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Biblio (Web)<br>
BiblioAB (Web)<br>
FASbib2<br>
Full (Web)<br>
htmltest<br>
Main (Web)<br>
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<p>The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism thanks you for using <br>
ETOH. This search is displayed using the MAIN form on 5/23/98 , at 6:54:37 PM <br>
using &quot; FIND (MJ/MN/ID ct statistics) &quot; as the search criteria. This report <br>
sorts by Year first (in reverse order) and then by the primary author. 899 <br>
records were found. <br>
1. <br>
Corrao, G.; Ferrari, P.; Zambon, A.; Torchio, P.; Arico, S.; Decarli, A. Trends <br>
of liver cirrhosis mortality in Europe, 1970-1989: Age-period-cohort analysis <br>
and changing alcohol consumption . International Journal of Epidemiology, <br>
26(1):100-109, 1997 . <br>
This study describes liver cirrhosis mortality in European countries between <br>
1970 and 1989 using an age-period-cohort long-linear Poisson model to assess the <br>
effect of early environmental exposure on the geographical distribution and on <br>
the temporal pattern on mortality rates. Specifically, attempts were made to <br>
clarify the recent trend in mortality data as being either a long-term trend <br>
relating possibly to alcohol consumption or a short-term fluctuation. Mortality <br>
records relating to cirrhosis were gathered for 25 European countries from the <br>
&quot;World Health Statistics Annual.&quot; Estimates of the annual per capita alcohol <br>
consumption from 1961 to 1989 for each country were gathered from the &quot;World <br>
Drink Trends.&quot; Similarly, data on the resident populations of these countries <br>
for 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985 and 1990 were obtained from &quot;The Sex and Age <br>
Distribution of World Population.&quot; A total of 1,827,550 liver cirrhosis deaths <br>
during the period 1970-1989 were analyzed. This study demonstrates that <br>
age-period-cohort analysis is able to generate hypotheses to interpret the <br>
trends in liver cirrhosis mortality. The current application of <br>
age-period-cohort analysis on European liver cirrhosis mortality gives <br>
additional evidence about the different role of etiological and prognostic <br>
factors in the European areas, the changing levels of exposure to the <br>
etiological and prognostic factors in different populations, and makes it <br>
possible to hypothesize future trends in liver cirrhosis mortality. More <br>
detailed information on alcohol habits, alcoholism treatment rates, viral <br>
hepatic infections and other factors are needed. 57 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>2. <br>
Wallace, L.J.D.; Sleet, D.A.; James, S.P. Injuries and the ten leading causes of <br>
death for Native Americans in the U.S.: Opportunities for prevention . IHS <br>
Primary Care Provider, 22(9):140-145, 1997 . <br>
In order to study the effect of injuries among Native Americans, including <br>
Alaska Natives, and to demonstrate the need for prevention programs, this paper <br>
reports the unintentional injury- and violence-related causes of death, by age <br>
group, for the years 1992-1994. Data used came from the Centers for Disease <br>
Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). <br>
Native Americans are at risk for injury-related death for several reasons. The <br>
population is younger than the total U.S. population (median age: 24 years <br>
versus 33 years), and young persons are at higher risk for injury because of <br>
risk taking behaviors such as drinking and driving; not wearing seat belts; and <br>
alcohol abusive drinking styles such as binge drinking. Because alcohol is not <br>
legally available in many Native American communities, to obtain alcohol, those <br>
residents who drink may drive long distances and then return on isolated <br>
two-lane highways while impaired. Numerous studies have shown that, for many <br>
Native American communities, alcohol plays a substantial role in injury <br>
occurrence and premature mortality. Researchers have estimated that in states <br>
with reservations, 75 percent of suicides, 80 percent of homicides, and 65 <br>
percent of motor vehicle-related deaths among Native Americans involve alcohol. <br>
In consideration of these alcohol-related injuries and violence, this report <br>
suggests a multifaceted, community-based approach in the prevention of motor <br>
vehicle-related and violence-related injuries, including risk assessment, <br>
education, intervention program evaluation, adequate screening for alcohol <br>
abuse, social and medical support services, and law enforcement. 24 Ref <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>3. <br>
Soviets claim lower death rate, campaign against alcohol cited. . American <br>
Medical News, 30(9):32, 1987. . <br>
In May 1985, the Soviet Union cut production of vodka and other strong drinks, <br>
