A person should now grasp the essential difference between Newton's idea of gravity and the idea of gravity developed by Einstein. In Newton's theory, a massive object generates a gravitational field of attractive force around it, that diminishes with the square of the distance from it. With Einstein's theory the situation is considerably more complex and complicated. Since Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory one can understand that any given field contains energy, and according to Einstein, energy is equivalent to mass. Energetic gravitational fields exhibit the effect of mass and generates an additional gravitational field. This is the idea behind the creation of a black hole.
Be that as it may, physicist are concerned with what
causes the radioactivity associated with the heavy atoms
such as uranium. Newton's theory is that mass straight
away attracts mass, his theory is in effect, linear. Einstein's
theory is nonlinear, and consequently, his gravitational field
creates another gravitational field which creates another
field, in other words, it winds up like a tightly wound spring
of a clock. In dealing with atoms containing only a few
protons and a few neutrons, the gravitational spring does not
get all that tightly wound up as they rotate and migrate
through the spacetronic field, so they are not radioactive on
the whole. With the massive elements they do get wound up,
like a group of uranium atoms, and perhaps at the
gravitational center of their masses and particularly within
the atoms themselves, their bound up condition becomes
overly condensed. The inner spacetronic fields become so
tightly bound that there is no room for expansion.
Remember, all spacetrons expand with time, even those
contained in these heavy atoms. From time to time, these
tightly wound up spacetronic fields have no room to expand
in all directions, as the case may be. As a consequence, they
create an outward force that the expanding field cannot
contain; the atoms lose their equilibrium and explode releasing
alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The atom is said to be
radioactive.
The phenomena of nature as depicted by the Space
Quantum Theory simply is that space is quantized, and there
is a quid pro quo between the space quanta of expanding
spacetrons forming space, and the contracting spacetrons
forming mass. The exchange of space for energy is the result
of the space expansion factor. Space is infinite, therefore,
there is no place into which space can expand, so, this very
fact, that space in the universe is in a state of expansion,
requires that some space units must contract. The expansion
factor is the reason for the creation of the electromagnetic
envelopes, energy forming pockets, consequently the
creation of mass. These compressed spacetronic fields give
rise to transitory energy, heat, light. The spacetronic waves
form rotary energies which are called mass, following the law
of the line of least resistance. Spacetrons are simply
stationary standing wave vibrating units that extends
infinitely as far as the imagination of mind can see. Time
is the ticking off of the universal expansion rate which
generates the impetus force that causes the creation of mass to
occur in the galaxy. The continuum vibrates with the speed
of light squared and in all directions randomly. However,
within and around mass, understanding that mass is an
organized compressed spacetronic field of motion, the
impetus randomness takes a directional orientation, and the
direction is toward the center of the mass, moving with the
speed of light; this action is called gravity. The vibration,
being directed inwardly toward and around mass, may be
considered a form of electromagnetic energy that holds mass
together. Since all electromagnetic energy is quantized,
according to an action quantum discovered by Planck, while
measuring the radiant energy emitted in experiments with a
black body; it seems logical that if one divides this action
quantum "h" into the energy of the field, or in other words
"C^2," they will find the frequency "f" associated with the
universal spacetronic field quantum. This equation yields a
frequency of 1.5 X 10 ^50. If we divide this frequency into
the speed of light, 3 X 10 ^8 one finds that the wavelength
"w" of the field quantum is 2 X 10 ^-42 meters.
C ^ 2 / h = i* Spacetronic frquency = 1.5 X 10 ^50 cycles/second
C / f = i^ Spacetronic wavelength = 2 X 10 ^-42 meters
C equals the speed of light, h equals Planck's constant, i*
equals the frequency, and i^ equeals the wavelength.
These equations indicate that the elasticity of the
spacetronic field is C ^2; its force in any one direction is C.
For this reason the top speed of an electromagnetic wave
which propagates through the spacetronic field is C.
Nothing can move faster than the speed of light in the
universe, as dictated by the space quanta's vibratory motion
and the impetus force that drives mass and energy though the
spacetronic field. The size of the spacetronic wavelength is
exceedingly small in comparison to the mass and energy
units which one is able to measure. Consequently, the
universal spacetronic field is a high frequency energy field.
