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The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism thanks you for using
ETOH. This search is displayed using the MAIN form on 5/23/98 , at 6:54:37 PM
using " FIND (MJ/MN/ID ct statistics) " as the search criteria. This report
sorts by Year first (in reverse order) and then by the primary author. 899
records were found.
1.
Corrao, G.; Ferrari, P.; Zambon, A.; Torchio, P.; Arico, S.; Decarli, A. Trends
of liver cirrhosis mortality in Europe, 1970-1989: Age-period-cohort analysis
and changing alcohol consumption . International Journal of Epidemiology,
26(1):100-109, 1997 .
This study describes liver cirrhosis mortality in European countries between
1970 and 1989 using an age-period-cohort long-linear Poisson model to assess the
effect of early environmental exposure on the geographical distribution and on
the temporal pattern on mortality rates. Specifically, attempts were made to
clarify the recent trend in mortality data as being either a long-term trend
relating possibly to alcohol consumption or a short-term fluctuation. Mortality
records relating to cirrhosis were gathered for 25 European countries from the
"World Health Statistics Annual." Estimates of the annual per capita alcohol
consumption from 1961 to 1989 for each country were gathered from the "World
Drink Trends." Similarly, data on the resident populations of these countries
for 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985 and 1990 were obtained from "The Sex and Age
Distribution of World Population." A total of 1,827,550 liver cirrhosis deaths
during the period 1970-1989 were analyzed. This study demonstrates that
age-period-cohort analysis is able to generate hypotheses to interpret the
trends in liver cirrhosis mortality. The current application of
age-period-cohort analysis on European liver cirrhosis mortality gives
additional evidence about the different role of etiological and prognostic
factors in the European areas, the changing levels of exposure to the
etiological and prognostic factors in different populations, and makes it
possible to hypothesize future trends in liver cirrhosis mortality. More
detailed information on alcohol habits, alcoholism treatment rates, viral
hepatic infections and other factors are needed. 57 Ref.

2.
Wallace, L.J.D.; Sleet, D.A.; James, S.P. Injuries and the ten leading causes of
death for Native Americans in the U.S.: Opportunities for prevention . IHS
Primary Care Provider, 22(9):140-145, 1997 .
In order to study the effect of injuries among Native Americans, including
Alaska Natives, and to demonstrate the need for prevention programs, this paper
reports the unintentional injury- and violence-related causes of death, by age
group, for the years 1992-1994. Data used came from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
Native Americans are at risk for injury-related death for several reasons. The
population is younger than the total U.S. population (median age: 24 years
versus 33 years), and young persons are at higher risk for injury because of
risk taking behaviors such as drinking and driving; not wearing seat belts; and
alcohol abusive drinking styles such as binge drinking. Because alcohol is not
legally available in many Native American communities, to obtain alcohol, those
residents who drink may drive long distances and then return on isolated
two-lane highways while impaired. Numerous studies have shown that, for many
Native American communities, alcohol plays a substantial role in injury
occurrence and premature mortality. Researchers have estimated that in states
with reservations, 75 percent of suicides, 80 percent of homicides, and 65
percent of motor vehicle-related deaths among Native Americans involve alcohol.
In consideration of these alcohol-related injuries and violence, this report
suggests a multifaceted, community-based approach in the prevention of motor
vehicle-related and violence-related injuries, including risk assessment,
education, intervention program evaluation, adequate screening for alcohol
abuse, social and medical support services, and law enforcement. 24 Ref

3.
Soviets claim lower death rate, campaign against alcohol cited. . American
Medical News, 30(9):32, 1987. .
In May 1985, the Soviet Union cut production of vodka and other strong drinks,
shortened the hours during which liquor could be sold, and raised the legal
drinking age from 18 to 21. As a result, the official Tass news agency said that
119,000 fewer working-age people died in 1986 than in 1984.

4.
Fatal accident reporting system 1985: A review of information on fatal traffic
accidents in the U.S. in 1985. . Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office,
1987. 120 p. .
Information on fatal traffic accidents and fatalities in the United States is
presented based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data file for
1985. Similar information from 1982-1984 is included for comparison purposes
where appropriate. The trends, demographic variables, vehicle occupant
fatalities, location, day and time, and selected comparisons for fatal accidents
in 1985 are reviewed. Alcohol and safety belt use while driving, a 1985 fatality
profile, state statistics, types and conditions of fatal accidents, types of
vehicles involved in fatal accidents, occupants and non-vehicle occupants
involved in fatal crashes, and emergency medical services are discussed.
Accident data for 1985 is classified.

5.
Alcohol involvement. . In: National Accident Sampling System: 1985. A Report on
Traffic Accidents and Injuries in the United States, Feb 1987. pp. 8-13. .
Statistics are presented in tabular form of a report on traffic accidents and
injuries in the United States from the 1985 National Accident Sampling System.
Of those drivers determined to have been alcohol-involved only 31 percent were
actually tested for blood alcohol concentrations, and 17 percent were cited for
drunk driving. In addition, 11 percent of all accidents involved alcohol. As
accident severity increased, the presence of alcohol also increased from eight
percent for non-injury producing accidents, to 15 percent for all injury
accidents, to 27 percent for accidents resulting in at least serious injury.

6.
1986 NABI annual statistical report. . 1987. 37 p. .
A statistical report is presented on imports of distilled spirits, wines, and
beers from principal countries of export to the United States (US) and of
shipments to the US from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for each year since
1955 and select years since 1934. All statisics are shown on a clendar year
basis, and were gathered from reports of the Bureau of the Census and the US
Department of Commerce. Total distilled spirits import volume in 1986 declined
11 percent from the 115.7 million proof gallons in 1985 to 103.6 million proof
gallons. The total value of alcohol beverage imports in 1986 amounted to $2.96
billion, compared to $2.84 billion in 1985, a gain of five percent or $ 132.5
million more than 1985 values.

7.
Battle for stomach share continues. . The Bottom Line on Alcoholism in Society,
7(4):4-9, 1987. .
More health and socially conscious Americans have changed their drinking habits
drastically, especially in recent years. Today the liquor industry considers
itself in direct competition with all other beverage manufacturers. Brewers and
distillers are diversifying. There is also a push for alcohol licenses in
gasoline stations to increase availability, to help increase sales. The liquor
industry has also attempted to position its products as being a part of every
day life. Spending trends and trends of beverage of choice are discussed.

8.
Prohibition sentiment still alive. . The Bottom Line on Alcoholism in Society,
7(4):19-21, 1987. .
Of the United Sates' 3073 counties which are legally dry, 13 percent sell liquor
only in take out stores, and another 8 percent do not sell liquor by the drink.
The last Gallup Poll on the subject, taken in 1984, showed that one in every six
adults still favor Prohibition. A listing of the number of dry counties in each
state is provided.

9.
War against drugs continues: Getting the issues and strategies in perspective. .
The Bottom Line on Alcoholism in Society, 7(4):22-32, 1987. .
The two biggest drug problems the United States faces today are alcohol and
tobacco. Patterns of drug use are discussed. Statistics on treatment admissions
and expenditures for both treatment and prevention are outlined.

10.
Drunk driving accidents decline: New laws, changing attitudes, having an impact
on social drinkers but what about the alcoholics?. . The Bottom Line on Alcohol
in Society, 8(1):15-22, 1987. .
The public attitude toward drinking and driving is finally changing, with people
taking drunk driving more seriously. Methods of preventing drunk driving
include: administrative license revocation, jail sentences, public humiliation,
ignition interlocks, and educational campaigns. From 1982 to 1985, the number of
drivers involved in fatal accidents increased by three percent, the estimated
number with any alcohol involvement decreased by 12 percent, and the number
legally intoxicated decreased by 13 percent.

