Document 20:Helen Tufts Bailie, "Our Threatened Heritage: A Letter to the Daughters of the American Revolution," April 5, 1928, Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Jane Addams Papers, Series 1 (Jane Addams Paper Microfilm reel 19, frames 1752-1768)
Introduction
Many DAR women did not agree with Brosseau's remarks or Mrs.
William Sherman Walker's willingness to commit the Society to such strong support for
military agendas. Some disagreed with the organization's struggle for political power;
they sought a return to the Society's original ideals. Others did not take the
wholehearted approach to militarism their leaders insisted on. Some felt sympathy for the
unfair attacks on peace activists. Still others agreed with Carrie Chapman Catt's
assessment that the Daughters were the dupes of military men and red baiters.
Helen Tufts Bailie agreed with all of these
criticisms and protested to the Society's leadership. When personal appeals to the
President General and Executive Board elicited no response, Bailie turned to the Daughters
themselves. In the excerpts from Bailie's letter to DAR members which appear below, she
outlined exactly where the Society got on the wrong track. She began with the Communist
hysteria and continued through the leadership's blind devotion to men who did not have the
Daughters' best interests in mind. This "foreign domination" would, she
believed, ruin the DAR. Only by becoming independent and following their own path could
the Daughters get back on track.
Women's identity in political life was still
being reformulated in 1928, less than a decade after the Suffrage Amendment. Disagreement
still existed among women as to how the vote was best used. Some women sought entrance
into the male-dominated arena of political parties. Others thought that women should act
collectively to push their own political agenda. As conservative women, the Daughters were
in a particularly difficult position. They usually did not support the measures offered by
the more progressive women's movement and faced criticism for aligning with their fellow
conservative males.
OUR THREATENED HERITAGE
A LETTER TO THE
FOREWORD
Restiveness in our beloved Society of the D.A.R. has been growing for some time, because many of us have felt that it has been falling away from the ideals and principles on which it was founded.
We believe that the following pages present certain issues which our Society cannot evade. We, therefore, commend them to the serious consideration of every member of the D.A.R.
Mrs. William F. Anderson
Paul Revere Chapter
Mrs. Elaine Goodale Eastman
Betty Allen Chapter
Mrs. Anna Dill Gamble
Member-At-Large
Mrs. Daniel Howard
Abigail Wolcott Ellsworth Chapter
Mrs. D.P. Klinedinst
Irondequoit Chapter
Mrs. William D. McRae
Mercy Warren Chapter
Mrs. George L. Munn
Submit Clark Chapter
Mrs. Jeanie Maury Coyle Patten
Thirteen Colonies Chapter
Mrs. Dallas Lore Sharp
Old Colony Chapter
Mrs. Walter A. Peck
Gaspee Chapter
Mrs. John E. Pember
Anne Adams-Tufts Chapter
Mrs. William Lyon Phelps
Eve Lear Chapter
Mrs. E. Tallmadge Root
Anne-Adams Tufts Chapter
Mrs. A.B. Tripp
Parson Roby Chapter
Mrs. Hendrik Vossema
Bunker Hill Chapter
Our Threatened Heritage
It was long the policy of the D.A.R. to
avoid identification with political and controversial matters.
A new line of policy, committing us to the
apparent abandonment of that policy, has been initiated into the Society.
What is it?
Through our Society there have been circulated
lists of names of persons who are suspected and accused of such doubtful loyalty to our
country that our Chapters are advised and requested not to allow them to speak at the
meetings.
Who are these persons? They are religious,
educational, political, and social service leaders, many of them prominent in the affairs
of the nation.
Similar warnings have also been issued against
certain organizations, also of high repute.
Why?
In addition, attempts have been made by members
of our Society to prevent these persons from addressing other organizations besides our
own.
Is this right?
The individuals and organizations, so named and
listed, are accused of "communism," "bolshevism,"
"sovietism," "socialism," "liberalism," and
"pacifism," all joined together without discrimination or distinction as
"undesirable" and "dangerous."
Is this true?
Is the D.A.R. being used to influence public
opinion against these persons and organizations?
By what authority are the assertions
made that the persons and organizations referred to are influenced by seditious and
disloyal motives?
Is that authority a real authority?
Who and what is it?
Many of these individuals are those who have
declared themselves to be in favor of establishing peace between nations by means of
negotiation and agreement rather than by the threat of armed force.