shortened the hours during which liquor could be sold, and raised the legal <br>
drinking age from 18 to 21. As a result, the official Tass news agency said that <br>
119,000 fewer working-age people died in 1986 than in 1984. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>4. <br>
Fatal accident reporting system 1985: A review of information on fatal traffic <br>
accidents in the U.S. in 1985. . Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, <br>
1987. 120 p. . <br>
Information on fatal traffic accidents and fatalities in the United States is <br>
presented based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data file for <br>
1985. Similar information from 1982-1984 is included for comparison purposes <br>
where appropriate. The trends, demographic variables, vehicle occupant <br>
fatalities, location, day and time, and selected comparisons for fatal accidents <br>
in 1985 are reviewed. Alcohol and safety belt use while driving, a 1985 fatality <br>
profile, state statistics, types and conditions of fatal accidents, types of <br>
vehicles involved in fatal accidents, occupants and non-vehicle occupants <br>
involved in fatal crashes, and emergency medical services are discussed. <br>
Accident data for 1985 is classified. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>5. <br>
Alcohol involvement. . In: National Accident Sampling System: 1985. A Report on <br>
Traffic Accidents and Injuries in the United States, Feb 1987. pp. 8-13. . <br>
Statistics are presented in tabular form of a report on traffic accidents and <br>
injuries in the United States from the 1985 National Accident Sampling System. <br>
Of those drivers determined to have been alcohol-involved only 31 percent were <br>
actually tested for blood alcohol concentrations, and 17 percent were cited for <br>
drunk driving. In addition, 11 percent of all accidents involved alcohol. As <br>
accident severity increased, the presence of alcohol also increased from eight <br>
percent for non-injury producing accidents, to 15 percent for all injury <br>
accidents, to 27 percent for accidents resulting in at least serious injury. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>6. <br>
1986 NABI annual statistical report. . 1987. 37 p. . <br>
A statistical report is presented on imports of distilled spirits, wines, and <br>
beers from principal countries of export to the United States (US) and of <br>
shipments to the US from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for each year since <br>
1955 and select years since 1934. All statisics are shown on a clendar year <br>
basis, and were gathered from reports of the Bureau of the Census and the US <br>
Department of Commerce. Total distilled spirits import volume in 1986 declined <br>
11 percent from the 115.7 million proof gallons in 1985 to 103.6 million proof <br>
gallons. The total value of alcohol beverage imports in 1986 amounted to $2.96 <br>
billion, compared to $2.84 billion in 1985, a gain of five percent or $ 132.5 <br>
million more than 1985 values. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>7. <br>
Battle for stomach share continues. . The Bottom Line on Alcoholism in Society, <br>
7(4):4-9, 1987. . <br>
More health and socially conscious Americans have changed their drinking habits <br>
drastically, especially in recent years. Today the liquor industry considers <br>
itself in direct competition with all other beverage manufacturers. Brewers and <br>
distillers are diversifying. There is also a push for alcohol licenses in <br>
gasoline stations to increase availability, to help increase sales. The liquor <br>
industry has also attempted to position its products as being a part of every <br>
day life. Spending trends and trends of beverage of choice are discussed. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>8. <br>
Prohibition sentiment still alive. . The Bottom Line on Alcoholism in Society, <br>
7(4):19-21, 1987. . <br>
Of the United Sates' 3073 counties which are legally dry, 13 percent sell liquor <br>
only in take out stores, and another 8 percent do not sell liquor by the drink. <br>
The last Gallup Poll on the subject, taken in 1984, showed that one in every six <br>
adults still favor Prohibition. A listing of the number of dry counties in each <br>
state is provided. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>9. <br>
War against drugs continues: Getting the issues and strategies in perspective. . <br>
The Bottom Line on Alcoholism in Society, 7(4):22-32, 1987. . <br>
The two biggest drug problems the United States faces today are alcohol and <br>
tobacco. Patterns of drug use are discussed. Statistics on treatment admissions <br>
and expenditures for both treatment and prevention are outlined. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>10. <br>
Drunk driving accidents decline: New laws, changing attitudes, having an impact <br>
on social drinkers but what about the alcoholics?. . The Bottom Line on Alcohol <br>