11.
Import Statistics: Supplied by the National Association of Beverage Importers,
Inc. . Brewers' Digest, 62(6):31, 1987. .
Statistical information is provided for imported alcoholic beverages for January
1 through February 29, 1987. Comparisons are made with the same periods in 1985
and 1986.

12.
Wisconsin accident facts 1986. . 1987. 33 p. .
Statistics are provided on economic loss, mileage death rates, traffic accidents
by month, types of motor vehicle accidents, blood alcohol content of driver
fatalities, and other demographic variables relating to traffic accidents and
fatalities.

13.
Allsop-D-T. Setting the scene in Scotland. . Annual Scottish School of Alcohol
Related Problems, Edinburgh, Scotland: 23 Mar - 27 Mar 1987. 10 p. .
The problems arising from alcohol consumption in Scotland are divided into three
categories: (1) problems arising from intoxication; (2) problems arising from
regular use; and (3) problems arising from dependence. Statistics are provided
concerning alcohol-related deaths, drinking and driving convictions, and
admissions to psychiatric hospitals due to alcohol-related problems for Scotland
and England/ Wales. Consumption per capita of 100 percent alcohol from 1949 to
1950 in Scotland is presented. The cost of alcohol as a percentage of personal
disposable income compared to per capita consumption, and revenue from alcoholic
drink for 1960 to 1985 in Scotland are also presented.

14.
Boyle-J-M. Public opinion and prevention for women: A secondary analysis of
survey data from 1984-1986. . 2 Feb 1987. 31 p. .
A secondary analysis is presented in tabular form of survey data on male and
female health status in general and their alcohol, cigarette, and drug use. Out
of a total of 1514 male and female respondents 28 percent felt they had an
excellent health status. Further, out of 1137 male respondents 311 stated they
abstained from the consumption of alcohol; comparably, out of 1250 women, 502
reported abstinence. When asked if they get enough vitamins and minerals, 72
percent of the respondents reported that they received enough.

15.
Hasin-D-S; Grant-B-F. Drug dependence syndrome in treated problem drinkers. .
International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. Alcohol Epidemiology Section,
Aix-en-Provence, France: 7 Jun - 12 Jun 1987. 10 p. .
Aspects of the drug dependence syndrome were examined in a sample of subjects
treated for alcohol problems. Since the core symptoms have been defined as
comprising a dimension of disability distinct from social, health and other
consequences of substance abuse, the relationships of Edwards-Gross dependence
syndrome symptoms and health, emotional, and social problems attributed to
specific classses of drugs were examined. Results showed high clustering of
dependence symptoms with each other and with health, social, and emotional
problems. This supports inclusion of the core dependence symptoms in the
syndrome, but not the exclusion of associated problems.

16.
Kemp-I; Carstairs-V. Reliability of death certification as a measure of the
level of alcohol problems. . Community Medicine, 9(2):146-151, 1987. .
Most conventional measures have tended to indicate alcohol problems as
consistently higher in Scotland than in England and Wales. Now population
surveys have tended to refute that view. In addition, doubt has been cast on the
accuracy of recording of alcoholic-related deaths on the medical certificate of
cause of death, until now probably the least critcised indicator of alcoholism.
A study is presented that examines the level of recording of death from
cirrhosis of the liver and mental disorder associated with alcoholism for both
underlying and secondary causes. Whnen deaths attributed to these diseases
recorded on any part of the certivicate are taken into account the differendes
between England and Wales and Scotland show a marked leveling up. It is believed
that the currently published statistics are therefore misleading as an indicator
of the relative levels of alcoholism in the two countries and need to be
reappraised. 15 Ref.

17.
Kirn-T-F. In time of change, USSR seeks to end tradition of extensive alcohol
use by majority of citizens. . JAMA : Journal of the American Medical
Association, 258(7):883-885, 1987. .
Alcoholism is the third most prevalent disease in the Soviet Union. In May 1985,
several anti-alcohol resolutions were passed, including raising the drinking age
from 18 to 21 years, curtailing the production of alcoholic beverages, and
banning the sale of alcoholic beverages before 2 P.M. Education, however, is the
main tool being used to combat alcohol abuse.

18.
Kreitman-N; Duffy-J-C. Some mysteries of liver cirrhosis mortality. .
International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. Alcohol Epidemiology Section,
Aix-en-Provence, France: 7 Jun - 12 Jun 1987. 18 p. .
Scottish alcohol-related and non-alcoholic cirrhosis can be clearly
distinguished by age-sex criteria with both mortality and morbidity data.
Alcohol cirrhosis is associated with middle-aged men while other forms of
cirrhosis tend to be found among older women. The morbidity/ mortality ratio of
the two classifications is markedly different. On the other hand, the two forms
of liver disease appear to have a similar geographical distribution, raising the
possibility that alcohol might play a potentiating role in non-alcoholic liver
disease, besides its role in alcoholic liver disease. 13 Ref.

19.
Moskowitz-J-M; Smith-E. What works best to prevent alcohol problems?. . Business
and Health, Mar:7-10, 1987. .
Alcohol is the most widely used intoxicant in the United States. It costs the
nation more than $100 billion annually. Businesses pay about $ 71 billion of
this in lost productivity and employment, as well as much of the $14 billion in
health care costs. Educational programs generally fail to specify their goals
adequately. In fact, there has been little consensus as to which goal
-abstinence or responsible use -- is most appropriate regarding alcohol.
Increases in the minimum age for drinking, higher alcoholic beverage taxes, and
crackdowns on drinking and driving have reduced alcohol-related problems,
notably deaths from automobile crashes and cirrhosis of the liver.

20.
Naiditch-B; Lerner-R. Kid's stuff: Next generation. . Changes, 2(1):36-38, 1987.
.
Since 1977, Children Are People, Inc. has implemented its programs in over 35
states and affected over 150,00 people, most of them children. A summary is
presented of information learned in the past decade on elementary-aged children
of alcoholics. The need to help this population is suggested due to the
following statistics. Children who grow up in alcoholic families are three to
six times as likely to develop alcoholism as the rest of the population, there
are an estimated 28 to 35 million children of alcoholics nationally (nine
million of these are six to 12 years old), and no more than five percent of
these children are getting the help they need.

21.
Nordlund-S. Data om alkohol og Andre Stoffer 1985: Tabellarisk oversikt over
resultater fra en intervjuundersokelse (Data on alcohol and other substances
1985: Tabular overview of the results of an interview survey). . SIFA,
1(87):1-53, 1987. .
Researchers conducted interviews from November 1985 to January 1986 compiling
data on the use of alcohol and other substances in Norway. Drinking frequency,
social drinking situations, types of liquor and other substances consumed and
other variables were assessed by age, sex, occupation and geographic location.
Data will be used to help establish statistical basis for policy analysis of
Nordic drinking behavior. 90 Ref.

22.
Rayner-T; Chetwynd-J. Economic cost of alcohol-related health care in New
Zealand. . British Journal of Addiction, 82(1):59-66, 1987. .
Estimates are presented of the economic cost of the extra health care in New
Zealand associated with the misuse of alcohol. From a range of different studies
it was estimated that 7.8 percent of hospital operating costs were attributable
to alcohol consumption. These additional costs formed 85.5 percent of the total
increase in health costs related to excess alcohol consumption. The estimate of
this total represents 0.4 percent ($108.3 million) of New Zealand's gross
national product for 1981-82. 13 Ref.

23.
Stinson-F-S; Williams-G-D. Trends in alcohol-related morbidity among short-stay
community hospital discharges, United States, 1979-84. Surveillance report #4. .
Surveillance Report Series, Jan 1987. 21 p. .
Trends in numbers of alcohol-related discharges and rates of alcohol- related
discharges are examined. The length of stay associated with alcohol-related
diagnoses and the extent to which alcohol-related diagnoses tend to coexist with
other diagnoses that are not directly identified with the use of alcohol are
also examined. 13 Ref.

