman's essay "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation" into Japanese.

June 16-July 9 Goldman lectures on anarchism and the modern drama in Los Angeles. General lecture topics include "Friedrich Nietzsche, the Anti-Governmentalist," "The Social Evil," and "The Child and Its Enemies: The Revolutionary Developments in Modern Education." Dramatists discussed include Henrik Ibsen, Hermann Sudermann, Otto Hartleben, J. M. Synge, William Butler Yeats, Lady Isabella Gregory, Lennox Robinson, Thomas C. Murray, and E. N. Chirikov.

July Paterson silk strike ends in failure.

July 13-31 Due to her popular success the previous month, Goldman is welcomed back to San Francisco to continue her lecture series. Debates socialist Maynard Shipley, and, in addition to a series on the modern drama, delivers several talks on general topics including "The Relation of the Individual to Society" and, in Yiddish, "Should the Poor Have Many Children." Goldman notes that her lecture on "The Social Evil" attracted the biggest and most diverse audience.

August 3-9 In Portland, Goldman delivers lectures on the modern drama, including the works of playwrights Ludwig Thoma, Stanley Houghton, and Katherine Githa Sowerby. Other public speaking engagements include a debate with socialist W. F. Ries and a lecture on the sterilization laws adopted by the state of Oregon.

August 9 In Seattle, while distributing advance lecture bills for Goldman, Reitman and another publicist are arrested on the charge of "peddling bills without a license," and released on five dollars bail.

August 10 The Seattle Free Speech League protests the actions of the president of the University of Washington, who disallowed the scheduling of Goldman's lectures at campus facilities.

August 11-17 Goldman delivers several lectures in Seattle, including three in the IWW meeting hall; describes them as "the most wonderful I have addressed in many years."

Mid-August Canadian immigration authorities prevent Goldman from entering the country.

August 17 Goldman participates in debate on "Anarchism versus Socialism," and speaks on "Marriage and Love" in Everett, Wash., despite the mayor's intention to bar her public talks.

Late August Goldman delivers three lectures in Spokane, including "The Social and Revolutionary Significance of the Modern Drama."

"The Growing Danger of the Power of the Church" is the most popular of two lectures delivered by Goldman in Butte, Mont.

September Back in New York City, Goldman engages in a search for a large apartment to combine the Mother Earth office with a household comprised of Reitman and his mother, Berkman, Mother Earth secretary M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, and French housekeeper Rhoda Smith. By the end of the month, she moves from 210 East 13th Street, where she has lived since 1903, to 74 West 119th Street.

Fall-Winter Settled in her new home, Goldman prepares her modern drama manuscript for publication.

Goldman organizes political support for IWW members arrested in connection with strike of Canadian miners, and for Jesus Rangel, Charles Kline and twelve members of the Partido Liberal Mexicano charged with murdering a deputy sheriff in San Antonio, Tex.

October 12 Goldman among speakers at a Francisco Ferrer memorial meeting in New York City.

October 18 Annual Mother Earth reunion concert and ball takes place in New York.

October 26 Goldman delivers two lectures in Trenton, N.J.

November 2-December 28 Goldman conducts Sunday evening lectures series in New York City; topics include "Our Moral Censors," "The Place of Anarchism in Modern Thought," "The Strike of Mothers," "The Intellectual Proletarians," and "Why Strikes Are Lost."

December 15 Goldman hosts a social gathering for British syndicalist Tom Mann.

December 16 Despite warnings by the Paterson, N.J., police forbidding Goldman from speaking, she addresses members of the IWW on "The Spirit of Anarchism in the Labor Struggle." Goldman is forced off the platform; audience members engage in battle with the police to release her.

December 24 Annual "Christmas Gathering of the Mother EarthFamily" in New York City. 1914

January Goldman's Mother Earth essay "Self-Defense for Labor" responds to a series of violent labor violations; in the absence of legal protection against the danger of exercising their right to organize, Goldman calls on workers to arm themselves for self-defense.

Joe Hill arrested in Utah; charged with murder despite lack of evidence.

Goldman's household arrangement with Reitman and his mother fails. Goldman's relationship with him becomes "unbearable"; Reitman moves back to Chicago.

Goldman continues to work on the manuscript of Social Significance of the Modern Drama.

