GRAMMAR&VERBS

1. Sentence Structure

2. Negative Sentence & Interrogative Sentence

3. The Possession Case & Ligatures

4. Conjunctions & Prepositions

5. Helping Verbs

6. Adverbs & Degrees of Adjectives

7. Verbs

8. Active Verbs

9. Passive Verbs

10. MA- Verbs, PAKI-(MAKI-) Verbs

11. Verb Roots & Pelative Pronouns

1. Sentence Structure

A. Two Sentence Structures.

There are two sentence structures in Tagalog.



  (Pattern 1)

  Si Mary ay maganda.  ---  Mary is beautiful.

  Ang bahay ay malaki.  ---  The house is big.



  (Pattern 2)

  Maganda si Mary.  ---  Mary is beautiful.

  Malaki ang bahay.  ---  The house is big.



  Pattern 2 is used more often.

B. Ang Indicates Subject.

Ang, ang mga, si and sina indicate subject.

  

  ang      ---  put before a thing or place.

  ang mga  ---  put before things or places.



  si       ---  put before the name of person.

  sina     ---  put before the names of persons.

C. Pronouns as Subjects.

Ako ay si Mary.  ---  I am Mary.

  Mababait kami.  ---  We are good.     Mababait tayo.  ---  We are good.

  Ikaw ay mabait.  ---  You are good.     Mabait ka.  ---  You are good.

  Mababait kayo.  ---  You are good.

  Matalino siya.  ---  He is intelligent.

  Matatalino sila  ---  They are intelligent.

D. Ng Indicates Object.

a. Bumili ng damit si Mary.  ---  Mary bought clothes.

     ng -- indicates object.



  b. Ang bahay ng lalaki ay malaki.  ---  The house of the man is big.

     ng -- of



  c. Binili ng babae ang damit.  ---  The clothes was bought by the woman.

     ng -- by

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2. Negative Sentence & Interrogative Sentence

A. Negative Sentence

Hindi mabait ang bata.  ---  The child is not good.

    hindi -- not, no



  oo -- yes     Siya nga -- That's right.(Siya doesn't mean he in this case.)

  talaga -- really     siguro -- maybe

B. Huwag

Huwag kayong kakain nang madalas.  ---  Don't eat often.

  Huwag mong kanin iyan.  ---  Don't eat that.



  Huwag -- Don't

C. Interrogative Sentence

Ba can be used in questions, but it is not necessary.



  Mabait ba ang babae?  ---  Is the woman good?

  Ano ba ang gusto mo?  ---  What do you like?

D. Interrogatives

Sino ba kayo?  ---  Who are you?

    Sino -- Who

  Ano ba ang pangalan mo?  ---  What is your name?

    Ano -- What

  Alin ba ang iyong ibig?  ---  Which do you like?

    Alin -- Which

  Kailan ka dumating sa Pilipinas?  ---  When did you arrive in the Philippines?

    Kailan -- When

  Kanino ba ang kotse na iyon?  ---  Whose car is that?

    Kanino -- Whose

  Ilan ang kapatid mo?  ---  How many are your brothers?

    Ilan -- How many

  Magkano ba ito?  ---  How much is this?

    Magkano -- How much

  Paano ka pupunta?  ---  How will you go?

    Paano -- How

  Bakit siya galit?  ---  Why is she angry?

    Bakit -- Why

  Saan pumunta siya?  ---  Where did he go?

    Saan -- Where (Saan is followed by verb.)

  Nasaan siya?  ---  Where is he?

    Nasaan -- Wher (Nasaan is followed by noun or pronoun.)

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3. The Possession Case & Ligatures

A. The Possession Case & Pronoun Chart

Possession is shown by the use of ni, nina, ng or ng mga.



  ni      ---  put before the name of person.

  nina    ---  plural form of ni.



  ng      ---  put before the name of thing and place.

  ng mga  ---  plural form of ng. 



  ang bahay ni Mary  ---  the house of Mary

  ang bahay nina Mary at John  ---  the house of Mary and John

  ang bahay ng lalaki  ---  the house of the man

  ang bahay ng mga lalaki  ---  the house of the men

PRONOUN CHART

B. Ligatures (na, --ng)

Maganda ang bahay na bago.  ---  The new house is beautiful.