24.
Sundaram-K-R. Epidemiological techniques in alcohol and drug surveys: A
statisticians experience. . International Council on Alcohol and Addictions.
Alcohol Epidemiology Section, Aix-en-Provence, France: 7 Jun - 12 Jun 1987. 19
p. .
Several epidemiological surveys on alcohol and drug abuse on students, urban and
rural populations and specific populations from industry, tea plantations, and
slum areas have been conducted in India recently. Varous types of problems have
been faced by the investigators, like designing, sampling, construction of study
questionnaires, data collection, screening, and scrutiny of completed forms,
data processing in the computer, preparation of statistical tables, statistical
inference analysis and interpretation of the results. A statistician's
experience and views on these aspects is explained, with references to 11
studies of Indian student or adult populations. 22 Ref.

25.
Drinking and Driving: A guide for all coach, mini-bus and taxi operators. .
1986. 28 p. .
This guide for all coach, mini-bus, and taxi operators is a fairly comprehensive
review of the drinking and driving problem. It tells of the magnitude of the
problem, those most at risk, and those who are a risk to others. It gives the
facts about the law and the penalties for those who break the law. Ways in which
those in the private transport industry can help to reduce the number of people
who are killed or seriously injured are suggested.

26.
Alcoholism and other alcohol-related problems among children and youth. . Aug
1986. 2 p. .
Various statistics are presented in this factsheet. Highlighted topics
concerning children and youth include: use of alcohol and other drugs by age
group; mortality; age of first use; physiological effects; drunk driving; peer
pressure; children of alcoholics; impact of television on drinking habits;
gender differences; taxation and control of consumption; and adult statistics.

27.
1985 Accident Facts. . Aug 1986. 60 p. .
Alcohol-related accident information, including trends, time of day, day of
week, and detailed statistics on the driver, vehicle, and environment for
alcohol-related accidents is presented. Collisions by vehicle type and accident
information for each county in Iowa by road system are outlined.

28.
Arizona traffic accident summary 1985. . 1986. 44 p. .
A statistical review of motor vehicle traffic accidents in Arizona for 1985 is
presented, including demographic characteristics of victims, fatality rate,
geographic location of accidents, accident descriptions, road characteristics,
and alcohol-related accident involvement.

29.
Import Statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(9):52, 1986. .
The import statistics for the first five months of 1986 demonstrate the changing
demographics for alcohol beverages. Imported beers continue to show strong
gains, while distilled spirits and wines are sagging.

30.
1985 North Dakota vehicular accident facts. . Aug 1986. 27 p. .
Traffic accident information for North Dakota is presented, including the cost
of traffic accidents, the fatality rate (both statewide and nationally),
demographic characteristics of drivers and injured persons, alcohol-involvement
statistics, and traffic violations and convictions.

31.
Alcohol related fatal motor vehicle traffic accident study: Michigan January -
December 1985. . 1986. 15 p. .
Statistics are presented on alcohol-related fatal motor vehicle traffic
accidents that occurred in Michigan during 1985. Data are provided on the type
of accident, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), age, month, violations, time of
day/day of week, and county. Of the 1411 fatal traffic accidents, 645 (46
percent) were alcohol related. Alcohol- related fatal traffic accidents claimed
719 lives or 46 percent of the total highway fatalities. Over 29 percent of the
2189 drivers had been drinking. Over 39 percent were given BAC tests; 386 (44.9
percent) had readings exceeding .10, the legal presumptive level. Young drivers
(age 24 and under) accounted for 36 percent of all drinking drivers.

32.
Wisconsin accident facts 1985: 1986 edition. . 1986. 32 p. .
Information of a statistical nature is presented in graphic and tabular form
concerning 1985 Wisconsin traffic accidents. Included is information on
alcohol-related accidents, mileage, fatalities, months, days and times, types of
vehicle, blood alcohol concentration, holidays, and age. Of the 459 drivers that
were killed, 187 drivers had blood alcohol contents above .10.

33.
Import statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(10):19, 1986. .
Import statistics for the United States for beer, ale, stout, and porter are
provided. Except for a few isolated categories, import figures for the first
half of 1986 are generally down.

34.
Alcohol use in the United States: Our "drinking society" in perspective. .
Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society, 7(3):11-14, 1986. .
Statistics concerning alcohol use among adults in the United States are
presented. Gender information, geographic information, type of beverage
consumed, and religious affiliation are a few of the variables examined.

35.
Alcoholic beverage consumption in the United States. . Bottom Line on Alcohol in
Society, 7(3):15-17, 1986. .
Trends in alcoholic beverage consumption in the US are delineated. Information
is presented concerning abstention, light, moderate, and heavy drinking, as well
as type of beverage consumed.

36.
Distilled spirits sales at 10-year low. . Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society,
7(3):23-24, 1986. .
Trends in distilled spirits consumption are examined. Distilled spirits
consumption has been affected by changing American tastes, the new emphasis on
health, and the crackdown on drunk driving. The only area in which distilled
spirits posted a gain recently was in retail spending, with consumers spending
$23.8 billion for products at bars, restaurants, and take-out stores in 1985.
The Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) recently launched a
campaign to attempt to convince Americans of the health values of moderate
drinking.

37.
Cost of alcohol problems to the U.S. society. . Bottom Line on Alcohol in
Society, 7(3):41-42, 1986. .
The total cost to the US society for alcohol problems for the year of 1985 was
125,123 million dollars. Also, estimated costs of alcohol problems based on
absolute alcohol consumption are presented for each state, with California being
the highest at $16,409 million. Such figures help to keep alcohol problems in
perspective. They should be a constant reminder that these problems will
continue to be a drain on the national economy until they are addressed
appropriately.

38.
Import statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(11):37, 1986. .
Import statistics for the first seven months of 1986 show no real changes in
that almost all categories continue on the downside, including distilled spirits
and table wine. The growth in beer imports continues with a 12 percent increase.

39.
Fatal accident reporting system 1984: A review of information on fatal traffic
accidents in the U.S. in 1984. . Feb 1986. 210 p. .
Statistics on the fatal traffic accidents in the United States, reported in the
Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), for 1984 are provided. Information on
the use of alcohol and traffic fatalities, as well as the usage of safety belts
in these crashes, is discussed. A new methodology used by the National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA) for making estimates of blood alcohol
concentration levels of drivers and pedestrians involved in fatal crashes is
described.

40.
Import statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(2):32-33, 1986. .
Import statistics for a 10-or 11-month period of 1985 are given. Figures for
1984 and 1983 are shown for comparison. The majority of the alcoholic beverages
show an increase in imports.

41.
Import Statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(3):22, 1986. .
Import statistics for beer, wine, and distilled spirits are presented. The 1985
import statistics show that distilled spirits had a decline of two percent from
1984, wine had a decline of four percent, and beer was up ten percent.

42.
Alcohol tax hike hurts both jobs and government revenue, distillers say. . Bar,
39(3):22, 1986. .
The effects of raising the federal excise tax on alcoholic beverages in Canada
is presented. Since 1981, the employment levels in the beverage industry have
been cut 15 percent. These additional taxes are passed onto the consumer in
terms of higher prices. Federal tax increases are self-defeating as the federal
revenues are declining because of a 20 percent drop in sales volume since 1981.
In the US, where tax increases have been minimal, sales have declined only five
percent.

43.
Import Statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(4):25, 1986. .
US import statistics for January 1986 are presented. Whiskey imports show a
decline of 26 percent. Gin imports are down 17 percent. Import rums are up 74
percent. Vodka imports are up 87 percent while cordials and liquors are off
eight percent. Sparkling wines are down 12 percent, but champagnes are up 13
percent. Imported beers are off three percent for the month.