(5.6095 x 10^35 eV.) When the radiation of a high frequency
falls on an electron it behaves mechanically in some ways as
if it were a particle of energy, it's photon strikes the electron
moving the electron, which motion sets up a magnetic field
around the atom. By the time this high frequency radiation
reaches the nucleus of the atom it is a highly condensed
spacetronic field of radiation, its photon acts as the strong
force that binds the quarks to one another in an equilateral
triangle forming protons and neutrons as to the quarks
spasonic, up or down, make up. Penetrating further into the
quark, the energy, which physicist called 'color', gives rise to
the gyroscopic spin of the three spasonic string fields that
compose the quarks, the spacetron itself is the photon. This
spasonic spin field binds quarks together into systems that
forms a balance at the center of the triangle, stabilizing the
unit so that it does not tip over or become unstable. See Fig 10
It should be noted that the magnetic field around a
moving electric energy in a wire, is the same type of field
caused by the high frequency radiation of the spacetronic field
impinging on the electrons of the atom. However, in this
event it is the electronic force moving through the wire that
organizes the high frequency radiation of the spacetronic
field, thus, creating the magnetic field around the wire
which is called the magnetic flux. The spacetronic field in
which the string spasons propagate, of course, is still an
expanding spacetronic field. The weakness of the expansion
factor of this field gives rise to the radioactivity of the heavy
elements such as radium, uranium and thorium. Over the
billions of years of existence this field has weakened and
has become unsupportable of the larger mass units. It has the
property of emitting particles or radiation from an atomic
nucleus such as alpha rays, beta rays and gamma radiation.
This is what is know as the weak force, giving heavy atoms a
half life. It is thought that this field once supported the higher
elements physicist are able to create in the high speed
accelerators, but since the field has weakened in the Universal
Adiabatic Process, it no longer can support them and they
decay rather rapidly after being created. The forgoing gives
the Space Quantum Theory's interpretation of the
gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak forces of the
natural phenomena, all of which stems from the expansion
of the spacetronic field and its elasticity of vibratory action.
Ernst Mach, the Austrian physicist, was not satisfied
with Newton's idea of an absolute space in which the inertial
frames could be measured as moving in a straight line at a
constant speed when not subjected to forces. Mach said
that the existence of inertial frames is bound up with the
large-scale distribution of matter within the universe, and its
gravitational effect. This is known as Mach's principle. He
also claimed that large-scale distribution of mass was
homogeneous and isotropic. In Mach's view, matter has
inertia only because there is other matter in the universe.
When a body rotates, its inertia produces centrifugal forces,
but these forces appear only because the body rotates
"relative to the fixed stars", as Mach said,." If those fixed stars
were suddenly to disappear, centrifugal forces of the rotating
body would disappear with them, as well as its inertia".
What Mach seems to be saying, if there was no other mass
in existence to present a resistance against a masses outward
spinning push, without those other masses in the universe,
the centrifugal force would be negligible. In this respect, all
mass in the universe presents an opposition to one another
through the expansion of the spacetronic field that generates
the gravitational potential, which creates the inertia of mass.
From the beginning, radio active centers have played
a distinct roll in their relationship with one another by
means of their radiation energies. In their adult stage,
celestial objects reach out their interactions, throughout the
universe at large to the distant stars and galaxies, and
exercised a helpful influence upon one another. Even
everyday actions, down to the smallest details, are closely
integrated with the universe as a whole, to the point, that
without the rest of the universe man's world would not exist;
if it could, what would be its meaning? It would not be
capable of evolving into man's conscious world that now
exists, with his potential to enjoy it. While the expansion
factor creates energy, the interchange of photons forever
keeps the units in a growing condition of action and reaction,
in a state of higher evolution. Einstein was powerfully
influenced by Mach's ideas when developing his general
relativity theory, although he never completely integrate
Mach's Principle into his theory because of the principle of
equivalence. The gravitational mass and the inertial mass
are of the same nature, therefore, matter has an ingrain
quality of its own, and this disturbed Einstein in regards
to the distribution of mass and its effect on mass. Einstein
in his latter years slowly began to realize that space has an
existence of its own apart from mass. He conceived the
gravitational field, meaning the function Gik of his theory, as
being the realness of space. Without this realness, this
topology of space, space is nothing but emptiness, a space
without field. In this he agrees with Descartes who claimed
that space was the extension of mass, there is no such a
thing as empty space. Apparently Descartes ideas profoundly
influenced his thoughts also. The Space Quantum theory
agrees with Mach's Principle, however, it is not mass that is
propelling the dynamics of the universe, rather, it is the
quanta of space in expansion that generates the impetus force.
The force that is responsible for both gravity, and by its
restrictive action on objects when under acceleration. Further,
in the future, this same impetus force may be radially directed
in a space station by slowly rotating the station, thus, creating
a centrifugal force which will act on objects exactly as a
gravitational field. People walking around the perimeter of
the space station will not know the difference between
working in the station or working on earth. As a matter of
fact, the gravity of the space station may be regulated so that
things will be less cumbersome with which to work.
