July 30

1511 Birth: Giorgio Vasari, painter, architect, art historian (Vasari's Lives).

1619 The first representative assembly in America (House of Burgesses) convenes in Jamestown, VA. in the choir loft of the town's church.

1629 The Puritans of Salem, Massachusetts appoint Francis Higginson as their teacher and Samuel Skelton as their pastor. The church covenant, composed afterward by these two men, allows into communion only those who can prove a sound doctrinal knowledge and an experience of grace in their lives.

1718 Death: William Penn, aged 74, English Quaker and founder of American colony of Pennsylvania. Penn permitted in his colony all forms of public worship compatible with monotheism and religious liberty.

1729 The least attractive major city in the US, Baltimore, is founded in Maryland.

1733 The Society of Freemasons opens its first American lodge, in Boston.

1784 Death: French writer Denis Diderot, after eating an apricot his wife had warned him not to eat. His final words were "How in the devil can it hurt me?" Diderot was one of the foremost writers of the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment.

1792 French Revolution: The French national anthem La Marseillaise, by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, is first sung in Paris.

1799 The French garrison at Mantua, Italy, surrenders to the Austrians.

1822 Pioneer church founder James Varick, 72, is consecrated the first bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.

1836 The first English newspaper is published in Hawaii.

1839 Amistad: Slaves rebel and take over the slave ship Amistad.

1855 Birth: James Edward Kelly, US sculptor, Sculptor of American History.

1863 Birth: Henry Ford.

1863 US Civil War: President Lincoln issues an 'eye-for-eye' order, to shoot a rebel prisoner for every black prisoner shot.

1864 US Civil War: In an effort to penetrate the Confederate lines around Petersburg, Virginia. Union forces tried to take Petersburg, by exploding a mine under Confederate defense lines. The attack failed. The ensuing action became known as the Battle of the Crater.

1889 Birth: Vladimir Zworykin, electronics engineer, inventor, father of TV.

1898 Birth: Henry Moore, English sculptor. (Vertebrae). Died in 1986.

1898 Corn Flakes are invented.

1898 "Scientific America" carries the first magazine automobile ad. The ad is for the Winton Motor Car Company of Cleveland, OH.

1898 Death: Former German Chancellor Otto von Bismark. "Bismarck, Otto von remains one of the most significant political figures of modern Germany. This stature derives from his contribution to the creation and shaping of the modern German state as Prussian minister president and imperial chancellor from 1862 to 1890. His activities and attitudes as parliamentary deputy during the revolution of 1848 generally are viewed as mere preludes to an eminent career. Yet there is little doubt that the experiences of the period helped to shape the thirty-three year old's political ideas and ambitions. The most significant of them may be..."

1900 Boer War: General Marthinus Prinsloo surrenders, in the Brandwater Basin.

1909 The US Army accepts delivery of the first military airplane.

1909 Birth: Cyril Northcote Parkinson, in England, historian (Pursuit of Progress).

1913 The 2nd Balkan War ends.

1914 Death: Jean Jaurès, the Socialist leader and pacifist, is assassinated in Paris by a deranged Action Française supporter.

1916 German saboteurs blow up a munitions plant on Black Tom Island, New Jersey.

1918 Captain Sarret makes the first ever parachute jump from a plane; 800ft.

1919 US Federal troops are called out to put down Chicago race riots.

1925 Johann Walthari Wölfl, the ONT Prior of Wefenstein, begins issuing the Librarium and the Examinatorium. The first contains short stories of the alleged medieval antecedents of the order, Burg Werfenstein and Lebensreform. The second features a question-and-answer synopsis of all order matters, enabling new brothers to quickly and comprehensively learn the order's history, traditions and ceremonial. (Roots)

1925 Construction begins on a new ONT priory at Gross-Oesingen in Lower Saxony. (Roots)

1933 The Hungarian government suppresses publication of Nemzet Szava (the Nation's Voice), the official organ of Hungarian Nazis.

1933 The Venizelist press in Greece begins an anti-Jewish campaign.

1937 The League of Nations Permanent Mandates Commission discusses the Peel Commission's plan for partitioning Palestine.

1938 Germany begins preparations for building new fortifications on its western border. A number of prohibited areas are established.

1938 George Eastman demonstrates his color motion picture process.

1939 Elections are held for the Twenty-first Zionist Congress to be held in Geneva.

1940 Birth: Patricia Schroeder, (Rep-D-Colorado).

1940 WW2: A bombing lull ends the first phase of the Battle of Britain.

1941 WW2: Harry Hopkins arrives in Moscow for meetings with the Communist leadership.

1941 WW2: Hitler orders Bormann to stop all seizures of monasteries or other Church property without first obtaining his personal permission. Bormann passes the order along to the Gauleiters the following day.