  Maganda ang bagong bahay.  ---  The new house is beautiful.



  na  ---  put after a consonant except n.

  bahay na malaki  ---  big house



  ng  ---  occurs as suffix to a word ending in a vowel or n.

  malaking bahay  ---  big house

  ulang malakas  ---  strong rain (ulan -- rain)

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4. Conjunctions & Prepositions

A. Conjunctions

at -- and      o -- or      pero -- but



  kundi -- except

  Walang naparito kundi si Mary.  ---  Nobody came except Mary.



  dahil sa -- because of 

  Umiyak siya dahil sa akin  ---  She cried because of me.



  kaya -- therefore, so

  Hindi ka mabuti kaya ayoko sa iyo.  ---  You are not good, so, I don't like you.



  kung -- when (present and future time)

  Kung aalis ka, ako sa iyo.  ---  When you leave, I go with you.



  Noong, nang -- when (past time)

  Noong maliit ako, ako'y may aso.  ---  When I was small, I had a dog.

  Nakita ko siya nang ako ay nasa Estados Unidos. 

                          ---  I saw him when I was in the United States.



  samantala -- while (used with the present)

  Samantalang nagsalita siya, nakikinig ako.

                                ---  While he is talking, I am listening.

B. kung sino

kung sino -- who,whoever    kung ano -- what,whatever    kung alin -- which,whichever

  kung saan -- where,wherever    kung kailan -- when,whenever

  kung paano -- how,however    kung kanino -- whom,whomever



  Aywan ko kung sino siya.  ---  I don't know who he is.

  Sabihin mo kung ano ang iyong gusto.  ---  Say what you like.

  Alam mo ba kung kailan siya babalik?  ---  Do you know when he will return?

C. Prepositions

sa -- on,in, etc. (present and future time)

  Pupunta kami sa Maynila sa Linggo.  ---  We will go to Manila on Sunday.

  Magbabakasiyon siya sa Hongkong sa isang Disyembre.

                    ---  He will take a vacation in Hongkong next December.



  noon -- on,in, etc. (past)

  Pumunta kami sa Maynila noon Linggo.  ---  We went to Maynila last Sunday.

  Nagbakasiyon siya sa Hongkong noong isang Disyembre.

                         ---  He took a vacation in Hongkong last December.



  sa -- in, to, from, by, on, into, through, at



  mula sa, buhat sa -- from      hanggang -- till



  para sa -- for



  kay -- to (put before the name of person)

  kina -- to (plural form of kay)

  para kay -- for (put before the name of person)

  para kina -- for (plural form of para kay)

  Sumulat siya kay Mary kahapon.  ---  He wrote to Mary yesterday.

  Bumili siya ng aklat para kay Mary.  ---  She bought a book for Mary.



  pagkatapos -- after (used with infinitives only)

  Matulog tayo pagkatapos kumain.  ---  Let's sleep after eating.



  bago -- before (used with infinitives only)

  Kumain siya bago umalis.  ---  He ate before he left.

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5. Helping Verbs

A. Mayroon

may, mayroon -- there is, have      wala -- none



  May kaibigan ako sa Maynila.  ---  I have a friend in Manila.

  Mayroon akong mabait na kaibigan.  ---  I have a good friend.

  Mayroon ka bang bagong baro?  ---  Do you have a new dress?

  Wala akong anak.  ---  I don't have a child.



  In answering a question positively, always use mayroon.

  Mayroon ka bang bagong baro?  

    Oo, mayroon.    or    Wala.

  Negative answer to this question is expressed by wala.

  We can't answer any mayroon question with hindi.

B. Magkaroon

magkaroon -- have



  It has all the tense forms unlike mayroon.

  The prefix, magka-- can be used instead of magkaroon.



  (Past) Nagkaroon ng sakit ang bata.  ---  The child was sick.

         Nagkasakit ang bata. 

  (Present) Nagkakaroon ako ng trabaho.  ---  I have a job.

            Nagkakatrabaho ako.

  (Future) Magkakaroon kami ng bisita.  ---  We will have visitors.

           Magkakabisita kami.