A word about antimatter. Comic rays that are generated
in the galactic nucleus come crashing into particles in the
atmosphere often create antimatter. Man made accelerators
create violent collisions required to probe the interior of
atoms, which create new particles that have exactly the
same mass as an electron or proton. This particle is the mirror
image of the real particle and is called an anti-electron or
positron and or antiproton since it has the opposite values of
electrical charge and any other charges. It is created in high
energy collisions where particles momentarily stop and head
off in opposite directs, maintaining the same spin
orientation, having a right handedness for a particle and left
handedness for an antiparticle. When the antiparticle meets a
real particle both are annihilated; there energies radiate off in
electromagnetic waves. See fig 23
It is the supposition of cosmologists that when a star
has exhausted all the thermonuclear fuel necessary to
produce the heat and pressure supporting it against gravity,
the star collapses into a black whole. This process seemed
to correspond to the Schwarzchild and Roy Kerr solutions of
Einstein's equations. Although black holes are
speculations of celestial happenings by Penrose, Stephen
Hawking and others, none has ever been confirmed as
definitely existing and it may be, because Hawking radiation
dissipates them. If it were not for this process discovered
by Stephen Hawking, called Hawking's radiation, there
should be great many black holes in the galaxy. This has
to do with antiparticles.
A black hole has an event horizon and an ergosphere.
A particle enters the ergosphere, splits into two particles,
one going across the horizon against the rotation direction,
the other leaving the ergosphere, and reaching infinity with
more mass-energy than the initial particle had. The hole's mass
and angular momentum are reduced due to this action.
The particle going across the horizon produces a drag on the
rotation of the black hole which reduces the holes angular
momentum as it drops into the hole. See Fig 24
Of course, in may very well be that when a celestial unit reaches
the black hole state of being that it explodes in a super-nova. This
may be the reason why none or just a few black holes exist, there is a
good candidate in Cygnus X-1. It consists of a normal star
rotating around another star cosmologist are not able to see,
which seems to be sucking in matter from its companion star.
Mool 24 - 30
There is a possibility that in the beginning of the
universe the expansion of the spacetronic field created the
impetus photons; these photons accumulated in pockets.
Because the expanding spacetronic field was as strong as it
ever possibly could be, the impetus force wound up so tightly
bound that they drew in all generated impetus energies in the
vicinity into their centers. Not being able to escape these
compressed spacetronic energies, a rotating black hole
developed. In time these black holes, and it is assumed there
were many, became in equilibrium with the expanding
spacetronic field; whereby the influx of high forces, high
frequency energies began to slit into two photons. The
negative photon entering the horizon of the black hole, going
across it against the rotation direction, thus, slowing its
angular momentum. The positive photon skirting the
ergosphere. bounce off the black hole with more energy them
it initially had, thus, creating the gamma rays that, even today,
are impinging upon the earth as they travel toward infinity.
Their is a US Gamma-ray Observatory Satellite that collects
gamma rays and it indicates they come from all directions.
See Fig 24
One can now think of the whole of the cosmos as being
composed of contiguous space units forming a continuous
transformation possibility for the path of an electromagnetic
wave, such as gamma rays, light ray, or of the rotary energy
wave such as the atom. If one supposes himself to be far
away from any mass with a gravitational field and simply
consider one of these space units in what can now be thought
of as a spacetronic field. One can then assign to each unit its
three spatial dimensions and the one expansion time
dimension that affects the other three, that is, the increase of
the volume of the unit as time proceeds, noticing that the unit
breathes in a rhythmic frequency.
The unit can now be described as being a four
dimensional vibrating unit, in a manifold of contiguous units
forming the cosmos. Even without any mathematical
knowledge, one can appreciate the reality of the space
quantum as simply a four dimensional vibrating unit of
space, three dimensions in extension and one dimension in
expansion, which expansion is recognized and designate as
time. As a matter of fact, the dimensions measured are
simply relative to the world, and, in all probability, the exact
total extension of the spacetronic unit can be vastly different,
for instance, much larger than what one measures as far as the
world's space is concerned. As time proceeds, the cosmic
expansion time factor creates the mass units in the nucleus of
galaxies by the law of compensation; it is a quid pro quo
situation, space for energy that creates mass. These energy
waves exhibits electromagnetic angular momentum in the
spacetronic field, consequently, the galactic positions are
relatively stable and positional. The energies they absorb
and reflect are transitory energies moving throughout the
spacetronic field, which energies are created by the
expansion factor of the universe. Actually Einstein's
equations predict expansion on the one hand and contraction
on the other. Einstein's theory requires three dimensions in
space and one in time. The SQT requires three dimensions
in space and one dimension in expansion that determines time
over long periods, indicated by the redshift. See Fig 25
These radio quasar were the result of the arbitrary
contention between the positive and negative forces that
created electromagnetic waves, which, even today, one is able
to discern with gamma ray detectors, radio-scopes and
telescopes. The synchrotron radiation between celestial
units which is thought to have facilitated in the creation of
mass units had not yet generated enough energy to have
mass creating effects between quasar units. After perhaps
many central internal positive energy explosions and the
re-coalescing of these various cores of energy, eventually, as
the synchrotron radiation between celestial units increased
and infiltrated the cores of these units, gradually, strings of
spasonic units began to appear and consequently quarks
which coalesced into hydrogen and helium atoms and finally
stars. With the evolution of the string spasonic units
caused by the interplay between the
positive-negative-magnetic forces, in conjunction with the
radiant energy from other celestial units, the gravitational
energy came into play and mass was born. Perhaps it was not
long until the gyroscopic spasons developed into quarks
which assembled into neutrons that evolved into
proton-electron pairs forming hydrogen atoms. From
probably eight dozen atoms, their evolutionary process
created the molecular world structure found upon the earth.