44.
Florida Traffic Accident Facts 1985. . 1986. 38 p. .
The information in this booklet was extracted from traffic accident reports The
following statistics are reported for accidents: time of day; day of week;
county; alcohol related; property damage and economic loss; age and sex of the
drivers; and pedestrian fatalities. Of the 250, 412 accidents, 41 percent were
alcohol related. Of the 2, 870 fatalities, 45 percent were alcohol related. The
25 to 34 age group had the highest percentage (35 percent) of drinking drivers
involved in traffic accidents. Twenty percent of the drinking drivers were in
the 21 to 24 age group and 15 percent were found in the 35 to 44 age group.

45.
Behavioral risk-factor surveillance: Selected states, 1984. . MMWR: Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report, 35(16):253-254, 1986. .
During 1984, 15 states collected behavioral risk factor surveillance data from
their adult populations by monthly telephone interviews. The data collected
included seatbelt usage, hypertensive status, physical activity, overweight
status, cigarette smoking, and alcohol misuse. Wisconsin had the highest
prevalence of drinking and driving, and binge drinking. Arizona had the highest
prevalence of heavy drinkers. Tennessee, Utah, and West Virginia had the lowest
prevalence of binge drinking, heavy drinking, and drinking and driving,
respectively. This data will be used to monitor trends and to monitor statewide
programs to reduce the prevalence of these behaviors. 4 Ref.

46.
Fourteen years of progress: Annual report for the calendar year ended 1985 .
1986. 50 p. .
A statistical analysis, state-of-the-art risk identification, intervention
statistics, a profile of the driving under the influence ( DUI) population in
Cook County, and an evaluation component are highlighted. The results of the
14th year of services to the Circuit Court of Cook County and to individual DUI
offenders are documented. The Central States Institute is the largest DUI
program in Illinois. DUI remains an offense committed by younger, white males
who have no previous DUI arrests. The goal of the evaluation project is to share
workable intervention processes with professionals and officials concerned with
drinking and driving in society.

47.
Alcohol problems around the world: Gorbachev's crusade begins. Soviets declare
war on alcohol problems. . Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society, 7(1):24-26, 1986.
.
To counteract the increasing alcohol problem in the Soviet Union, Gorbachev has
instituted a new law. It raises the drinking age to 21, closes liquor stores for
all but five hours each day, tightens restriction on illegal home brew, and
increases penalties for being drunk in public or on the job. It is the Russian
style of drinking that contributes to their problem. In order to have a long
lasting impact, they are going to have to deal with the causes of Soviet
overindulgence. For world consumption, Luxembourg leads the world in per capita
consumption of alcoholic beverages. Iceland and Turkey are at the bottom of the
list. Price has a lot to do with consumption in France and Italy, where wine
costs less than most nonalcoholic drinks. The Scandinavian countries use price
control as a tool to control consumption.

48.
Drunk driver and jail: The drunk driver and the jail problem. Volume 1. . Jan
1986. 53 p. .
Development of a coherent drunk driving policy is discussed. The drunk driving
problem and the problems faced by the nation's jails and local lockups in
dealing with the influx of driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders are
reviewed. Various approaches to controlling drunk driving are described and the
evidence for the effectiveness of jail sentences is reviewed. A list of specific
considerations that should guide the development and operation of all
correctional programs for DWI's is provided. The appendix contains the executive
summary of a report on the impact of two-day jail sentences for drunk drivers in
Minnesota. 122 Ref.

49.
Chief constables's reports: England and Wales, and Scotland. 1985. Drink
offences. . Jun 1986. 19 p. .
Statistics are presented on drinking offenses in England, Scotland and Wales.
They include: pedestrian offenses; drunkenness among persons under 18 years of
age; purchasing for, and purchasing by, persons under 18; motoring offenses; age
of drinking and driving offenders; ages of drinking driving offenders in
Scotland; age of drinking driver offenders in England and Wales compared to
those in Scotland; and ages of two-wheeled motor vehicle drivers convicted of
drunk driving.

50.
Uniform crime reports for the United States. . Washington, DC: US Government
Printing Office, 1986. 368 p. .
The Uniform Crime Reports gives a nationwide view of crime based on statistics
contributed by states and local law enforcement agencies. Statistics are
presented for drunk driving, liquor law violations, and drunkenness by age
groups. Data is also given for murder, robbery, crime trends, crime rates, total
arrests, and law enforcement personnel.

51.
Behavioral risk-factor surveillance in selected states: 1985. . MMWR: Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report, 35(27):441-444, 1986. .
The behavioral risk-factor surveillane system (BRFSS) operated for ist second
year in 1985. BRFSS data were collected from adults in 21 states and the
District of Columbia. The risk factors assessed included self- reported
overweight, sedentary lifestyle, uncontrolled hypertension, cigarette smoking,
alcohol misuse, and seatbelt nonuse. The data was collected by telephone
interviews and questionnaires. In 14 of the 15 states, the prevalence of those
admitting to driving after having too much to drink decreased, while the
prevalence in South Carolina increased. In 12 of the 15 states, decreases were
reported in binge drinking.

52.
Import statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(12):32, 1986. .
United States paid imports for beer, stout, ale and porter are presented in
tabular form 1984, 1985 and 1986. The percentage change of 1986 over 1985
figures was a 14 percent increase, while 1985 over 1984 was a 13 percent
increase.

53.
Annual summary of bottle and dollar sales 1986: Including special order sales by
district. . 1986. 27 p. .
The Ohio Department of Liquor Control compiled a 1986 annual summary of bottle
and dollar sales including special order sales by district in tabular form. The
state total for 1986 was about $392.4 million and the Cleveland district
comprised $185.6 million of the total, while the Cindinnati district comprised
$83 million, Toledo district $ 42.4 million, and the Columbus district $81.3
million.

54.
Alcohol involved in 40 percent of traffic deaths. . Pennsylvania Medicine,
89(3):18, 1986. .
A total of 640 drinking drivers were involved in 625 alcohol-related fatal
accidents resulting in the death of 704 people in Pennsylvania during 1984.
These deaths account for over 40 percent of the 1752 persons killed in all
Pennsylvania traffic accidents that year. There were also a total of 20,493
alcohol-related accidents in 1984 causing injuries to 21,179 people and causing
property damage in 6681 accidents. Six out of 10 highway deaths of drivers
between 15 and 24 years involved drinking in 1984. Young drivers under the age
of 25 account for only 17.1 percent of the driver population in Pennsylvania,
but 39 percent of the fatal alcohol-related accidents.

55.
Does the legal drinking age really affect highway crashes?. . Insurance
Backgrounder, May 1986. 7 p. .
Discussion is presented on whether or not the legal drinking age of 21 has an
impact on highway crashes. It is stated that due to a Federal directive many
states are making the legal drinking age 21 in order to retain highway funds. It
is concluded that it is unlikely, however, that this will still for all time the
debate over whether the legal drinking age really has much of an impact on
highway crashes. Proponents of the 21 minimum drinking age will continue to
argue that it does, and cite statistics to prove their point. Those who favor
letting 18-, 19-, and 20-year-olds drink legally will continue arguing that it
does not, and either charge that the other side's statistics are flawed or point
to figures that support their position.

56.
1986 Michigan drunk driving audit report. . 1986. 150 p. .
An audit report is presented for the year 1986 on drunk driving in Michigan,
which was prepared by the Department of State Police. Data are provided for each
of Michigan's 83 counties, as well as a seperate data sheet for statewide
totals. Each data page is formatted so that ten items are presented on a single
page. The information provided includes the number of persons injured, the
arrests made, and other information pertaining to drunk driving.

57.
North Dakota vehicular accident facts. . Jun 1986. 27 p. .
The data compiled from motor vehicle traffic crashes for all street and highway
systems in North Dakota in 1986 is presented. Pertinent information is
maintained concerning drivers, motor vehicles, highways, and traffic crashes.
Tables are furnished about crashes, deaths, injuries, and economic losses in
numerous categories, including time of day, day of week, month, sex, and age.