January 4 Philadelphia police expel audience and lock the hall where Goldman is scheduled to lecture on "The Awakening of Labor"; event moved to another location where the lecture proceeds without interruption.

January 5 Under the auspices of the Free Speech League, Goldman addresses large meeting in Paterson, N.J., to protest recent violations of free speech; other speakers include single-taxer Bolton Hall, Leonard Abbott, and Lincoln Steffens.

January 11-March 8 Goldman delivers extensive lecture series in New York City on the modern drama; expands her repertoire to discuss the works of British poet and dramatist John Masefield, and American playwrights Mark E. Swan, William J. Hurlbut, Joshua Rosett, and Edwin Davies Schoonmaker. Responding to the massive unemployment of the time, Goldman requests contributions for the jobless at each lecture.

March Goldman offered high-paying speaking engagements in vaudeville; after brief contemplation of proposition based on desperate financial need, she turns down offer.

March 6 Lecture in Newark, N.J.

March 9 Goldman delivers lecture in Philadelphia; notes free-speech victory with complete retreat of police authorities.

March 15 Goldman, in Yiddish, among speakers at an afternoon celebration of the ninth anniversary of the publication of Mother Earth and a commemoration of the Paris Commune; other speakers include Berkman, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Harry Kelly.

Goldman delivers farewell lecture in New York City. American playwright George Middleton and actresses Fola La Follette and Mary Shaw speak on "What Drama Means to Me."

March 21 Goldman addresses demonstration of unemployed workers at Union Square in New York City; rally is followed by march along Fifth Avenue. Event launches city-wide campaign of the unemployed, in which Berkman takes an active role.

April The Social Significance of the Modern Drama published.

April 3 Reunited, Goldman and Reitman open their seventh annual tour in Chicago with "splendid" Jewish meetings.

April 5 Goldman lectures on "The Conflict of the Sexes" in Chicago; attended by at least one thousand people.

April 6-12 Goldman presents expanded afternoon lecture series on the modern drama in Chicago. Playwrights analyzed include British dramatist St. John Hankin, Welsh author John O. Francis, and American dramatists Eugene Walter and George Middleton.

Other lectures presented in Chicago during this period include "Our Moral Censors," "The Individual and Society," "The Hypocrisy of Charity," "Beyond Good and Evil," "Anarchism and Labor" (in German), and "The Mother Strike."

In Chicago, Goldman befriends Margaret Anderson, editor of the literary magazine Little Review.

April 19-26 Goldman lectures in Madison, Minneapolis, and Des Moines.

April 20 Massacre of striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colo., by armed company guards from John D. Rockefeller's Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.; eleven children and two women among those killed.

April 28-May 9 Goldman delivers seven propaganda lectures and eleven modern drama talks in Denver.

On May 3, Goldman addresses large meeting organized by the Anti-Militarist League of Denver to protest the use of federal troops in the Colorado mining strike and the war with Mexico.

Goldman attributes Denver IWW free-speech victory in part to the efforts of Reitman, who helped secure the release of twenty-seven IWW members from the county jail.

May 11 Goldman makes brief appearance in Salt Lake City.

May 15-June 11 In Los Angeles, Goldman continues delivering propaganda and modern drama lectures, which includes discussion of Irish playwright Seamus O'Kelly. Her propaganda lectures include "Revolution and Reform--Which?" and "The Place of the Church in the Labor Struggle." Goldman reports to birth-control advocate Margaret Sanger that "Not one of my lectures brings out such a crowd as the one on the birth strike and it is the same with the W[oman] R[ebel]. It sells better than anything we have" (May 26, 1914).

June 14-July 10 Goldman reception in San Francisco disappointing compared to her experience in Los Angeles. Lectures include "The Intellectual Proletarians," "The Superman in Relation to the Social Revolution," "The Mothers' Strike," and "Anti-Militarism: The Reply to War."

July 4 Accidental bomb explosion at Lexington Avenue in New York City kills four people, including Arthur Caron, Carl Hansen, and Charles Berg, anarchists who knew Berkman from the protests at John D. Rockefeller's estate in Tarrytown, N.Y.

Mid-July Goldman travels to Eureka and Arcata, lumber towns in Humboldt County, Calif.; delivers first-known anarchist lectures there to enthusiastic audiences.

July 26-August 3 Goldman reports that her lectures in Seattle are "flat and uninteresting."