The Chairman of the Committee on National
Defense, without consulting Chapters or individual members, appeared before the Committee
on Naval Appropriations of the House of Representatives declaring that she was speaking
for our organization as being in favor of the Navy Bill, now pending before Congress, as
it was first presented, with its proposed huge expenditure of the public funds.
Have these two facts any connection?
It is a distressful task for a member of the
Daughters of the American Revolution to have to protest against the policies of our
National and local officers. We desire, all of us, to be loyal to the leadership. So long
as they administer the Society in the spirit of which it was conceived we will follow
them. But when our leaders persist in violating that spirit, as I believe they have, as I
shall try to show, then I consider it my duty to the Society to question their acts, and
if necessary, appeal over their heads to the members themselves. But in doing so, there is
not desire on my part to impugn their motives or sincerity.
My protest to the officers has been of no
avail. On February 2nd last, I wrote to our President General, Mrs. Brosseau, that our
D.A.R. women
"representing every phase of religious and political idealism, have come together on
the basis of one common interest--descent from the founders of the United States. An
ardent desire to nourish the spirit that led our forefathers up to and through the
American Revolution and the forming of the Constitution of the United States is natural,
proper, and dignified, and is our common desire. As individuals we differ widely in
religious and political belief. It is not the responsibility or function of such an
organization as ours to attack the private ideals or politics of any member, nor to embark
upon public policies which fail to represent the properly expressed desires of the body of
the Society.
"For the honor and dignity of our Society,
to clear it of ridicule, and to heal the dissension in our midst being caused by these
policies, I beg you to withdraw the hasty and ill-judged campaign of partisan propaganda
to which you and other officers of the Society have sought to commit the Daughters of the
American Revolution."
At first Mrs. Brosseau ignored my letter, but
finally replied as follows:--
"The petition you addressed to me personally I shall take great pleasure in
presenting to the National Board of Management, for I assure you that it does not share
your point of view."
Protests Ignored
I know that the appeals and protests of many others to our President-General have been ignored or rebuked. My only resort now, therefore, is through some such communication as this to our members. It must begin with a short recital of past events
****Portion Excluded*****
Indiscriminate Proscription
Following this, and instigated and carried
on in the same hysterical manner, came the Lusk investigation in New York, recorded in
several volumes in which Liberals, Radicals, Socialists, Communists, and Anarchists were
indiscriminately proscribed. Accepting the recommendations of the report, the New York
legislature passed drastic laws affecting free speech, and followed this up by excluding
from office four duly elected Socialists.
The wave of hysteria soon subsided. In
recommending the repeal of the so-called Lusk laws, Governor Smith said:
"I believe that they strike at the very
foundation of the most cardinal institutions of our people, the fundamental right of the
people to enjoy full liberty in the domain of idea and speech. I believe them to be in
direct contradiction of the rights of the people under democratic representative
government."
Senator Lusk, himself, was retired to private
life by his constituents under ignominious circumstances, and the New York Bar
Association, led by Charles E. Hughes, excoriated the Assembly for its exclusion of the
Socialists. The Lusk laws were repealed.
Propaganda
The Lusk report, however, has served ever
since as an ammunition dump for persons attacking liberal men and women and institutions
throughout the United States. The report is a mixture of half-truths and fiction which
makes I not only mischievous-- from the fact that it has furnished material which has
equipped the commercialized Patrioteers, who have almost succeeded in confirming Dr.
Johnsons1 famous definition of patriotism as "the last refuge of a
scoundrel." Under the guise of protecting our institutions they have incessantly
attacked that great body of people who since the War have hoped that better relations
might develop between nations and that international co-operation might supplant war, and
who, therefore, have stood out against expansion of our military forces, the increase in
military training camps, the employment of troops for policing foreign countries, -- all
of which have aroused the antagonism of the rest of the American continent, and the
suspicion of the whole world. In their zeal the Patrioteers have assailed and vilified
some of the finest men and women in the country as being conscious of unconscious
instruments with which Soviet Russia was trying to bring about Revolution in the United
States.
Liberal leaders of thought-- scholars,
publicists, and divines-- have not been slow to resent these unworthy and unscrupulous
attacks coming from sources and in a manner wholly unworthy of our American traditions and
they have turned hotly upon their attackers, and so a campaign to discredit colleges,
clergy, and workers for peace was undertaken and flourishes extensively at the present
time.
How It Affects the D.A.R.