58.
Anderson-T-E; Lacey-J. Evaluation of a general deterrence enforcement and public
information program. . Research Notes, (Jan):1-2, 1986. .
An enforcement program implemented in the Clearwater/Largo area (FL) was
designed to maximize public awareness of the risk of arrest for alcohol-impaired
driving. This program is outlined briefly. The program was evaluated by
comparing driver survey data collected in both the test area and a control area
where no special general deterrence efforts were initiated. It was found that
increased enforcement awareness led to a larger increase in the perceived risk
of being caught and punished, and accidents related to alcohol fell 12 percent.

59.
Axel-H; Turner-C-E. Drugs of abuse: Public attitudes, politics and business. .
In: H. Axel, Ed., Corporate Strategies for Controlling Substance Abuse.
Conference Board Report No. 883, 1986. 50 p. (pp. 3-10). .
The assembling of statistical evidence on the prevalence of alcohol/ drug use in
society is discussed. The role of government and business sectors in the
development of policy and their impact on public attitudes are also discussed.
Recent trends are reviewed as regard regulation of alcohol consumption and US
drug policy. The issue of legalization and dealing with youthful drug use are
discussed briefly. Occupational alcohol programs and the different issues and
problems associated with drug abuse in the workplace are outlined. 12 Ref.

60.
Axel-H-Ed. Corporate strategies for controlling substance abuse. Conference
Board report no. 883. . 1986. 50 p. .
Drawn from a series of seminars conducted by The Conference Board, this report
offers a panoramic view of current thinking on drug and alcohol issues from the
perspectives of business, government, and legal, medical and academic
professions. A variety of topics are addressed: issues of substance abuse in the
workplace; the direct and indirect costs to corporations and workers; legal
considerations involved in designing and implementing policies; and strategies
developed by companies to confront substance abuse among their employees.

61.
Brown-V-A; Manderson-D; OCallaghan-M; Thompson-R. Our daily fix: Drugs in
Australia. . Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1986. 304 p. .
Alcohol abuse in Australia and the reduction of that abuse is discussed. Ideas
are presented on the social context of alcohol use and the effects of alcohol
use on society. Strategies are also presented on reducing alcohol use. Ideas
presented include education, treatment, control, and social change. 210 Ref.

62.
Buescher-P-A; Patetta-M-J. Alcohol abuse leads to sickness and death in North
Carolina. . North Carolina Medical Journal, 47(12):589-590, 1986. .
Discussion is presented on the extent of the alcohol problem in North Carolina.
It is suggested that 120,000 or more North Carolinians suffered from alcoholism
in 1984. During the period of 1980 to 1984, nearly 60 percent of the homicide
victims who were tested had some alcohol measured in their blood, and
approximately 45 percent were legally intoxicated at the time of death. It is
concluded that physicians and other health care providers should be more alert
to the early stages of alcoholism among persons entering the medical care system
for other problems, some which may be due to alcoholism. Making referrals for
needed alcohol treatment and early intervention should be routine. 1 Ref.

63.
Butynski-W; Record-N; Yates-J. State resources and services for alcohol and drug
abuse problems: Fiscal year 1985. An analysis of state alcohol and drug abuse
profile data. . Jul 1986. 111 p. .
This report presents and analyzes the results of the State Alcohol and Drug
Abuse Profile (SADAP) data for the 1985 fiscal year. All 50 states as well as
Washington, DC, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, cooperated and
contributed information on resources, services and needs related to substance
abuse problems within their states. The remaining information is categorized
into the following areas: funding levels and sources; client admission
characteristics; availability of other treatment related data; top policy
issues; major unmet needs; and significant changes in treatment and/or
prevention services. Some of the highlights from the study indicate that the
expenditures for substance abuse treatment and prevention services totaled $1.3
billion. The states provided 52.7 percent and the Federal government provided
19. 3 percent. There are a total of 5901 alcohol and drug treatment units.
Alcohol client admissions increased by six percent from 1984 to 1985. Changes
that occurred in services during 1985 were attributed to increases or decreases
in a state's financial resources, imapct of new state legislation on the service
delivery system, or prevention program efforts and changes in drug use trends.

64.
Califano-J-A. National attack on addiction is long overdue. . New York Times, 23
Sep 1986. 2 p. .
Addiction is America's number one crime problem. It is suggested that America
needs a fundamental national commitment to attack the roots of addiction. Crime
and violence is spawned by alcoholism and drug abuse. Alcohol is involved in
more than two-thirds of the nation's homicides, half of the nation's rapes and
incidents of child molestation, and up to 70 percent of the nation's assaults.
Statistics on alcohol abuse are provided.

65.
Cerrelli-E-C. 1985 traffic fatalities: Preliminary report. . May 1986. 86 p. .
A number of preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for
1985 are presented. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term.
General statistics are provided at the State and Regional level. The entire
range of frequently used accident classifiers (number of accidents, number of
fatalities, drivers, passengers, nonoccupants, alcohol involvement, alcohol
estimates, vehicles, and restraint and helmut usage) are covered and all
estimates are compared to corresponding values available for 1984 and 1980. The
results are presented in both tabular and graphical form. Despite statistical
gaps, the reported data concerning alcohol involvement offer encouragement to
those involved with traffic safety. In 1985, the number of drivers tested for
blood alcohol concentration (BAC) demonstrated a continuing trend toward
increased testing. Data also shows that, during the last six years, both the
absolute number and the proportion of drivers testing at zero BAC have been
increasing steadily. Nevertheless, more than 41 percent of the drivers in fatal
accidents with known test results had a BAC of .10 or above.

66.
Cerrelli-E-C. Preliminary report on traffic fatalities, 1986: (January - June).
. Nov 1986. 40 p. .
A report is presented that contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities
and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1986. Trend data are presented
for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite
extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most
of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values
available for 1980, 1983, and 1985. The results are presented in tabular form
and are summarized in a set of principal findings. The preliminary estimates in
the report are for the first six months of 1986 and do not reflect the trends
and patterns for the entire year.

67.
Chernyha-J. Economic impact: Drug abuse in the workplace. . University of Miami
Conference on the Economic Impact of Drug Abuse in the Workplace, Miami, FL: 15
Jan - 17 Jan 1986. 10 p. .
The economic and social costs of substance abuse in the workplace are discussed.
Society is not doing enough to combat the problem. Only 12 percent of American
workers have an employee assistance program (EAP). Chemical dependency needs to
be dealt with by effectively treating those already addicted, and getting to the
source of the problem to prevent further addictions. This can be accomplished
by: forming an EAP; giving the EAP staff formal training; and creating a
self-standing benefit plan. Once treatment has begun, then followup care is
necessary through self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics
Anonymous.

68.
Colliver-J; Doernberg-D; Grant-B; Dufour-M; Bertolucci-D. Trends in mortality
from cirrhosis and alcoholism: United States, 1945- 1983 . JAMA: Journal of the
American Medical Association, 256(24):3337-3338, 1986 .
Since 1950, noticeable trends in selected mortality rates have been associated
with alcoholism and alcohol abuse. The age-adjusted total cirrhosis death rate
increased gradually from 1950 until 1973 and has since declined. Death rates due
to alcoholism reached a peak in 1980 and have leveled off since that period of
time. The trends in death rates from alcoholism and per capita alcohol
consumption have been parellel. On the other hand, cirrhosis mortality rates
have declined since 1973, while per capita consumption of alcohol continued to
increase until 1982. The decline in cirrhosis mortality may be the result of
earlier diagnosis, improved medical management, coding of death certificates, a
decrease in causes of cirrhosis other than alcohol misuse, and a decrease in
co-morbid conditions with a resultant increase in survival. 12 Ref.