August Outbreak of World War I in Europe.

August 4 Goldman speaks at a hastily organized event in Tacoma, Wash., on "The Birth Strike--Why and How the Poor Should Not Have Children." Following Tacoma, she travels to Home Colony.

August 7-14 Goldman returns to Portland to deliver a series of free lectures.

August 16-19 Goldman delivers five lectures in Butte, of which the most popular are her antiwar and birth control talks.

Late August Goldman makes brief stop in Chicago before returning to New York City, where she finds Mother Earth in disastrous financial condition as a result of Berkman's poor management.

Margaret Sanger indicted for obscenity in connection with her journal The Woman Rebel. A few months later, Sanger flees the country until Oct. 1915.

October To decrease financial burden, Goldman relocates her residence and the _Mother Earth_ office from West 119th Street to smaller quarters located at 20 East 125th Street.

Goldman encourages Berkman to embark on an independent lecture tour; places Max Baginski and her nephew Saxe Commins in charge of editorial work of Mother Earth.

November Part one of Peter Kropotkin's 1913 essay, "Wars and Capitalism," reprinted in Mother Earth, in an effort to refute Kropotkin's stance in favor of the war.

October 23-November 15 Goldman returns to Chicago for series of propaganda and modern drama lectures, delivered in both English and Yiddish. General lecture topics include "War and the Sacred Right of Property," "The Betrayal of the International," "The False Pretenses of Culture," "The Psychology of War," "The Tsar and 'My' Jews," "The War and 'Our Lord'," "The Misconceptions of Free Love," and "Woman and War."

Her English series on the drama, titled "The Modern Drama as a Mirror of Individual, Class and Social Rebellion Against the Tyranny of the Past," takes place in Chicago's elegant Fine Arts Building, made possible by the financial backing of a wealthy supporter. Goldman's usual focus on European dramatists is expanded to include for the first time Swedish dramatist Hjalmar Bergman; French playwrights Paul Hervieu, (Félix) Henry Bataille, and Henri Becque; Italian dramatists Gabriele D'Annunzio and Giuseppe Giacosa; Spanish playwright José Echegaray; Yiddish dramatists Jacob Gordin, Sholem Asch, David Pinski, and Max Nordau; and American playwright Butler Davenport.

Goldman describes the audience of her Chicago Press Club luncheon lecture on "The Relationship of Anarchism to Literature" as "five hundred hard-faced men."

November 11 In Chicago, Goldman participates in event to commemorate the twenty-seventh anniversary of the death of the Haymarket martyrs.

November 20-24 Goldman delivers lectures in Detroit and Ann Arbor.

November 26 Goldman delighted with the success of her meetings, including lecture on "The War and 'Our Lord,'" in Grand Rapids, Mich., organized by William Buwalda of the Analyser Club.

November 29-December 6 In St. Louis, Goldman delivers eight English and two Yiddish lectures to receptive audiences.

December 7-10 Lectures in Indianapolis and Cincinnati; interaction with Indianapolis audience at her lecture on "Free Love" described as "both interesting and funny."

December 11-14 Goldman presents two English and two Yiddish lectures in Cleveland, and delivers an address before the Council of Economics.

December 15-18 In Pittsburgh, Goldman holds a meeting organized by lawyer Jacob Margolis.

December 20 Goldman delivers lecture on the war to an audience of eighteen hundred people at an event organized by her niece Miriam Cominsky in Rochester. Days later, Goldman speaks on "The Birth Strike."

December 31 Goldman hosts New Year's eve party at her apartment on East 125th Street; Mabel Dodge among those invited.

1915

Winter Goldman helps organize defense of Matthew Schmidt and David Caplan, arrested for complicity in the 1910 bombing of the Los Angeles Times building.

January-April Goldman delivers series of lectures on the war and on sexuality in New York City, Albany, Schenectady, and Boston. Topics include "Anarchism and Literature," "Feminism--A Criticism of Woman's Struggle for the Vote and 'Freedom'," "Nietzsche, The Intellectual Storm-Center of the Great War," "The Intermediate Sex (A Study of Homosexuality)," and "Man--Monogamist or Varietist?"

At the end of 1915, Reitman reports that Goldman has delivered a total of 321 lectures that year.