Now what has all this got to do with the
D.A.R., an organization created "to perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and
women who achieved American independence
to promote as an object of primary
importance institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge, thus developing an
enlightened public opinion and affording the young and old such advantages as shall
develop in them the largest capacity for performing the duties of American citizens,-- to
cherish, maintain, and extend the institutions of American freedom, to foster true
patriotism and love of country and to aid in securing for mankind all the blessings of
liberty."
It has to do with the D.A.R. Our splendid
organization has become a tail to the kite of ignorant, misguided or designing persons
whose activities are directly in conflict with the spirit of our forefathers and the
stated purpose of our Society. It happened in this way.
The Womens International League for Peace
and Freedom convened at Washington in 1924. Largely because it was an International
organization it was viewed with suspicion by persons on the look-out for anti-American
propaganda. In their private capacity, military men attended the convention as observers.
Appreciating the great and growing influence of the peace organizations, prominent among
which was the W.I.L., and not liking to fight the women themselves, they resolved to
enlist in the cause the Womens Patriotic Societies.
Military Men Bring Pressure
On June 4th, 1924, these patriotic organizations, including the D.A.R., held a meeting in Washington with Mrs. Noble Newport Potts, president of the District Branch, U.S. Daughters of 1812, in the chair. Committees were appointed to build up a nationwide organization. Bitter feeling was aroused by speeches of military men and civilians who extolled military training, ridiculed the idea of a warless world, denounced international co-operation, and decried the activities of peace organizations. In particular, they grossly misrepresented the Womens International League. Forth went the Womens patriotic organizations, including the D.A.R., to protect the United States. This protection has taken the form in the D.A.R. of the activities which have so aroused the indignation of many of its members, and which are now coming home to roost in the ever-increasing attacks from the public platform and critical comment of the press.
Our Officers Imposed Upon
How have the officers of the D.A.R. been
persuaded to take part in this unworthy enterprise? By allowing themselves to be imposed
upon and their love of country exploited. I will give what must necessarily be a very
incomplete account of the matter in which and the persons by whom our Society has been
duped.
The principal factor in this deception,
undoubtedly, has been the Lusk report referred to as long since discredited together with
the author. A partial explanation of this discredit should be brought home to every D.A.R.
The investigations of the Lusk Committee are inseparably connected with the activities of
the Department of Justice under Palmer,2 Daugherty,3 and Burns.4
The Red Raids finished Palmer. Daugherty was forced from the Cabinet, and Burns was
recently convicted on serious charges. There men were suitable sponsors for all that has
followed.
The officers of the D.A.R. have depended
largely on the Lusk report, but perhaps equally on information supplied by one Fred R.
Marvin, formerly connected with the New York Commerical, and now engaged in the profitable
enterprise of selling the Daily Data Sheets of the Key Men of America to a gullible public
at six dollars per year
****Portion Excluded****
D.A.R. Method
Now what method has the D.A.R. through its
officers taken to protect the United States from the sinister influences supposed to
threaten it? One instance will show.
A member of the Massachusetts chapter whose
duty it was to secure speakers for a meeting, suggested several, but found they were not
acceptable to the Chapter Regent. Somewhat surprised, she learned that the matter must be
referred to the State Regent. Further Inquiry developed that the officers had a list of
speakers who were not approved, and who, therefore, should not be allowed to address the
Chapters.
This lady procured the list with some
difficulty, and on examining it, found in it the name of the husband of a sister D.A.R., a
clergyman highly respected in Greater Boston. This mans wife, on learning the
situation, tried to find out from the officers why he was on the list and where the list
came from. She was denied information on both points. Later the reason for his inclusion
was given, a wholly trivial one, but the source has the list has not yet been admitted.
On this list, also, were Bishop William F.
Anderson, Judge George W. Anderson, Bishop Benjamin Brewster, Professor Irving Fisher,
Doctor David Starr Jordan, Rabbi Henry Levi, Bishop Francis J. McConnell, President
William A. Neilson, Dean Roscoe Pound, Rev. Harold E.B. Speight, William Allen White, and
a host of others against whom the charge that they were unsafe to address the D.A.R. is
preposterous. At the recent State Convention in Massachusetts, the wife of Bishop
Anderson, an outstanding figure in the Methodist Church, demanded an explanation as to why
her husband was on the list. Her request was strangled.
The Un-American Blacklist
That is to say, the officers of the D.A.R.
are now operating a blacklist, the source of which is being kept secret. As the Boston
Herald wrote in an editorial, "It is un-American, is it not, to hit from the dark and
not allow the assailed to know who his assailant is?"