69.
Crawford-A. Comparison of participants and non-participants from a british
general population survey of alcohol drinking practices. . Journal of the Market
Research Society, 28(3):291-297, 1986. .
It is argued that heavier drinkers are harder to locate in a general population
sample and are more likely to refuse an interview. An investigation was
conducted to consider further the effects of non- participation by reporting a
followup study of a subsample of persons who were never available during the
sampling period of a survey of British regional variations in consumption
patterns. It was found that participants and nonparticipants do not differ
greatly in either sociodemographic characteristics or in alcohol consumption
patterns. 16 Ref.

70.
Damiani-P; Masse-H. L'alcoolisme en chiffres: Donnees generales et applications
de methodes d'analyse statistique (Alcoholism in numbers: General data and
applications of statistical analysis methods). . 1986. 143 p. .
Mortality statistics linked to alcoholism are presented to help evaluate the
extent of alcoholism in France. Sex, age, regional variances, and duration of
alcohol use are some of the variables assessed. Regression analysis techniques
are applied to measure statistical links between certain social demographic and
biometric factors with other causes of death. Models are used to calculate
morbidity rates due to alcoholism based on these factors as well as the duality
of alcohol and tobacco use. Exogenous and endogenous types of alcohol
consumption are delineated.

71.
Doernberg-D; Stinson-F-S; Williams-G-D. Apparent per capita alcohol consumption:
National, state and regional trends, 1977-1984. Surveillance report #2. .
Surveillance Report Series, Aug 1986. 23 p. .
National, state, and regional level data on United States per capita consumption
for beer, wine, spirits, and all beverages combined for the years 1977 through
1984 are presented.

72.
Donoghue-E. Drug problem: An Irish response. . 12th World Conference on Health
Education, Dublin, Ireland: 1 Sep - 6 Sep 1986. 16 p. .
The prevalence of substance abuse in Ireland is outlined. The recent increase in
the abuse of heroin is highlighted. Some of the major activities which occurred
in an effort to contain this problem and to educate the public about the problem
are presented. Some major research findings with regard to educational
approaches are considered in evaluating the recent Irish response to the alcohol
and drug problem. It is contended that health promotion programs generally are
as important in preventing drug abuse as specific programs in drug education.

73.
Felsted-C-M-Ed. Youth and alcohol abuse: Readings and resources. . Phoenix, AZ:
Oryx Press, 1986. 219 p. .
A wide selection of readings in the alcoholism field are offered. An overview of
teenage drinking and familial and societal influences in youthful drinking are
explored. Approaches to the problem of abuse ( including detection, education,
treatment, and prevention) are reviewed. Issues of current concern --children of
alcoholic parents and teenage drunk driving --are focused upon. A variety of
resources for parents, educators, counselors, and community leaders and a
listing of recommended readings, organizations, and publishers are provided.
Included in the appendices are two items useful for classroom awareness
activities: "How Do You Say 'No' to a Drink?" and " So You Know All About
Alcohol: A Self-Test." Charts from the most recent National Survey on Drug Abuse
provide data on prevalences of alcohol use by teenagers compared to that of
other drugs. 186 Ref.

74.
Fleming-L; Pennington-P-S; Filanowski-M-A. Drug and alcohol treatment trend
report. . Feb 1986. 44 p. .
Results of treatment admission data reported for drug and alcohol abuse
throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are presented. The data is presented
in both tabular and graphic form. Data analysis annotates those trends which
have had an impact on the treatment delivery system. Graphs describe the time
period from January 1978 to June 1985. Tables summarize admission to treatment
on quarterly and annual bases, first with regard to substance of abuse and
demographic variables, then according to short-term activity/approaches and
long-term activity/ approaches.

75.
Gallup-G. Teens see alcohol/drug abuse as their top problems. . Alcoholism &
Addiction Magazine, 6(4):13, 1986. .
Based on recent Gallup Youth Surveys, the short term prospects for overcoming
youthful alcohol and drug abuse appear to be dim. This is due to the pressures
of the modern world, disrupted homes, and high youth unemployment. However,
there is evidence that drinking and driving is declining and that teens of both
sexes want to be physically fit.

76.
Godfrey-C; Hardman-G; Maynard-A. Data note: 2. Measuring U.K. alcohol and
tobacco consumption. . British Journal of Addiction, 81(2):287-293, 1986. .
Consumption data for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 to 1984 are presented and some
of the problems of their interpretation are discussed. Differences in trends are
also considered. Major consumption measures discussed include expenditure,
price, and volume. It is argued that appropriate consumption measures to use
vary with the objective being discussed. However, these measures may complement
each other and, therefore, it may be better to consider more than one.

77.
Grant-B-F; Zobeck-T-S. Liver cirrhosis mortality in the United States,
1970-1983. Surveillance report #3. . Surveillance Report Series, Nov 1986. 55 p.
.
Liver cirrhosis mortality statistics are presented for the United States,
providing its pattern of occurrence by race, sex, and age. Information is
divided as follows: (1) deaths; (2) age-adjusted death rates; (3) age-specific
death rates; (4) deaths, ICD subtypes of liver cirrhosis; (5) age-adjusted death
rates, ICD subtypes of liver cirrhosis; and (6) age-specific death rates, ICD
subtypes of liver cirrhosis.

78.
Grove-V-E. Alcohol and the driver. . Texas Medicine, 82(9):5, 1986. .
The findings of a 1986 report of the Council on Scientific Affairs of the
American Medical Association (AMA) are provided. The report is a summary of 50
years of study of alcohol-related automobile crashes. Helpful countermeasures
are identified and AMA recommendations are reviewed. 1 Ref.

79.
Hedin-C. Native Americans and alcoholism: Selected program data and health
statistics 1983-1985. . Jul 1986. 44 p. .
This report contains data on American Indians, i.e., population and birth rates,
alcoholism client treatment statistics, inpatient facilities, Albuquerque
alcoholism staffing, injuries and leading causes of death, Indian Health Service
(IHS) alcohol-related data and information, alcohol prohibition, and
unemployment rates for Native Americans. The appendices contain information on:
State FY 1974 Indian alcoholism funds, nutrition and alcohol activities, the
public health model, a map of Albuquerque area Indian reservations, and
Albuquerque area IHS-funded alcoholism programs. The number of clients receiving
treatment fluctuates throughout the year. The programs rely heavily on
Alcoholics Anonymous for assistance. The detoxification facilties have bed space
for 179 individuals. This bed space is not only for the Indian population but
for the whole vicinity. The length of stay for detoxification services varied
from 48 hours to 14 days depending on program policy, patient condition,
funding, and demand for space. There were 12,182 injuries of which 1548 were
alcohol related. In 1982, 60 percent of the injuries related to suicide were
alcohol related. The Indian Health Service is attempting to instrument methods
in further identifying fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects children.
Emphasis will be placed on prenatal screening for chemical abuse problems,
referral and followup services.

80.
Hilton-M-E. Drinking patterns and Drinking problems in 1984: Results for a
general population survey. . 15 Jul 1986. 27 p. .
Findings on alcohol consumption and alcohol problems from a 1984 general
population survey are presented and compared to previous survey findings.
Eighteen percent of all men and five percent of all women were classified as
frequent drinkers, and six percent of all men drinkers and two percent of all
women drinkers reported that they got drunk as often as once per week or more. A
system for measuring drinking problems is presented and explained. As when
interpreting any system of measuring drinking problems in a general population
survey, readers must be aware that the resulting prevalence rates are strongly
influenced by arbitrary decisions about where cutpoints should be drawn. With
this caveat in mind, the results show that nine percent of men drinkers and four
percent of women drinkers reported problematic drinking behavior at what is
defined as a moderate level of severity. The age sex distributions of drinking,
heavy drinking, intoxication, and drinking problems were as expected, with
greater proportions of men than women reporting these things and greater
proportions of younger than older drinkers reporting them. 23 Ref.