January 15 Goldman attends concert of her nephew David Hochstein, a violinist with exceptional talent.

January 19 William Sanger arrested for circulating a copy of Margaret Sanger's pamphlet Family Limitation.

February Goldman lectures on "Limitation of Offspring" to six hundred people, one of the liberal New York Sunrise Club's largest audiences. Although she details explicit information about birth control methods, Goldman is not arrested.

February 20 Mother Earth "Red Revel" Ball takes place in New York City; attended by close to eight hundred people of many nationalities.

March Goldman helps raise money for the defense fund of Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone, members of the Italian anarchist Gruppo Gaetano Bresci, arrested on March 2 for conspiracy to bomb St. Patrick's Cathedral. On April 9, Abarno and Carbone are convicted and sentenced to six to twelve years in prison.

March 11 Goldman disappointed by the poor attendance at the tenth anniversary of Mother Earth in New York.

March 18 Goldman shares the platform with Harry Kelly, Italian anarchist Carlo Tresca, Pedro Esteve, Russian anarchist William Shatoff, and physician and anarchist Michael Cohn for an international celebration of the anniversary of the Paris Commune. Goldman attributes poor turnout to the divided stance among radicals on the war.

March 28 Goldman lectures again on "Limitation of Offspring--Why and How Small Families are Preferable" in New York. Although explicit information is repeated and detectives are present, no arrests are made.

March 30 Goldman invited by the students of the Union Theological Seminary in New York to speak on "The Message of Anarchism," but administration cancels the engagement.

April Writing from exile in Europe, Margaret Sanger criticizes Goldman for failing to provide adequate support and coverage of Sanger's legal battles. Goldman calls her charge "very unfair" and assures her that Mother Earth will stand by her.

The Organizing Junta of the Partido Liberal Mexicano, including the Magón bothers, appeals to the readers of Mother Earth for solidarity with the Mexican revolutionary movement.

Goldman poses for a portrait by artist Robert Henri.

April 7 Goldman debates economist Isaac Hourwich on "Social Revolution versus Social Reform" in New York City in a benefit for the Ferrer School; attended by nearly two thousand people.

April 19 Goldman speaks on "The Failure of Christianity" and the Billy Sunday movement in Paterson, N.J., after attending one of Sunday's revival meetings.

Late April Motivated primarily by need to pay off debts of Mother Earth, Goldman embarks on a lecture tour. One of her first engagements, in Philadelphia, is delivering "The Limitation of Offspring" in Yiddish before an audience of twelve hundred.

May International Anarchist Manifesto on the War issued from London; Goldman among over thirty anarchist signatories from the United States, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, and Russia.

Goldman lectures on the war, drama, birth control, and sexuality in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, Milwaukee, Madison, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Denver. topics include "Jealousy, Its Cause and Possible Cure," the Modern School, and feminism. Finds that audiences are most receptive to her lectures on war and on birth control, although Catholic socialists harass her in Washington, D.C.

June Goldman continues her lecture tour in Los Angeles and San Diego, raising support for the Caplan-Schmidt defense fund.

While in Los Angeles, Goldman presents her critique of feminism to a hostile group of five hundred members of the Woman's City Club, who, according to Goldman, denounce her as "an enemy of woman's freedom."

July Goldman delivers twenty-four lectures in San Francisco; topics include "The Psychology of War," "The Follies of Feminism (A criticism of the Modern Woman's Movement)," "Religion and the War," and "The Right of the Child Not to Be Born." According to Reitman, Goldman presents "an inspired address" on "The Philosophy of Atheism" before the Congress of Religious Philosophy at the Civic Auditorium.

August Lectures continue in Portland; on Aug. 6, while beginning a speech on "Birth Control," Goldman and Reitman are arrested for distributing birth control literature. Goldman released on $500 bail provided by C. E. S. Wood.

August 7 Goldman and Reitman are fined $100. Despite proclamation by the chief of police that Goldman will not be allowed to speak again in Portland, she presents "The Intermediate Sex" later that night, and two lectures the following day.

August 10 Goldman speaks on "The Sham of Culture" at the Portland Public Library to overflowing crowd.

August 13 Goldman's case dismissed by Portland Circuit Judge Gatens who concludes, "There is too much tendency to prudery nowadays."

Mid-late August Goldman lectures in Seattle where she has difficulty securing halls.