C. Helping Verbs

dapat -- must, have to

  Dapat akong umalis.  ---  I must go.



  maaari, puwede -- can, may, coud

  Maaari akong bumasa ng Tagalog.  ---  I can read Tagalog.



  kailangan -- need to

  Kailangan tayong maligo araw-araw.  ---  We need to take a bath everyday.



  ibig, gusto -- like

  Gustong mag-aral ng Tagalog ni John.  ---  John likes to study Tagalog.



  ayaw -- do not like

  Ayaw siyang uminom ng gatas.  ---  She doesn't like to drink milk.



  alam -- know how to do something

  Alam kong magluto ng pansit.  ---  I know how to cook noodles.

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6. Adverbs & Degrees of Adjectives

A. Adverbs

mabilis -- fast    dahan-dahan -- slowly, softly

  Magsalita ka nang dahan-dahan.  ---  You speak slowly.



  dito -- here

  diyan -- there (near the person spoken to)

  doon -- there (for from both)

  Naglalaro ang aking kapatid na lalaki dito.  ---  My brother plays here.



  sa loob -- inside    sa labas -- outside



  na -- already, now

  Umalis na siya.  ---  He left already.

  Kumakain na sila.  ---  They are eating now.



  pa -- yet, more

  Hindi pa ako kumakain.  ---  I have not eaten yet.

  Gusto ko pa ng matamis.  ---  I like more sweet.



  marami -- many, much

  Maraming kumain si Mary.  ---  Mary eats much.



  kaunti, konti -- a little

  Umuulan nang kaunti.  ---  It is raining a little.

B. Degrees of Adjectives

Maganda si Mary.  ---  Mary is beautiful.



  pareho -- as, like

  Si Mary ay maganda pareho ni Elena.  ---  Mary is as beautiful as Elena.



  mas -- more     kaysa -- than

  Si Mary ay mas maganda kaysa kay Elena.  ---  Mary is more beautiful than Elena.



  (By repeating)

  magandang-maganda -- very beautiful

  pangit na pangit -- very ugly



  (Prefix, napaka--)

  napakaganda -- too beautiful

  napakapangit -- too ugly



  (Prefix, pinaka--)

  pinakamaganda -- the most beautiful

  pinakapangit -- the ugliest

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7. Verbs

A. Tagalog Verbs

Tagalog verb has different affix to emphasize a paticular part of a sentence.



  Kumain ang bata ng kanyang pagkain sa silid.

                               ---  The child ate his food in the room.

  Kinain ng bata ang kanyang pagkain sa silid.

                               ---  His food was eaten by the child in the room.

  Kinainan ng bata ng kanyang pagkain ang silid.

                               ---  The room was where the child ate his food.



  Tagalog verb has more passive forms than active forms.



  (The preferred English construction)

  Uminom ako ng kape.  ---  I drank the coffee.



  (The preferred Tagalog construction)

  Ininom ko ang kape.  ---  The coffee was drunk by me.

B. be, become and think

maging -- be, become



  infinitive: maging

  past      : naging

  present   : nagiging

  future    : magiging



  Gusto kong maging titser.  ---  I like to be a teacher.

  Ayaw mo bang maging doktor?  ---  Don't you like to be a doctor?

  Nagiging masama ang panahon.  ---  The weather is becoming bad.

  Nagiging maganda ang anak ni Mary.  ---  Mary's daughter is becoming pretty.





  sa akala ko -- I think

  Sa akala ko ikaw ay matalino.  ---  I think you are intelligent.

  Sa akala ko siya ay loko.  ---  I think he is crazy.

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8. Active Verbs

A. UM- Verbs

Um- verb is in the active voice and closest in usage to the English common verbs.



  Uminom ka ng kape.  ---  Drink coffee.

  Kumain si Mary ng kanin.  ---  Mary ate the rice.

  Bumabasa siya ng aklat sa paaralan.  ---  She reads a book in school.

  Bibili kami ng bahay sa Maynila.  ---  We will buy a house in Manila.

B. MAG- Verbs

When a root occurs with both um- and mag- affixes, the latter usually expresses

  frequency or intensity of action.



  Maglinis kayo ng bahay bukas.  ---  Clean the house tomorrow.

  Nagsalita ang Pangulo sa Rizal Park.  ---  The president spoke at Rizal Park.

  Nag-aaral ako ng Tagalog.  ---  I am studying Tagalog.

  Maglilinis ako ng bahay bukas.  ---  I will clean the house tomorrow.

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9. Passive Verbs

A. --in Verbs

In the -in verbs, the emphasis is on the receiver or the direct object.