The obvious result of this blacklist business
is that D.A.R. Chapters listen to only one side of certain questions of national and
international importance. For example, an "approved" speaker talks in favor of a
great Navy or describes the menace of Communism. The chances are that persons competent to
discuss the other side of these questions are on the blacklist, with the result that, as
members of the Society, we hear only one side of a controversial subject, too often
presented in a thoroughly biased and intemperate manner. Is this that "enlightened
opinion" mentioned in our Constitution?
But the officers of the D.A.R. do not stop
here. They take steps to prevent speakers on their blacklist from speaking before other
organizations. They are actually engaged, in other words, in suppressing free speech.
Following are some examples of their recent activities:
A lecture given in Massachusetts by Miss
Florence Luscomb on the Prosanis Label, some one in the audience produced the D.A.R. lost
of so-called Communist organizations, which included the International Ladies Garment
Workers Union Prosanis Label. Miss Luscomb wrote to the State Vice-Regent February
2, 1928, explaining that the Prosanis Label was the property of the Joint Board of
Sanitary Control, composed of five representatives of the Garment Workers Union,
five of the Employers Association in the Industry, and five of the public. The sole work
is supervising sanitary conditions in certain factories, the label being the trade mark,
and being issued by the Board to factories complying with health and safety standards. She
pointed out that "members of the Joint Board of Sanitary Control include Professor
William Z. Ripley of Harvard, Chairman; Mr. Daniel Bloomfield, Secretary of the Retail
Trade Board in the Boston Chamber of Commerce; Edward J. Frost, Vice President of Wm.
Filenes Sons Company; Dr. Derric C. Parmenter, head of the Industrial Clinic of the
Massachusetts General Hospital; and Bernard Rosenberg, a member of the American Legion.
These gentlemen would hardly belong to a seditious radical organization." An
invitation to the State Vice-Regent to explain the inclusion of the Prosanis Label in the
blacklist has not been answered. It is worth of note, furthermore, that the wife of
Governor Fuller sewed on the first Prosanis Label in Massachusetts, at which time she
accepted membership in the International Ladies Garment Workers Union.
A Spirited Reply
In Windsor, Connecticut the D.A.R. Chapter
passed a resolution December 19, 1927, to the effect that Frederick Libby5 was
"a notorious radical who openly avows opinions subversive and disloyal to the United
States Government," and sent a copy to the School Board, to Mr. Howard,
Superintendent of Schools, to the Principal of the High School, to the Chamber of Commerce
and to the American Legion. Mr. Howard, whose wife is a member of the same chapter,
addressed to it a spirited reply, which extorted an official letter of regret, and the
author of the resolution personally withdrew her opposition to Mr. Libby.
The opposition to Mr. Libby undoubtedly
emanates largely from military sources because of Mr. Libbys success in opposing the
efforts of the War and Navy Departments to expand the military forces and activities of
the United States. The most unscrupulous tactics have been resorted to by military men,
both active and inactive, to discredit Mr. Libby. A sample of these charges was the
statement of an officer of high rank at a Chamber of Commerce lunch in Columbus, Ohio,
that Mr. Libby visited Moscow from time to time in order to get information with which to
destroy the United States Government. As a matter of fact, Mr. Libby has not been in
Russia. Protest against his speaking was made on another occasion on the ground that he
had been expelled from England for certain activities there during the war. His traducer
discovered there was no basis for the charge and apologized.
Charges Wholly False
In this connection it should be made clear
that the charge against Mr. Libby and most of the so-called pacifists that they wish to
disarm the United States with the result that our country will be at the mercy of other
counties is wholly false. They advocate progressive reduction in armaments by the
several nations at once to a point consistent with domestic security. Thus, the
two-fold charge that the peace workers are laying the United States open to attack from
without and from within is unfounded.
On February 21, 1928, Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead6
was the speaker on Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on the League of Nations. Ten D.A.R. women
told her that they had been warned by their Chapter officers that if they went to hear her
they might be put out of the Chapter, as she was on the D.A.R. blacklist. These same
officers had tried unsuccessfully to prevent the meeting.
In Boonton, N.J., the local D.A.R. Chapter
tried to prevent Mrs. Mead from speaking. The only subversive feature of the situation was
that the Episcopal clergyman who had arranged Mrs. Meads address came from Moscow,
Idaho.