September Goldman returns to New York.

September 10 William Sanger convicted for illegal distribution of birth control literature; Sanger serves thirty-day jail sentence in lieu of paying $150 fine.

September 16 Goldman scheduled to speak at meeting to rally support for David Caplan and Matthew Schmidt prior to the opening of their trials. (During the course of Schmidt's trial, it is revealed that Donald Vose, the son of an anarchist friend of Goldman's, had been employed since May 1914 by detective William J. Burns to spy on Goldman in order to locate Schmidt. Vose resided at Goldman's apartment and at her farm in Ossining the previous year, and witnessed Schmidt visiting Goldman. Schmidt was later arrested.)

October Reitman, in Chicago, begins work on a book about venereal disease; Goldman reviews the first chapter.

October 26-30 Goldman delivers five lectures--including "Preparedness, the Road to Universal Slaughter" in Philadelphia. Scott Nearing of the University of Pennsylvania attends one of her lectures.

Late October-mid-November Goldman lectures in Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Ann Arbor, Detroit, Akron, and Youngstown. On Nov. 11, the anniversary of the Haymarket martyrs, Goldman delivers her "Preparedness" lecture to three thousand employees of a Westinghouse defense plant at a street lecture in East Pittsburgh.

November 19 IWW member and songwriter Joe Hill (Joseph Hillstrom) executed in Utah.

November 19-December 5 Goldman presents sixteen lectures in Chicago, including six in Yiddish; "Sex, the Great Element of Creative Art" and "The Right of the Child Not to be Born" among the topics addressed.

December 8-21 Goldman lectures in St. Louis, Indianapolis, Columbus, Akron, Cleveland, and Youngstown. Goldman remarks that the Akron newspaper reports on her birth control lectures were among the most intelligent she had ever seen.

Late December Goldman returns to New York ill and exhausted; seeks better accommodations at the Theresa Hotel in New York, as the Mother Earth office has no bath. Hotel management refuses to grant her residence. Attorney Harry Weinberger protests on Goldman's behalf.

1916

January Goldman lectures in New York, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh, on sexuality, modern drama, and the war, including "Preparedness: A Conspiracy between the Munitions Manufacturers and Washington." Also lectures before enthusiastic members of a prominent women's club in Brooklyn.

Matthew Schmidt convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.

January 15 Berkman announces publication of the first issue of his San Francisco-based journal The Blast.

February-March Goldman continues her lectures--including "The Ego and His Own, a review of Max Stirner's book," "The Family, the Great Obstacle to Development," and "Nietzsche and the German Kaiser"--in New York, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh. Her lectures on modern drama include Irish playwrights Synge, Yeats, Thomas Cornelius Murray, Rutherford Mayne, and Lennox Robinson.

February 11 Goldman arrested in New York City for her birth control lecture the previous week; released on $500 bail. Preliminary hearing takes place Feb. 28; case postponed for Special Sessions April 5. Goldman appeals for support.

February 18 Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón, editors of the Mexican anarchist periodical Regeneración, arrested and jailed on charges of "having used the mails to incite murder, arson, and treason." Months later, they are both convicted and given prison sentences and fines.

February 20 Celebration in New York City for Margaret Sanger following the dismissal of all charges against her; Robert Minor's motion for Goldman to speak at the meeting is not supported.

March 10 Mass meeting held in San Francisco to protest Goldman's Feb. 11 arrest.

April Goldman prepares for her birth control trial and continues to lecture in New York; drama critique includes discussion of British playwright Harley Granville-Barker.

April 2 Goldman chairs public meeting in New York to protest imprisonment of Matthew Schmidt.

April 5 Goldman's courtroom hearing on her birth control violation takes place amid ruckus between police and her supporters.

April 19 Benefit banquet for Goldman at the Hotel Brevoort is attended by notable artists, writers, socialists, and doctors, including John Cowper Powys, Alexander Harvey, Robert Henri, George Bellows, Robert Minor, Boardman Robinson, and Rose Pastor Stokes.

April 20 Goldman defends herself in birth control trial. She is convicted, and, in lieu of paying $100 fine, serves fifteen days in the Queens County Penitentiary; released May 4.

April 27 Reitman arrested in New York for distributing pamphlets on birth control.