in Society, 8(1):15-22, 1987. . <br>
The public attitude toward drinking and driving is finally changing, with people <br>
taking drunk driving more seriously. Methods of preventing drunk driving <br>
include: administrative license revocation, jail sentences, public humiliation, <br>
ignition interlocks, and educational campaigns. From 1982 to 1985, the number of <br>
drivers involved in fatal accidents increased by three percent, the estimated <br>
number with any alcohol involvement decreased by 12 percent, and the number <br>
legally intoxicated decreased by 13 percent. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>11. <br>
Import Statistics: Supplied by the National Association of Beverage Importers, <br>
Inc. . Brewers' Digest, 62(6):31, 1987. . <br>
Statistical information is provided for imported alcoholic beverages for January <br>
1 through February 29, 1987. Comparisons are made with the same periods in 1985 <br>
and 1986. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>12. <br>
Wisconsin accident facts 1986. . 1987. 33 p. . <br>
Statistics are provided on economic loss, mileage death rates, traffic accidents <br>
by month, types of motor vehicle accidents, blood alcohol content of driver <br>
fatalities, and other demographic variables relating to traffic accidents and <br>
fatalities. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>13. <br>
Allsop-D-T. Setting the scene in Scotland. . Annual Scottish School of Alcohol <br>
Related Problems, Edinburgh, Scotland: 23 Mar - 27 Mar 1987. 10 p. . <br>
The problems arising from alcohol consumption in Scotland are divided into three <br>
categories: (1) problems arising from intoxication; (2) problems arising from <br>
regular use; and (3) problems arising from dependence. Statistics are provided <br>
concerning alcohol-related deaths, drinking and driving convictions, and <br>
admissions to psychiatric hospitals due to alcohol-related problems for Scotland <br>
and England/ Wales. Consumption per capita of 100 percent alcohol from 1949 to <br>
1950 in Scotland is presented. The cost of alcohol as a percentage of personal <br>
disposable income compared to per capita consumption, and revenue from alcoholic <br>
drink for 1960 to 1985 in Scotland are also presented. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>14. <br>
Boyle-J-M. Public opinion and prevention for women: A secondary analysis of <br>
survey data from 1984-1986. . 2 Feb 1987. 31 p. . <br>
A secondary analysis is presented in tabular form of survey data on male and <br>
female health status in general and their alcohol, cigarette, and drug use. Out <br>
of a total of 1514 male and female respondents 28 percent felt they had an <br>
excellent health status. Further, out of 1137 male respondents 311 stated they <br>
abstained from the consumption of alcohol; comparably, out of 1250 women, 502 <br>
reported abstinence. When asked if they get enough vitamins and minerals, 72 <br>
percent of the respondents reported that they received enough. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>15. <br>
Hasin-D-S; Grant-B-F. Drug dependence syndrome in treated problem drinkers. . <br>
International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. Alcohol Epidemiology Section, <br>
Aix-en-Provence, France: 7 Jun - 12 Jun 1987. 10 p. . <br>
Aspects of the drug dependence syndrome were examined in a sample of subjects <br>
treated for alcohol problems. Since the core symptoms have been defined as <br>
comprising a dimension of disability distinct from social, health and other <br>
consequences of substance abuse, the relationships of Edwards-Gross dependence <br>
syndrome symptoms and health, emotional, and social problems attributed to <br>
specific classses of drugs were examined. Results showed high clustering of <br>
dependence symptoms with each other and with health, social, and emotional <br>
problems. This supports inclusion of the core dependence symptoms in the <br>
syndrome, but not the exclusion of associated problems. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>16. <br>
Kemp-I; Carstairs-V. Reliability of death certification as a measure of the <br>
level of alcohol problems. . Community Medicine, 9(2):146-151, 1987. . <br>
Most conventional measures have tended to indicate alcohol problems as <br>
consistently higher in Scotland than in England and Wales. Now population <br>
surveys have tended to refute that view. In addition, doubt has been cast on the <br>
accuracy of recording of alcoholic-related deaths on the medical certificate of <br>
cause of death, until now probably the least critcised indicator of alcoholism. <br>
A study is presented that examines the level of recording of death from <br>
cirrhosis of the liver and mental disorder associated with alcoholism for both <br>
underlying and secondary causes. Whnen deaths attributed to these diseases <br>