When Miss Royden,7 the well-known
English woman preacher, spoke in the largest Unitarian Church in Washington, D.C., under
the auspices of the W.I.L., the D.A.R. members of the church criticized the trustees, and
when the president of the Womens Alliance invited the Executive Secretary of the
W.I.L. to speak on the youth movement, another D.A.R. member threatened to resign unless
the invitation be withdrawn. The Secretary spoke, and the indignant Daughter did not
resign. Incidentally, Miss Royden was the object of an indecent attack while in Boston by
the Massachusetts Public Interests League.
At a meeting before the Bunker Hill Chapter of
the D.A.R. in Boston, the charge was made by the speaker, a well-known attorney, that a
United States Senator had declared that "Lenin is a greater man than Washington or
Lincoln." This being called to the attention to Senator Brookhart, the Senator
referred to, he replied as follows:
"I have before me your letter of recent
date and note that you ask me to certain information. Several years ago I made a trip to
Europe and visited fifteen countries while abroad, one of those countries being Russia. I
was escorted through Russia by Gen. Haskell, of the American Relief Commission, under
instructions from Secretary of Commerce Hoover. On my return from Russia I was asked by
various people to give my impression of the country and also what the people of Russia
though of Lenin. I told the parties who interviewed me that the people of Russia at that
time looked upon Lenin with same reverence that we in the United States looked upon
Washington and Lincoln, but some of by bitterest enemies changed my statement, and
circulated false reports that I had claimed Lenin was greater than Washington or Lincoln,
which is absolutely untrue in every particular.
"I might further add that my forefathers
fought in the Revolutionary War to give this country its independence. They again fought
in the War of 1812 in defense of the same, and my father fought in the Civil War to uphold
the Union. I, myself, served in the Spanish-American War, also on the Mexican border; and
in the World War, as well as one of my sons
.
"We have a type of mind in this country
that is more disloyal to American principles than the Communists themselves, and it would
seem to me that this man is one of that type."
The above case is typical of the loose talk
which D.A.R. members are subjected to, but which they, too often, believe because they
do not thoroughly investigate the charges.
On February 3, 1928, protest was made against the speaking of
Sherwood Eddy in Raleigh, North Carolina. It developed that objection was instigated by a
local D.A.R. Chapter that had received reports from Marvin that Mr. Eddy, together with
Dr. Will Durant, Dr. S. Parkes Cadman, and Mr. Frank Kent, editor of the Baltimore Sun,
and others, was unsafe to appear before American audiences.
Excesses of the Zealots
It takes a good deal of charity to excuse this kind of thing. The kindest explanation is that the D.A.R. perpetuators of these excesses are in a constant state of terror at the thought of Communist revolution in the United States. Such a state of mind arises from ignorance of actual conditions. Some time ago I had occasion to talk with an officer from the War Department who knew something about Communists activities in America. I asked him what he thought they amounted to. He said that they were a poor and struggling group which could not thrive in a country like ours, where comfort is so diffused and that the United States Secret Service was well acquainted with all they do and would certainly know if money was pouring in from Russia. He said, "We let them alone, they can do no harm." The fear of Communism in this country, indeed, has been exploited beyond all reason. It is sad that our Society has been one of those that have succumbed to the panic to such an extent as to have developed a policy of censorship and suppression entirely at variance with the spirit of our forefathers. We who protest are in much the same position as patriots like John Adams and Richard Henry Lee when they faced King George and Lord North and who later, under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, secured the repeal of the alien and sedition laws.
Are We Off the Track?
Is not our splendid society off the track?
Not until comparatively recent times has it interested itself in controversial subjects.
It is now doing so without developing any informed opinion. For instance, how much did our
members know about "The Story of our American People" which we endorsed
recently? Did we act with any understanding of its merits or merely because other
patriotic organizations had endorsed it? How many of our members knew it was under severe
criticism from competent authorities?
And on what particular theory do we pledge
ourselves to "abolish government bureaus"? Probably our officers had been
addressed on the subject by the proponents of that proposition, just as they are addressed
when it comes to matters of national defense by the Secretaries of War and Navy and the
militaristic group exclusively. Our officers then place the matter before our Congress,
reinforced by more speakers on the same side; and the delegates, from lack of any other
information, or a mistaken sense of patriotism, or dislike of dissent, make the vote
unanimous.
This raises a very important question of
policy. Should the officers of the Society have the right to pledge it on important
matters without a definite expression of opinion from the membership? This was done by
Mrs. Walker when she put the Society on record in favor of the so-called Big Navy Bill.