It has not been clearly demonstrated that nature actually
evolved the hadrons that physicists are able to create in the
new high-energy proton accelerators, but more than likely
they were created ages ago and have since disintegrated in
the radio activity process as higher orders of mass were
created and eventually life. Matter microscopes, the
high-energy accelerators, have opened up a whole new world
within matter, and it is hopeful that one day the basic world
strings will fall out. Fig 10
Radio quasars were the first beginnings of the creation of
the world. These celestial units can be detected with
radio-scopes. However, after the creation of hydrogen
atoms, and a few others that accumulated into clouds that
surrounded the black hole, the "Hot Spot Core," the emission
of the light spectra began to take place. Emission lines take
place when the low-density gas is heated and zapped by
high-energy radiations created by the synchrotron radiation
producing electrons circling the central quasar core. It was
determined by astronomers analyzing these types of spectra
that something peculiar was occurring in light from these
star-like objects. The spectrum of the continuum of quasars
was ranging from radio frequencies, infrared, visible,
ultraviolet, x rays to gamma rays created by a powerful quasar
engine. If quasars only emitted a continuous spectrum,
which is what synchrotron radiation produces, it would be
impossible to verify the extra-galactic origin of the quasars.
Just a rainbow spectrum would be observed, no way could
the redshift be established. However, emission lines were
observed, but at first they made absolutely no sense at all
until an astronomer, Maarten Schmidt in 1963, matched the
normal lines of hydrogen and discovered that these same
lines were found in the spectra of the light from these quasars;
however, they were shifted toward the red end of the spectra.
See Davies 186
The further away from earth quasars are found
the greater the redshift, giving rise to the idea that as the
emission energies of the quasars hot gas travel from the
ancient past into present times, their frequencies undergo a
redshift. As these energies pass through the vast space
between quasars, they come upon cool gasses that are closer
in space and time. The result is that all quasar spectrums
show absorption lines, gaps in the spectrum that are not
as red shifted as their emission lines indicate. It seems that
as the quasar spectra passes through a cool gas cloud
between them and the earth, a hydrogen atom, for instance,
steals a photon from the radiation, and the electron of the
atom moves to a higher level. This simple observation may
give credence to the idea, the expansion of space causes
redshift and not from quasars rushing away from earth.
What this means is that the redshift is not caused by the
motion of the quasar moving away from us, but rather by the
space expanding between the quasar and the galaxy. As the
space expands and mass is created in the various "hot spot
cores," taking up this expansion space in the process, the
electromagnetic waves spreads out as it passes through the
various expanded space-time periods with galaxies in them.
Thus, space expansion causes the redshift. The closer a
galaxy is, having cool hydrogen clouds around them, the
less redshift that units light spectra exhibits. These cool
hydrogen clouds are nearer to us than the quasar that creates
the spectrum. Consequently, the redshift of the absorption
lines are lower than the redshift of the quasar's emission lines,
in accordance with Hubble's Law. The less distance a celestial
unit is, the less of a redshift the absorption lines will show,
created by their cool clouds. The quasar spectrum shows a
greater emission line redshift, simply because the quasar is
further away than the galaxy containing the cool hydrogen
clouds. All quasar spectrums have a less redshift absorption
line. See Fig below
The less shifted absorption lines are telling that, indeed, the
various energies put out by the core of quasars and galaxies
do really interact in an exchange of energy between one
another that propagates growth and development. This
energy exchange has been going on from the inception of the
expansion of the universe. The expanding fields create
contracting fields which fields create the electromagnetic
waves. This has been happening for the past 20 billion years
as close as cosmologist can determine. The universe is stable;
forces are in equilibrium according to the SQT.
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