recorded on any part of the certivicate are taken into account the differendes <br>
between England and Wales and Scotland show a marked leveling up. It is believed <br>
that the currently published statistics are therefore misleading as an indicator <br>
of the relative levels of alcoholism in the two countries and need to be <br>
reappraised. 15 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>17. <br>
Kirn-T-F. In time of change, USSR seeks to end tradition of extensive alcohol <br>
use by majority of citizens. . JAMA : Journal of the American Medical <br>
Association, 258(7):883-885, 1987. . <br>
Alcoholism is the third most prevalent disease in the Soviet Union. In May 1985, <br>
several anti-alcohol resolutions were passed, including raising the drinking age <br>
from 18 to 21 years, curtailing the production of alcoholic beverages, and <br>
banning the sale of alcoholic beverages before 2 P.M. Education, however, is the <br>
main tool being used to combat alcohol abuse. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>18. <br>
Kreitman-N; Duffy-J-C. Some mysteries of liver cirrhosis mortality. . <br>
International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. Alcohol Epidemiology Section, <br>
Aix-en-Provence, France: 7 Jun - 12 Jun 1987. 18 p. . <br>
Scottish alcohol-related and non-alcoholic cirrhosis can be clearly <br>
distinguished by age-sex criteria with both mortality and morbidity data. <br>
Alcohol cirrhosis is associated with middle-aged men while other forms of <br>
cirrhosis tend to be found among older women. The morbidity/ mortality ratio of <br>
the two classifications is markedly different. On the other hand, the two forms <br>
of liver disease appear to have a similar geographical distribution, raising the <br>
possibility that alcohol might play a potentiating role in non-alcoholic liver <br>
disease, besides its role in alcoholic liver disease. 13 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>19. <br>
Moskowitz-J-M; Smith-E. What works best to prevent alcohol problems?. . Business <br>
and Health, Mar:7-10, 1987. . <br>
Alcohol is the most widely used intoxicant in the United States. It costs the <br>
nation more than $100 billion annually. Businesses pay about $ 71 billion of <br>
this in lost productivity and employment, as well as much of the $14 billion in <br>
health care costs. Educational programs generally fail to specify their goals <br>
adequately. In fact, there has been little consensus as to which goal <br>
-abstinence or responsible use -- is most appropriate regarding alcohol. <br>
Increases in the minimum age for drinking, higher alcoholic beverage taxes, and <br>
crackdowns on drinking and driving have reduced alcohol-related problems, <br>
notably deaths from automobile crashes and cirrhosis of the liver. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>20. <br>
Naiditch-B; Lerner-R. Kid's stuff: Next generation. . Changes, 2(1):36-38, 1987. <br>
. <br>
Since 1977, Children Are People, Inc. has implemented its programs in over 35 <br>
states and affected over 150,00 people, most of them children. A summary is <br>
presented of information learned in the past decade on elementary-aged children <br>
of alcoholics. The need to help this population is suggested due to the <br>
following statistics. Children who grow up in alcoholic families are three to <br>
six times as likely to develop alcoholism as the rest of the population, there <br>
are an estimated 28 to 35 million children of alcoholics nationally (nine <br>
million of these are six to 12 years old), and no more than five percent of <br>
these children are getting the help they need. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>21. <br>
Nordlund-S. Data om alkohol og Andre Stoffer 1985: Tabellarisk oversikt over <br>
resultater fra en intervjuundersokelse (Data on alcohol and other substances <br>
1985: Tabular overview of the results of an interview survey). . SIFA, <br>
1(87):1-53, 1987. . <br>
Researchers conducted interviews from November 1985 to January 1986 compiling <br>
data on the use of alcohol and other substances in Norway. Drinking frequency, <br>
social drinking situations, types of liquor and other substances consumed and <br>
other variables were assessed by age, sex, occupation and geographic location. <br>
Data will be used to help establish statistical basis for policy analysis of <br>
Nordic drinking behavior. 90 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>22. <br>
Rayner-T; Chetwynd-J. Economic cost of alcohol-related health care in New <br>
Zealand. . British Journal of Addiction, 82(1):59-66, 1987. . <br>
Estimates are presented of the economic cost of the extra health care in New <br>
Zealand associated with the misuse of alcohol. From a range of different studies <br>
it was estimated that 7.8 percent of hospital operating costs were attributable <br>
to alcohol consumption. These additional costs formed 85.5 percent of the total <br>