May 5 Large gathering at Carnegie Hall to celebrate Goldman's release from jail. Program includes speeches by Masses editor Max Eastman, Harry Weinberger, Arturo Giovannitti, and socialist Rose Pastor Stokes. At the close of the meeting, Rose Pastor Stokes hands out one hundred typewritten notices including outlawed information about birth control.

May 8 Reitman convicted and sentenced to sixty days in Queens County Jail.

May 20 Goldman speaks from the back of a car at an open-air demonstration in Union Square to protest Reitman's imprisonment for distributing birth control. Ida Rauh Eastman, Bolton Hall, and Jessie Ashley are arrested later and charged with illegally distributing birth control information at the meeting.

Late May-July Goldman conducts lecture tour in Philadelphia, Cleveland, Denver, Los Angeles, and San Francisco; topics include "Free or Forced Motherhood," "Anarchism and Human Nature--Do They Harmonize?," "The Family--Its Enslaving Effect upon Parents and Children," "Art and Revolution: The Irish Uprising," in addition to lectures on the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

Goldman plans meeting with Giovannitti and others to begin work on an anti-militarist manifesto.

July During strike of thirty thousand iron-ore miners of the Mesabi range in northern Minnesota, Carlo Tresca and other IWW strike leaders are arrested on charge of inciting the murder of a deputy.

July 1 Social dance and benefit for the defense funds of David Caplan and Enrique and Ricardo Flores Magón takes place in Los Angeles. Goldman and Berkman celebrate their success in raising the $10,000 bail necessary to secure the release of the Magon brothers.

July 22 A bomb is thrown into the crowd at a Preparedness Day parade in San Francisco, killing ten and wounding forty people. On the same day, Goldman proceeds as planned with her scheduled talk on "Preparedness, the Road to Universal Slaughter."

The authorities immediately suspect anarchist involvement in the bombing. A few days later, they search and seize material located at the offices of The Blast, and threaten to arrest Berkman and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald. Later that week, Warren Billings, Israel Weinberg, Edward Nolan, Thomas Mooney, and Rena Mooney are arrested. Goldman and Berkman begin to organize support for their defense.

August-September Goldman lectures in Portland, Seattle, and Denver; Goldman's lecture "The Gary System" addresses the topic of public school education. In Denver, Goldman's lectures include "The Educational and Sexual Dwarfing of the Child," and a course on "Russian Literature--The Voice of Revolt."

September 11 Trial of Warren Billings begins in San Francisco.

Late September-October Goldman's lecture tour concluded, she takes a brief vacation in Provincetown with her niece Stella. Following the conviction and sentencing of Warren Billings to life imprisonment, Goldman resumes work with Berkman in New York in support of the Mooney case.

October 20 Appearing in court to testify on behalf of Bolton Hall, Goldman is arrested for having distributed birth control information on May 20. (Hall is later acquitted of the charge.) Goldman released on $500 bond; Harry Weinberger serves as her attorney.

October 26 Margaret Sanger is arrested for distributing birth control information.

November 5 Protesting violations of free speech and vigilante intimidation, five members of the IWW are killed and thirty-one wounded by vigilantes in Everett, Wash.; seventy-four IWW members are later tried for the murder of a deputy and a lumber company official.

November-December Goldman lectures in Chicago, Milwaukee, Ann Arbor, Detroit, Cleveland, and Rochester on education, Russian literature, birth control, sexuality, and anarchism.

November 11 Bill Haywood, Lucy Parsons, and Goldman speak at a large memorial meeting in Chicago for the Haymarket martyrs. Collections are made for, in Goldman's words, "the living victims in the social war," including Mooney, Tresca, Caplan, Schmidt, and the IWW members arrested in Everett.

December 2 Goldman speaks at a large meeting in Carnegie Hall called by the United Hebrew Trades to protest the arrests and trials of those accused of throwing a bomb at the San Francisco Preparedness Day parade. Other speakers include lawyer Frank Walsh, Max Eastman, United Hebrew Trades leader Max Pine, Giovannitti, and Berkman.

December 12 Reitman arrested in Cleveland for organizing volunteers to distribute birth control information at Goldman's lecture "Is Birth Control Harmful--a Discussion of the Limitation of Offspring."

December 15 At one of Goldman's lectures in Rochester, Reitman is again arrested for distributing illegal birth control literature.