  (1) Kumain si Mary. -- Mary ate.

  (2) Kumain si Mary ng mangga. -- Mary ate a mango.

  (3) Kinain ni Mary ang mangga. -- The mango was eaten by Mary.



  In (1), since there is no object, -inverb cannot be used.

  Sentence (2) is grammatically correct although less used than sentence (3).



  Binasa ko ang sulat.  ---  The letter was read by me.

  Kakanin ni Peter ang isda.  ---  The fish will be eaten by Peter.

  Bibilhin mo ba ang kotse ko?  ---  Will my car be bought by you?

  Lulutuin ng kusinero ang gulay.  ---  The vegetables will be cooked by the cook.



  kita -- you ...... by me

  Kita is only used with passive forms of verbs. 

  It is not so commonly used with -in verbs as with -an.

  Iniibig kita.  ---  You are loved by me.

  Tatawagin kita bukas.  ---  You will be called by me tomorrow.

B. I- Verbs

Passive prefix I- generally expresses to do something for another. Usually the I- verb

  is the passive form of MAG, seldom of UM.



  a. When the I- verb has its active form in UM, the indirect object becomes the subject.

  Bumasa ng aklat ang guro para kay Joe.

    Ibinasa ng aklat ng guro si Joe.  ---  Joe was read a book by the teacher.



  b. When the I- verb has its active form in MAG, the direct object becomes the subject.

  Nagluto siya ng pagkain para sa anak.

    Iniluto niya ang pagkain para sa anak. --- The food was cooked for fer child by fer.



  c. When the UM and MAG verbs have similar meanings, the I-verb is used as in pattern a.

C. -AN Verbs

-AN usually represents place. With -AN, the indirect object or place becomes the 

  subject. If there are no -IN forms, the direct object becomes the subject of the

  -AN verb.



  a. Without Object

  Sumulat ang bata sa aklat.  ---  The child wrote on the book.

    Sinulatan ng bata ang aklat.

  Magbasa ka sa akin.  ---  You read to me.

    Basahan mo ako.



  b. With Object

  Sumulat ang bata ng pangalan niya sa aklat. --- The child wrote his name on the book.

    Sinulatan ng bata ng pangalan niya ang aklat.

  Magbasa ka ng kuwento sa akin.  ---  You read a story to me.

    Basahan mo ako ng kuwento.



  c. No -IN Verb

  Magbukas ka ng pinto.  ---  Open the door.

    Buksan mo ang pinto.



  Infinitive: bayaran (be paid)

  Past      : binayaran

  Present   : binabayaran

  Future    : babayaran

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10. MA- Verbs, PAKI-(MAKI-) Verbs

A. MA- Verbs

a. MA- Verbs

  MA- verbs have two forms, the active and the passive. If there is no object,

  it's in the active form. If ther is an object, it's in the passive form.



  (Without objects)

  Natulog ang bata sa silya.  ---  The child slept on the chair.

  Nagutom ang estudiyante pagkatapos mag-aral.

                                ---  The student got hungry after studyung.

  Nagagalit ang aking ina sa akin.  ---  My mother is angry with me.

  Huwag kang matakot!  ---  Don't be afraid!

  Nahihiya ang babae sa kanyang ginawa.  ---  The woman is ashamed of what she did.



  (With objects)

  Nakita ko ang aking kaibigan sa palengke.  ---  I saw my friends in the market.

  Naaalala mo ba ang aking pangalan?  ---  Do you remember my name?

  Hindi ko mabili ang sapatos mangyari wala akong pera.

                        ---  I could not buy the pair of shoes because I had no money.

  Nabasa ng bata ang mahirap na salita.  

                                  ---  The child was able to read the difficult word.



  (Without objects)  

  matulog -- sleep     maligo -- bathe     magutom -- be hungry 

  magalit -- be angry     matuwa -- feel happy     maginaw -- feel cold

  mainitan -- feel warm     mahiya -- be ashamed     makinig -- listen

  mahiga -- lie down     matakot -- be afraid     mamatay -- die

  malungkot -- feel sad     mainggit -- envy someone



  (With objects)

  makita -- be seen     makain -- be able to eat     maalala -- be remembered

  masulat -- be able to write     mabasa -- be able to read

  mabili -- be able to buy



  Infinitive: matulog

  Past      : natulog

  Present   : natutulog

  Future    : matutulog



  b. MAKA- Verbs

  MAKA- verbs have the same meaning as the MA- verbs, only they are all active.