81.
Horgan-M-M; Sparrow-M-D; Brazeau-R. International survey: Alcoholic beverage
taxation and control policies. Sixth edition. . 1986. 563 p. .
A survey of international alcoholic beverage control policies (achieved through
legislative or regulatory means) is presented. Taxation of alcoholic beverages,
in terms of method, rate and weight per unit of alcohol, is also discussed.
Information is also provided on drinking patterns, types of beverages consumed,
the extent and perception of alcoholic beverage misuse, and miminum legal
drinking ages. Countries surveyed include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, the USSR, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West
Germany. 195 Ref.

82.
James-W-S. Social change and the drinking age. . Journal of the Medical
Association of Georgia, 75(11):652-653, 1986. .
On July 17, 1984 President Reagon signed into law a national uniform drinking
age of 21 in an effort to decrease alcohol-related highway deaths of youth.
Statistics are provided on alcohol-related fatalities among teenagers. Under the
new law, funds for education will be available, as will funds for helping with
treatment and rehabilitation programs for convicted drunk drivers.

83.
Kincannon-J-C. MACH: Minnesota assessment of chemical health. Users manual. .
Jan 1986. Mach software and manual. .
The Minnesota Assessment of Chemical Health (MACH) is a software program
designed to help the professional in the process of chemical health assessment.
Its foundation is the established criteria from the following assessment
instruments: (1) DSM-III; (2) Blue Cross/ Blue Shield of Minnesota; (3)
Foundation for Health Care Evaluation; (4) MAST; and (5) the interview portion
of the Mortimer-Filkins Court Procedure for Identifying Problem Drinkers. MACH
incorporates each of these assessment instruments. It also contains three
instruments unique to MACH: (1) MACH Referral Grid; (2) MACH Assessment Matrix;
and (3) MACH Summary for Generation of an Individualized Action Plan. MACH has
three parts: (1) patterns of drug use and issues involving family and friends;
(2) questions about job, homemaking, schooling, leisure time use, and medical
and legal problems; and (3) the interpretations of data collected in the first
two parts.

84.
Korcok-M. Waging the war against alcohol abuse. . Canadian Medical Association
Journal, 134(12):1401-1404, 1986. .
Inpatient versus outpatient treatment for alcoholics is discussed. Alcoholics
who are married, employed, socially stable, and who have experienced only a few
years of drinking can be treated in a day clinic setting, with appropriate
medication and the support of family and friends. There are also cost advantages
to outpatient treatment. Inpatient programs offering three-to four-week
multimodal programs occupy a substantial segment of the alcoholism treatment
business. Studies have shown, however, that the great majority of alcoholics
seeking treatment can be detoxified in non-hospital based units and that
detoxification pharmacotherapy on an ambulatory basis is a safe alternative at
one tenth the cost. Further, alcoholics who join Alcoholics Anonymous during or
after treatment do have better results. It is argued that, despite the attention
given to diagnosis, intervention, and the treatment of alcoholism, prevention is
the most efficient way to combat the disease.

85.
Koskenvuo-M; Karpio-J; Lonnqvist-J; Sarna-S. Social factors and the gender
difference in mortality. . Social Science and Medicine, 23(6):605-609, 1986. .
The effect of social factors on the male/female difference in mortality in
Finland was studied by comparing age-adjusted mortality of males and females by
social class and marital status. Death certificates for the years 1969-71 and
census data for 1970 for 25 to 64 year olds were analyzed. The greatest gender
difference from violent causes was found in accidental poisonings and drownings,
and from natural causes in mental disorders, mainly alcoholism, and in ischemic
heart disease. The gender difference was most prominent in unskilled workers,
divorced and widowed, and less prominent in married and upper professionals. The
great variation of gender difference of mortality by social class and marital
status seems to indicate that mortality difference between males and females is
associated to external factors rather than biological differences between men
and women. 27 Ref.

86.
Kotulak-R. Today's adolescents dealing with different choices and greater risks.
. Chicago Tribune, 7 Dec 1986. 3 p. .
Statistics are presented concerning adolescent suicide, drug use, and affective
disorders. It is suggested that, with the increasing affluence of most families,
extra income from younger members became unneccessary. Also, parents could
afford more education for their children. One result was that schools assumed a
major responsibility for the upbringing of children. A second was prolonged
adolescence with fewer responsibilities. Adolescents today make choices
concerning drug and alcohol use, sex, and violent behavior before they are
mature enough to do so. Too many adolescents are lacking the sense that there is
a purposeful role for them to play.

87.
Kozicki-Z-A. Why do adolescents use substances (drugs/alcohol). . Journal of
Alcohol and Drug Education, 32(1):1-7, 1986. .
Substance use among adolescents has increased dramatically since 1960. Males
typically have a higher incidence of substance abuse problems. Adolescents are
inclined to use more than one drug. Numerous behavioral problems are associated
with substance abuse. Substance use and its subsequent abuse is a learned
process. Developmental factors affect this learning process. Parental influence
significantly influences substance use and abuse patterns in adolescents.
Adolescents use substances because of peer pressure, to express their
individuality through rebellion, as a method of coping with personality
conflicts, and to become excited. Heroin, marijuana, amphetamines, barbiturates,
methaqualone, tranquilizers, alcohol, and tobacco are among the most popular
drugs used by adolescents. 27 Ref.

88.
Krizay-J; Carels-E-J. Fifty billion dollar drain: Alcohol, drugs and the high
cost of insurance. . Irvine, CA:Care Institute, 1986. 81 p. .
Discussion is presented on the various ways in which alcohol and drug abuse
contributed to the $424 billion Americans paid for insurance of all types in
1985. Based on studies reviewed, incidents identified where alcohol or drugs
played a role amounted to $50.7 billion in insurance losses. It is suggested
that, in the long run, alcohol abuse will prove the more intractable of the two
problems. Five percent of the population consumes half of all alcoholic
beverages; these are people who consume ten or more drinks per day. Another ten
percent consumes three or more drinks per day. It was concluded that opening
avenues to treatment facilities probably constitutes the best hope of moderating
the risks to self and society for alcohol and drug abusers.

89.
Lester-D; Parilis-G. Personality correlates of the use of marihuana, tobacco and
beer. . Psychological Reports, 59(2):414, 1986. .
It was found that recreational marijuana users had higher intenting and
preceiving scores on the Kursey-Bates inventory than did nonusers. To explore
these associations further, a similar questionnaire was given anonymously to 29
female and 40 male college students, aged 17 to 23 years, with a mean age of
20.3 years. Current use of beer was not related to tobacco or marijuana use; use
of tobacco was related to marijuana use. Scores on the personality test were not
related to the use of beer. 2 Ref.

90.
Makela-K. Attitudes towards drinking and drunkenness in four Scandinavian
countries. . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 472:21-32, 1986. .
Drinking cultures are discussed over time as part of a comparative survey of
drinking in Scandinavia. One of the aims of the project is to compare the
interactions of drinking behaviors and the consequences of drinking in various
structural and cultural settings. Attitudes towards drinking and drunkenness
were examined to describe the cultural climate prevailing in each of four
Scandinavian countries as one crucial factor affecting personal experiences
related to drinking. 18 Ref.

91.
Marshall-R-L. Alcohol and highway traffic safety efforts in the United States. .
Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 3(2):5-24, 1986. .
Since 1923 when motor vehicle accident statistics were first recorded by the
National Safety Council, there has been a steady reduction in the motor vehicle
death rate. Since 1966 when the Highway Safety Act was enacted, the reduction in
the death rate has greatly increased, or nearly doubled, compared to the 16
years prior to the passage of the Highway Safety Act. Members of the Alliance
for Traffic Safety believe that this incresed reduction in the motor vehicle
death rate since 1966 was due, at least in part, to the development of a
comprehensive balanced highway traffic safety program or a systems approach. The
role of the Alliance for Traffic Safety and the statistical data base related to
highway traffic safety are reviewed and recommendations are offered for
improving efforts in highway safety from a systems approach. 22 Ref.