1917

January-April Goldman lectures before Yiddish- and English-speaking audiences in New York, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Passaic, N.J., Boston, Springfield, and Brockton, Mass.; topics include "Obedience, A Social Vice," "Celibacy or Sex Expression," "Vice and Censorship, Twin Sisters--How Vice is Not Suppressed," "Michael Bakunin, His Life and Work," "Walt Whitman, the Liberator of Sex," "The Speculators in War and Starvation," "American Democracy in Relation to the Russian Revolution," and a course on Russian literature.

Goldman preoccupied with threat of Berkman's extradition to California in connection with the Mooney case.

Following the February Revolution in Russia, Goldman supports William Shatoff's return to Russia with a contingent of Russian exiles and refugees. Goldman and Berkman entrust Louise Berger with the delivery of a manifesto they have written to the people of Russia to protest the imprisonment of Mooney and Billings. Goldman and Berkman attend Leon Trotsky's farewell lecture in New York City. They contemplate visiting Russia, but decide to postpone plans when they learn that the British government has held up the return of several Russian revolutionaries.

January 8 Goldman acquitted by a New York court on charge of circulating birth control information at the May 20, 1916, Union Square open-air meeting. Goldman credits especially Ida Rauh Eastman, who risks self-incrimination in order to disprove Goldman's involvement in distributing literature.

January 17 Reitman is convicted on charges resulting from his arrest of Dec. 12, 1916, and sentenced to serve six months in jail and to pay a fine of $1,000 in addition to court costs. Goldman angry that Margaret Sanger, in Cleveland at the time, failed to help rally support for Reitman.

February Alien Immigration Act passed; allows deportation of undesirable aliens "any time after their entry."

February 4-5 In Cleveland, Goldman speaks on "The Message of Anarchism" before a full assembly of the North Congregational Church. The following day she addresses a free-speech meeting; Goldman dismayed that other speakers have refused to attend event if birth control included among issues addressed.

February 7 Mooney convicted and sentenced to hang on May 17. Goldman intensifies organizing efforts to prevent his execution.

February 28 Following large rally in support of Reitman the prior evening, Reitman is acquitted on charges from his Dec. 15, 1916 birth control arrest in Rochester.

March Mooney's defense attorney W. Bourke Cockran speaks at mass meeting at Carnegie Hall organized by Goldman and Berkman.

April Goldman speaks at several meetings chaired by John Sloan of the New York Art Students League.

April 6 The United States enters World War I.

April 7 Political Prisoners Ball, which Goldman has helped organize, benefits the San Francisco Labor Defense for Mooney and Billings; features "cell-booth bazaar and prison garb and military costumes." Goldman counts forty-five hundred people in attendance.

May Goldman lectures in New York, Springfield, Mass., and Philadelphia; topics include "Billy Sunday (Charlatan and Vulgarian)," "The State and its Powerful Opponents: Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Stirner, Ralph Waldo Emerson, David Thoreau, and Others," "Woman's Inhumanity to Man," and Russian literature.

May 9 Conference to organize a No-Conscription League held at the Mother Earth office; away lecturing, Goldman claims that she sent a message that, as a woman, she felt she could not claim a position on whether or not the League should urge men against registering for the military.

May 17 Mooney's scheduled date of execution is stayed while case is appealed.

May 18 On the same day that the Selective Service Act is passed authorizing federal conscription for the armed forces and requiring the registration of all men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty, Goldman addresses an anti-conscription gathering of close to ten thousand people chaired by Leonard Abbott in New York City. Other speakers include Berkman and Harry Weinberger. No arrests made, but many detectives present.

May 31 Goldman speaks before a Jewish audience in Philadelphia on "Victims of Morality," addressing morality as it relates to private ownership, government and laws, and women. The police warn her against addressing conscription when she begins to urge mothers to prevent their sons from fighting in the war. Event inspires the formation of a No-Conscription League in Philadelphia.

June On an order from Washington, D.C., New York postal authorities hold up June issue of Mother Earth.

Kropotkin returns to Russia.

June 1 At a peace meeting in Madison Square Garden, Morris Becker, Louis Kramer, and two others are arrested for circulating leaflets advertising a June 4 mass meeting of the No-Conscription League. Although Goldman and Berkman attempt to claim full responsibility for the event, Becker and Kramer are later found guilty of conspiracy to advise people against military registration.