increase in health costs related to excess alcohol consumption. The estimate of <br>
this total represents 0.4 percent ($108.3 million) of New Zealand's gross <br>
national product for 1981-82. 13 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>23. <br>
Stinson-F-S; Williams-G-D. Trends in alcohol-related morbidity among short-stay <br>
community hospital discharges, United States, 1979-84. Surveillance report #4. . <br>
Surveillance Report Series, Jan 1987. 21 p. . <br>
Trends in numbers of alcohol-related discharges and rates of alcohol- related <br>
discharges are examined. The length of stay associated with alcohol-related <br>
diagnoses and the extent to which alcohol-related diagnoses tend to coexist with <br>
other diagnoses that are not directly identified with the use of alcohol are <br>
also examined. 13 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>24. <br>
Sundaram-K-R. Epidemiological techniques in alcohol and drug surveys: A <br>
statisticians experience. . International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. <br>
Alcohol Epidemiology Section, Aix-en-Provence, France: 7 Jun - 12 Jun 1987. 19 <br>
p. . <br>
Several epidemiological surveys on alcohol and drug abuse on students, urban and <br>
rural populations and specific populations from industry, tea plantations, and <br>
slum areas have been conducted in India recently. Varous types of problems have <br>
been faced by the investigators, like designing, sampling, construction of study <br>
questionnaires, data collection, screening, and scrutiny of completed forms, <br>
data processing in the computer, preparation of statistical tables, statistical <br>
inference analysis and interpretation of the results. A statistician's <br>
experience and views on these aspects is explained, with references to 11 <br>
studies of Indian student or adult populations. 22 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>25. <br>
Drinking and Driving: A guide for all coach, mini-bus and taxi operators. . <br>
1986. 28 p. . <br>
This guide for all coach, mini-bus, and taxi operators is a fairly comprehensive <br>
review of the drinking and driving problem. It tells of the magnitude of the <br>
problem, those most at risk, and those who are a risk to others. It gives the <br>
facts about the law and the penalties for those who break the law. Ways in which <br>
those in the private transport industry can help to reduce the number of people <br>
who are killed or seriously injured are suggested. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>26. <br>
Alcoholism and other alcohol-related problems among children and youth. . Aug <br>
1986. 2 p. . <br>
Various statistics are presented in this factsheet. Highlighted topics <br>
concerning children and youth include: use of alcohol and other drugs by age <br>
group; mortality; age of first use; physiological effects; drunk driving; peer <br>
pressure; children of alcoholics; impact of television on drinking habits; <br>
gender differences; taxation and control of consumption; and adult statistics. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>27. <br>
1985 Accident Facts. . Aug 1986. 60 p. . <br>
Alcohol-related accident information, including trends, time of day, day of <br>
week, and detailed statistics on the driver, vehicle, and environment for <br>
alcohol-related accidents is presented. Collisions by vehicle type and accident <br>
information for each county in Iowa by road system are outlined. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>28. <br>
Arizona traffic accident summary 1985. . 1986. 44 p. . <br>
A statistical review of motor vehicle traffic accidents in Arizona for 1985 is <br>
presented, including demographic characteristics of victims, fatality rate, <br>
geographic location of accidents, accident descriptions, road characteristics, <br>
and alcohol-related accident involvement. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>29. <br>
Import Statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(9):52, 1986. . <br>
The import statistics for the first five months of 1986 demonstrate the changing <br>
demographics for alcohol beverages. Imported beers continue to show strong <br>
gains, while distilled spirits and wines are sagging. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>30. <br>
1985 North Dakota vehicular accident facts. . Aug 1986. 27 p. . <br>
Traffic accident information for North Dakota is presented, including the cost <br>
of traffic accidents, the fatality rate (both statewide and nationally), <br>
demographic characteristics of drivers and injured persons, alcohol-involvement <br>
statistics, and traffic violations and convictions. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>31. <br>
Alcohol related fatal motor vehicle traffic accident study: Michigan January - <br>
December 1985. . 1986. 15 p. . <br>
Statistics are presented on alcohol-related fatal motor vehicle traffic <br>