From the number of protests received she now perhaps realizes her mistake. After her
appearance before the Committee on Naval Affairs, Congress concluded to listen to the
better and more sober voice of the peoplerepresented by citizens whom Mr. Marvin
characterizes in his latest bulletin as being instigated and financed from subversive
sources. The bill passed by the House is very different from the one advocated by Mrs.
Walker.
"Stop, Study, Discuss!"
This issue is well presented in the
Womans Home Companion for March, 1928 where Anna Steese Richardson in "Stop,
Study, Discuss!" says: It is the season of conventions, and if you belong to any of
the participating societies, "here are some questions for you to answer about your
delegate:--
"Has she a brain?
"Is she conversant with the measures, the
resolutions, which will be discussed at the Convention in which she represents you?
"Has her club instructed her how to vote on these
questions?
"Do you know, as an individual club
member, as an individual homemaker, know how you wish her to vote?
"If you care what is done in your name, in
the name of your club, if you have any pride in your organization, Stop, Study, and
Discuss the matters which will be brought up at the approaching national convention."
Here is a challenge and a warning to such as
you and I of the D.A.R.
President Coolidge, in the course of an address
to the D.A.R., emphasized the need for caution against an excessive State organization by
which the individual might be smothered, and which might erect a dangerous kind of
governing efficiency. He phrases the though thus:
"We must not permit the mechanism of
government, the multiplicity of constitutional and statutory provisions to become so
complex as to get beyond control by an aroused and informed electorate
Good
citizenship is neither indirect nor involved. It is simple and direct. It is everyday
commonsense and justice."
The President was referring to the National
Government. But the warning applies with particular appropriateness to the present
situation in the D.A.R.
National safety and honor are close to all of
us in a democracy especially where each has taught his responsibility to the State. The
cry of Danger! as the Patrioteers well know, brings us to our feet. This is to our credit.
What is not to our credit is that the cry emanating from the Patrioteers is alone
sufficient to launch us on a course where our Beacon Light is a will-o-the-wisp, and our
buoys but phantoms.
Our Misguided Leaders
The humiliating fact is that we have been
duped. As a result we have perpetuated two great wrongsto our Society, which is not
the butt of ridicule, and to our fellow citizens whom we have grossly and unfairly abused.
Our course at the present time is toward the rocks. The fact that the Stars and Stripes
are flying at mast head will not help us. Only by changing our course and entrusting the
ship to wiser pilots will we avert shipwreck.
Our officers are not really our pilots. Those
who determine our course are people like Marvin and Hunter. Well may we applaud the
sentiment of the Winston-Salem Journal expressed on February 6, 1928:
"Civilization in the main has progressed
too far to allow ideas to be suppressed. Ideas have been too necessary to progress
North Carolinians are capable of intelligent reaction toward truth and error. They do not
thank any organization of "Key Men" or "Defense Society" to dictate
what they shall hear or what opinions they shall form. North Carolina will continue to
invite such persons as she believes have messages worth while to this State to speak. No
intellectual bosses from the outside will be tolerated."
Fellow members, I appeal to you to throw off
this foreign domination so at variance with our idealsa domination which our
officers are unwilling or unable to repudiate,--a domination that has already brought our
Society into disrepute, and if continued, will destroy its usefulness.
Let your protest be heard!
HELEN TUFTS BAILIE
Anne Adams-Tufts Chapter
Cambridge, Mass.
April 5, 1928
or
Document 21: Political Cartoons in The DAR Magazine, 1927-1930
1. Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), English lexicographer, writer, and critic.
2. A Mitchell Palmer, U.S. Attorney General who was the figurehead of the Red Scare.
3. Harry M. Daugherty (1860-1941) replaced Palmer as Attorney General in 1921. In 1927 he was tried and acquitted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the U.S. Government.
4. William John Burns (1861-1932) served as director of the bureau of investigation for the U.S. Department of Justice from 1921 to 1924.
5. Frederick Libby served as executive secretary of the National Council for the Prevention of War.
6. Lucia True Ames Mead (1856-1936) was an active reformer, pacifist, internationalist, and suffragist. She was a member of the Peace Society, Vice President of the National Council for the Prevention of War, and pushed for creation of a "world legislature."
7. Agnes Maude Royden (1867-1956) campaigned for the women's suffrage movement, although she was primarily interested in its religious and moral aims.