  Not all MA- verbs have their equivalents in MAKA. Generally MAKA- verbs express

  ability to do something.



  Nakatulog kagabi ang maysakit.  ---  The sick was able to sleep last night.



  makatulog -- be able to sleep



  Infinitive: makatulog

  Past      : nakatulog

  Present   : nakatutulog

  Future    : makatutulog

B. PAKI- Verbs

a. PAKI-(MAKI-) Verbs

  PAKI- and MAKI- are the equivalent of please. PAKI- verbs are passive. MAKI- verbs

  are active. Although they have all tense forms, the imperative is mostly used.

  PAKI- verbs are more widely used in requests than MAKI- verbs.



  Pakikuha mo ang aking baro.  ---  Please get my dress.

  Pakibasa mo sa akin ang kuwento.  ---  Please read the story to me.

  Pakisulat mo ang iyong pangalan.  ---  Please write your name.

  Makitawag ka ng doctor para sa akin.  ---  Please call a doctor for me.

  Pinakitawag ko ang doctor sa kanya.  ---  I requested her to call the doctor for me.



  makikuha -- please get



  Infinitive: makikuha

  Past      : nakikuha

  Present   : nakikikuha

  Future    : makikikuha



  b. nga, naman

  Even without PAKI-, the use of nga and naman soften any command or order.

  Pakikuha mo nga ang aking baro.

  Kunin mo nga ang aking baro.

  Kunin mo naman ang aking baro.



  c. maaari

  Maaari is used in polite society.

  Maaari bang kunin mo ang aking baro?  ---  Will you please get my dress?

  Maaari bang basahin mo ang kuwento?  ---  Will you please read the story?

  Maaari bang bumili ka ng tsokolate para sa akin?

                                 ---  Will you please buy the chocolate for me?

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11. Verb Roots & Relative Pronouns

A. Verb Roots

a. Verb Roots

  Some roots of action words can be used as verbs in the past and present tenses,

  and as adjectives to describe the subject. When used with ang, the verbal root 

  becomes a noun and is used as the subject of the sentence.



  Saan aral si John?  ---  Where did John study?

  Ano ang sabi niya?  ---  What did he say?

  Alam ko ang kanyang pangalan?  ---  I know his name.



  aral -- to study(mag-aral)     sabi -- was said(sabihin)   

  alam -- to be known things(malaman)     kilala -- to be known persons(makilala)

  dala -- to be brought or carried(dalhin)     tanong -- to be asked(tanungin)

  sagot -- to be answered(sagutin)     laki -- to grow(lumaki)

  ibig -- to be loved or liked(ibigin)     galing -- to come from(manggaling)

  ayaw -- to dislike(umayaw) or to be disliked(ayawan)



  b. Verbal Nouns

  Verbs can be changed to nouns with pag- or other ways.

  umalis -- pag-alis     magsulat -- pagsusulat     basahin -- pagbasa

  matulog -- pagtulog     pakisulat -- pakikisulat

B. Relative Pronouns

When a ligature(na, -ng) connects a noun to a verb, it stands for the English

  relative pronouns who, which and that.



  ang batang kumakain -- ang kumakaing bata  ---  the child who is eating

  ang bahay na nasunog -- ang nasunog na bahay  ---  the house which was burned

  ang pagkaing niluto -- ang nilutong pagkain  ---  the food that was cooked



  Ang sulat na tinanggap ko ay kanya.  ---  The letter that I received is hers.

  Maliit ang sapatos na binili ko.  ---  The shoes that I bought are small.

  Magaganda ang mga babaing umaawit.  ---  The woman who are singing are beautiful.





  By using ang, ng and sa with any tense of the verb or with describing word, 

  the meaning conveyed is the one who, the thing that or what is.

  Ang batang kumain ng mangga ay si Jose.

    Ang kumain ng mangga ay si Jose.  ---  The one who ate the mango is Jose.

  Humihingi siya ng kinakain ko.  --- He is asking for what I am eating.

  Ang mabait ay maraming kaibigan.  ---  The good has many friends.

  Nagagalit ang guro sa mga tamad.  ---  The teacher is angry with the lazy ones.

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