92.
Maxwell-J-D. Accuracy of death certification for alcoholic liver disease. .
British Journal of Addiction, 81(2):168-169, 1986. .
Alcoholic liver disease is now firmly established as a major cause of illness
and death in many industrial countries. However, statistics suggest that England
and Wales have been bypassed by this epidemic -- only 696 alcoholic cirrhosis
deaths were reported for 1983. Clinical experience suggests this is a
considerable underestimate. Inacurate or incomplete death certifications are
cited as the cause of the apparently low death rate of alcoholic liver disease
in England and Wales. Reasons for the inaccuracies are discussed. Various
alcohol- related mortality studies are discussed briefly. 10 Ref.

93.
Mercer-G-W. Contributing factors to casualty motor vehicle crashes in British
Columbia, 1984. . In: G.W. Mercer, Counterattack: Traffic Research Papers. 1985,
Feb 1986. 190 p. (pp. 161-166). .
Statistics are presented for the contributing causes of traffic accidents in
British Columbia. The statistics are for the various provinces and indicate the
number of crashes, percentage that are alcohol-related, percentage of drivers
without due care, percentage of drivers at an unsafe speed, percentage that
failed to yield, percentage due to weather, percentage that follow too closely,
and the percentage that are vehiclar fault.

94.
Miller-B-A; Welte-J-W. Comparisons of incarcerated offenders according to use of
alcohol and/ or drugs prior to offense. . Criminal Justice and Behavior,
13(4):366-392, 1986. .
Using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, comparisons are made between
incarcerated and sentenced offenders who used drugs only, alcohol only, both
drugs and alcohol, and neither drugs nor alcohol prior to the offense. Alcohol
and/or drug use prior to the offense is reported by 60 percent of the offenders.
Offenders who used alcohol only make up the largest group among those who used
drugs and/or alcohol. The group represents young offenders who are extensively
involved in psychoactive substances, exceeding all other groups. The emergence
of this group may signify a trend toward more psychoactive substance use among
offender groups and, as such, warrants further investigation. Since existing
theoretical explanations focus on either the alcohol-crime or the drug-crime
nexus, new theoretical explantions focusing on a alcohol-drug-crime nexus need
development. Finally, information on the alcohol and drug offender group
suggests that intervention strategies must consider multiple drug use and the
special characteristics of offenders with these problems. 42 Ref.

95.
Modonutti-G-B; Benussi-G; Daris-F; Gasparini-V. Baseline data: Alcoholism in
Friuli - Venezia Giulia. . Alcoholism: Journal on Alcoholism and Related
Addictions, 22(1):73-76, 1986 .
Alcoholism is the third cause of death in Friuli -Venezia Guilia, Italy.
Abundant production and a high rate of consumption account for this fact.
Alcohol-related pathology is a high magnitude problem as well. 6 Ref.

96.
Nakao-K; Milazzo-Sayre-L-J; Rosenstein-M-J; Manderscheid-R-W. Referral patterns
to and from inpatient psychiatric services: A social network approach. .
American Journal of Public Health, 76(7):755-760, 1986. .
Interorganizational linkages have become more important for mental health
service systems in the past three decades because of increased levels of
complexity in service delivery patterns. This analysis examines these linkages
from a relational perspective, using the network of patient referral patterns as
the basic unit. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to discern patterns of
interorganizational linkages in national patient referral data collected by the
National Institute of Mental Health in 1975 and 1980 for patient samples from
inpatient psychiatric services of state and county mental hospitals, private
psychiatric hospitals, and public and nonpublic general hospitals. The MDS
techniques distinguish two structural characteristics of the interorganizational
linkages of the psychiatric inpatient services--public vs. private services and
drift over time in referral patterns. Public and private inpatient psychiatric
services are differentiated principally in terms of degree of interaction with
legal agencies and private practice psychiatrists. Overall, public inpatient
psychiatric services have more contact with legal agencies, while private
services have more contact with private psychiatrists. A correlation does occur
for referral to alcohol treatment organizations; a slightly higher percentage of
referrals were made to such settings by State and county mental hospitals.
Chronological change in referral patterns is characterized principally by
changes in the degree of interaction with other inpatient or outpatient
psychiatric services. It is concluded that the MDS approach has considerable
potential for future research on the structure of organized mental health
service delivery systems. 7 Ref.

97.
Noble-E-P. Prevention by and for all to make a safer future. . Bottom Line on
Alcohol in Society, 7(3):6-10, 1986. .
In 1977, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism proposed a
prevention program based on the public health model. The model included three
key elements: (1) the host, (2) the agent, and (3) the environment. This plan
was to reduce both the supply and the demand for alcohol. Policies for the
control of alcohol availability are necessary and viable components for
effective prevention of alcohol problems. Statistics concerning morbidity and
mortality related to alcohol use and abuse are presented. Of all prevention
measures, regulating the supply of alcoholic beverages is the most direct and
effective means of dealing with alcohol consumption and its associated harms,
and one of the most effective ways of controlling supply is through pricing and
taxation.

98.
Pape-P-A. Women and alcohol: The disgraceful discrepancy. . EAP Digest,
6(6):49-53, 1986. .
In 1980, 47 percent of those employed in the US were women, 12 percent are heavy
drinkers and alcoholism is the third leading cause of death in women between the
ages of 35 and 55. Many people do not realize that alcoholism for women is
different and often deadlier than for men. There is a need for employee
assistance programs to help women that are addicted to alcohol. A major way to
increase referrals of females involves program design and implementation. Broad
bush programs seem to be more successful than traditional occupational
alcoholism programs in reaching female employees. It is suggested that female
alcoholics remain undetected and untreated due to behavioral differences in
female alcoholics and gender related deficiences in the process used to identify
and treat alcoholism. The task of correcting the problem will require
modification of current employee assistance program assessment procedures,
including bettermodels of referral and improved supervisory training. An
increase in the number of female employee assistance program counselors and
administrators will also help to bring about the needed change.

99.
Platt-S-D; Duffy-J-C. Social and clinical correlates of unemployment in two
cohorts of male parasuicides. . Social Psychiatry, 21(1):17-24, 1986. .
The association between employment status and selected characteristics was
measured in two cohorts of economically active male parasuicides in Edinburgh,
Scotland during the periods of 1961 to 1971 and 1980 to 1983. The unemployed
were found to report more problems on a number of clinical and social variables
compared to those who were employed. The incidence of future suicide did not
differ between employment groups. The unemployed were more likely to be
unmarried, to live alone or in institutions, to have experienced an early
separation from their mother, to have received psychiatric treatment, to be
given a diagnosis of abnormal personality, to have a criminal record, to be in
serious debt, and to misuse drugs habitually. The correlates of unemployment in
this population appeared to be unaffected by the prevailing economic climate.
The limitations of the study design preclude a choice between alternative self
selection and causal models of the relationshipo between unemployment and
parasuicide. 14 Ref.

100.
Prugh-T. Alcohol, spirituality, and recovery. . Alcohol Health and Research
World, 10(2):28-31,53, 1986. .
The relationship between alcoholism and spirituality is examined. The link of
spirituality to recovery from alcoholism is shown. The component parts of
spirituality are outlined. Spiritual values can help an alcoholic deal with a
lifetime of negative experiences. Sobriety is often accomplished through
spiritual means such as prayers and devotion. It is contended that spiritual
experiences must be received and integrated into an alcoholic's life to achieve
this sobriety. 10 Ref.
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