1941 WW2: The Polish Government-in-Exile and Stalin sign an agreement for mutual aid in the war against Hitler, which includes an "amnesty for Polish citizens deprived of freedom on Soviet territory" and the formation of a Polish army under General Wladyslaw Anders, released from a Moscow prison.

1941 Diary of Leon Gladun: The USSR has negotiated a pact with the Polish Government-in-Exile in London. A Polish Army is being organized on the territory of the USSR. An amnesty for Polish prisoners.

1942 WW2: The WAVES are created by legislation signed by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The members of the Women's Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service are a part of the US Navy.

1942 Holocaust: Harold H. Tittmann, the assistant to Myron C. Taylor, Roosevelt's personal representative at the Holy See points out to the Vatican that its silence is "endangering its moral prestige and is undermining faith both in the Church and in the Holy Father himself." (U.S.D.P. 1942; Lewy)

1942 WW2: The US Army Air Force joins in operations against Germany. B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators concentrate on high altitude daylight bombing, while the RAF strikes at night.

Blobel

1942 WW2: Himmler assigns Paul Blobel, a former commander of one of his mobile killer groups (Einsatzgruppen) to find the most efficient means of destroying the evidence of Nazi atrocities. Working at Chelmno (Kulmhof) under the code name Sonderaktion 1005 (Special Command 1005), Blobel and a small staff began exhuming victims of the mobile gassing vans. They finally decide upon cremations over huge fireplaces. Any remaining bones are ground up in a special bone-crushing machine. The ashes and bone fragments are buried in the same pits from which the bodies had been disinterred. (Apparatus)

1945 A meeting of American nationalists and anti-Semites in Chicago leads to the formation and establishment of American Action, Inc.

1945 The crew of the USS Indianapolis, torpedoed the day before by a Japanese submarine, are picked off one by one by sharks and the elements. The Navy remains unaware of the catastrophe. The ship had just delivered key components of the Hiroshima atomic bomb to the Pacific Island of Tinian. Only 316 out of 1,196 men aboard eventually survive the attack.

1946 Nuremberg Trials: The defense of the seven indicted Nazi organizations begins. (Maser II)

1946 Birth: Arnold Schwarzenegger, in Austria, bodybuilder, actor, Governor of California.

1946 The first rocket to attain 100 miles (167 km) altitude, is launched at White Sands, New Mexico.

1956 The motto 'In God We Trust' is adopted as the US national motto by President Dwight Eisenhower. The phrase, originally printed on US coins during the Civil War, is adopted as the national motto in part as a response to the growing influence of the Soviet Union around the world.

1960 Over 60,000 Buddhists march in protest against the Diem government in South Vietnam.

1965 US President Johnson signs into law Social Security Act that establishes Medicare and Medicaid. It goes into effect the following year.

1967 Long Hot Summer: In a race riot in Milwaukee 4 are killed.

1971 Apollo 15 lands on the Mare Imbrium on the Moon.

1974 Watergate: The House Judiciary Committee, by a vote of 21-17, approves a third article of impeachment against President Nixon, charging him with ignoring congressional subpoenas.

1975 Organized Crime: Former Teamsters union leader Jimmy Hoffa (real name was James R. Hoffa) disappears outside a restaurant near Detroit, Michigan. Seven years later Hoffa is declared officially dead. He was imprisoned in the 1960s for mail fraud and embezzlement of funds, but his prison sentence was commuted by then President Richard Nixon. Hoffa began labor organizing in 1930 and was declared dead in 1982.

1976 The International Olympic Committee announces that three athletes are ejected from the 21st Olympiad games for using anabolic steroids.

1980 Zionism: The Israeli Knesset passes a law reaffirming all of Jerusalem as the capital of the Jewish State.

1984 The last 90 US Marine combat troops in Lebanon leave by sea.

1991 A special UN commission to Iraq announces it has found 46,000 chemical shells and warheads and 3,000 tons of raw materials for weapons.

1994 The United States, Germany, Britain, France and Russia decide to tighten sanctions on the Serb-dominated government in what remained of Yugoslavia.

1995 Russia and Chechen rebels sign an agreement calling for a gradual withdrawal of Russian troops and the disarmament of rebel fighters.

1997 Suicide bombers detonate two bombs in an outdoor market in West Jerusalem, killing themselves and 13 other people. Hamas, an extremist Palestinian group, claims responsibility.

1999 Linda Tripp, whose secretly recorded phone conversations with her friend and confidant Monica Lewinsky led to the impeachment of President Bill Clinton, is charged with illegal wiretapping. Unfortunately, prosecutors will later drop the charges.

2003 In Mexico, the last 'old style' Volkswagon Beetle rolls off the assembly line.

2004

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