June 4 On the eve of the official military registration day, Goldman, among others, addresses a mass meeting organized by the No-Conscription League; attended by ten thousand people. Goldman stops the meeting when a conflict with uniformed soldiers and sailors breaks out.

June 14 Ignoring rumors of a death threat, Goldman speaks at an anti-conscription meeting chaired by Berkman. Officers arrest all men of draft age who cannot show proof of registration.

June 15 Goldman and Berkman arrested by U.S. Marshal Thomas McCarthy; later indicted on charge of conspiracy to violate the Draft Act.

President Wilson signs the Espionage Act, which sets penalties of up to twenty years imprisonment and fines of up to $10,000 for persons aiding the enemy, interfering with the draft, or encouraging disloyalty of military members; also declares nonmailable all written material advocating treason, insurrection, or forcible resistance to the law.

June 16 Goldman and Berkman plead not guilty on conspiracy charges; bail set at $25,000 each.

Goldman disappointed by Reitman's failure to return to New York to support their pending trial.

June 21 Goldman freed on $25,000 bail; the press spreads charges that Goldman's bail was provided by the German Kaiser. Berkman released on bail June 25.

June 26 Goldman consults with some of her closest associates--including writer and editor Frank Harris, journalist and socialist John Reed, Max Eastman, and Gilbert Roe--about her disbelief in courtroom justice and her decision to participate minimally in her pending trial.

First U.S. troops arrive in France.

June 27-July 9 Goldman and Berkman act as independent counsel in their conspiracy trial; Goldman denies charge that she stated, "We believe in violence and we will use violence" at the May 18 meeting. After a brief jury deliberation, they are both found guilty and given the maximum sentence--two years in prison and $10,000 fine. Judge Julius Mayer recommends their deportation as undesirable aliens. Goldman's plea to have sentencing deferred is denied; Goldman taken to Jefferson City, Mo., and Berkman to Atlanta, Ga., to begin their sentences.

Mid-July Federal authorities demand removal of Mother Earth office from its location at 20 East 125th Street; M. Eleanor Fitzgerald relocates office to 226 Lafayette Street.

Vigilantes forcibly gather and ship over twelve hundred striking members of the IWW in cattle cars from Jerome and Bisbee, Arizona, to California and New Mexico, where they are guarded by federal military authorities.

July 17 Berkman indicted in absentia in San Francisco for complicity in three murders stemming from the bombing at the 1916 Preparedness Day parade.

July 25 Goldman released from Jefferson City, Mo., prison to New York's Tombs prison; later released on $25,000 bail pending the appeal of her case before the U.S. Supreme Court. Berkman not released on bail until Sept. 10.

August This month's issue of Mother Earth is held up by Post Office authorities (it proves to be the final issue published).

Goldman steps up efforts to prevent Berkman's extradition to California--solicits support from the United Hebrew Trades, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, the Freie Arbeiter Stimme, the Forward, prominent individuals including Max Eastman, social worker and nurse Lillian Wald, Bolton Hall, publisher Benjamin Huebsch, and Sholem Asch, and many other unions and organizations.

August 1 In Butte, Mont., while assisting striking miners, IWW General Executive Board member Frank Little is brutally murdered.

August 23-25 Accompanied by Reitman, Goldman speaks about the status of her case, Berkman's threatened extradition, and conscription at several meetings in Chicago.

September Mother Earth denied second-class mailing privileges by Post Office authorities.

September 1 The People's Council in Minneapolis convenes; although elected by various anarchist groups to serve as a delegate, Goldman refuses, objecting to its implicit prowar stance.

September 5 In response to growing IWW opposition to the war, federal authorities raid IWW headquarters in twenty-four cities. Raids precede arrests later that month of over one hundred IWW members, including Bill Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Arturo Giovannitti, and Carlo Tresca.

September 9 Anarchist Antonio Fornasier is killed by Milwaukee police after heckling a priest. His comrade Augusta Marinelli, wounded on the same occasion, dies five days later. Ten men and a woman are arrested for inciting the riot; later linked to Nov. 24 bomb explosion that occurred while they were still imprisoned; each found guilty and sentenced to between eleven and twenty-five years imprisonment. Goldman will later protest the injustice of their case, claiming a frame-up.

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