In 1889, the Shaykhu-l Islam of the British Isles, HE Shaykh Abdullah Quilliam Bey (born William Henry Quilliam in 1857 of Manx parents), a Liverpool solicitor, founded the English Islamic Association. After Quilliam and his community were forced to migrate to the Ottoman Empire in 1908, the Association fell into abeyance. In the early 1920s, Quilliam (disguised as "Professor Henri Marcel Leon") returned to England, and revived the organisation as the Western Islamic Association. By 1927, it was located in London's Notting Hill and the Amir was HE Khalid Sheldrake, who was for a while the Emir of Kashghar in Eastern Turkestan. Since its gradual decline, there have been several attempts to revive it. In 1969, Daoud Rosser-Owen, Rashid Craig, Abdul Rashid Ansari, Dr Ya'qub Zaki, and Kamaruddin Peckham held meetings but received extreme opposition from immigrant Muslim organisations. In 1975, no longer willing to accept further marginalisation of the converts, Rashid Craig, Daud Relf, Daoud Rosser-Owen and others went ahead and re-established it as the Association of British Muslims, with Daoud Rosser-Owen as Amir. In 1978, on advice from Kamaruddin Peckham, Yusuf Islam and others, it was renamed the Association For British Muslims with Hajji Abdur Rasjid Skinner as Amir and Abdullah Ibrahim, rahmatu-Llahi 'alayh, as Secretary. This was the most recent revival of Quilliam's organisation. Conscious of the earlier accusations, but aware that activity by functional groupings was most effective, the ABM affiliated to the "Union of Muslim Organisations in the UK and the Republic of Ireland" as an appropriate umbrella body.