accidents that occurred in Michigan during 1985. Data are provided on the type <br>
of accident, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), age, month, violations, time of <br>
day/day of week, and county. Of the 1411 fatal traffic accidents, 645 (46 <br>
percent) were alcohol related. Alcohol- related fatal traffic accidents claimed <br>
719 lives or 46 percent of the total highway fatalities. Over 29 percent of the <br>
2189 drivers had been drinking. Over 39 percent were given BAC tests; 386 (44.9 <br>
percent) had readings exceeding .10, the legal presumptive level. Young drivers <br>
(age 24 and under) accounted for 36 percent of all drinking drivers. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>32. <br>
Wisconsin accident facts 1985: 1986 edition. . 1986. 32 p. . <br>
Information of a statistical nature is presented in graphic and tabular form <br>
concerning 1985 Wisconsin traffic accidents. Included is information on <br>
alcohol-related accidents, mileage, fatalities, months, days and times, types of <br>
vehicle, blood alcohol concentration, holidays, and age. Of the 459 drivers that <br>
were killed, 187 drivers had blood alcohol contents above .10. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>33. <br>
Import statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(10):19, 1986. . <br>
Import statistics for the United States for beer, ale, stout, and porter are <br>
provided. Except for a few isolated categories, import figures for the first <br>
half of 1986 are generally down. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>34. <br>
Alcohol use in the United States: Our &quot;drinking society&quot; in perspective. . <br>
Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society, 7(3):11-14, 1986. . <br>
Statistics concerning alcohol use among adults in the United States are <br>
presented. Gender information, geographic information, type of beverage <br>
consumed, and religious affiliation are a few of the variables examined. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>35. <br>
Alcoholic beverage consumption in the United States. . Bottom Line on Alcohol in <br>
Society, 7(3):15-17, 1986. . <br>
Trends in alcoholic beverage consumption in the US are delineated. Information <br>
is presented concerning abstention, light, moderate, and heavy drinking, as well <br>
as type of beverage consumed. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>36. <br>
Distilled spirits sales at 10-year low. . Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society, <br>
7(3):23-24, 1986. . <br>
Trends in distilled spirits consumption are examined. Distilled spirits <br>
consumption has been affected by changing American tastes, the new emphasis on <br>
health, and the crackdown on drunk driving. The only area in which distilled <br>
spirits posted a gain recently was in retail spending, with consumers spending <br>
$23.8 billion for products at bars, restaurants, and take-out stores in 1985. <br>
The Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) recently launched a <br>
campaign to attempt to convince Americans of the health values of moderate <br>
drinking. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>37. <br>
Cost of alcohol problems to the U.S. society. . Bottom Line on Alcohol in <br>
Society, 7(3):41-42, 1986. . <br>
The total cost to the US society for alcohol problems for the year of 1985 was <br>
125,123 million dollars. Also, estimated costs of alcohol problems based on <br>
absolute alcohol consumption are presented for each state, with California being <br>
the highest at $16,409 million. Such figures help to keep alcohol problems in <br>
perspective. They should be a constant reminder that these problems will <br>
continue to be a drain on the national economy until they are addressed <br>
appropriately. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>38. <br>
Import statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(11):37, 1986. . <br>
Import statistics for the first seven months of 1986 show no real changes in <br>
that almost all categories continue on the downside, including distilled spirits <br>
and table wine. The growth in beer imports continues with a 12 percent increase. <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>39. <br>
Fatal accident reporting system 1984: A review of information on fatal traffic <br>
accidents in the U.S. in 1984. . Feb 1986. 210 p. . <br>
Statistics on the fatal traffic accidents in the United States, reported in the <br>
Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), for 1984 are provided. Information on <br>
the use of alcohol and traffic fatalities, as well as the usage of safety belts <br>
in these crashes, is discussed. A new methodology used by the National Highway <br>
Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA) for making estimates of blood alcohol <br>
concentration levels of drivers and pedestrians involved in fatal crashes is <br>
described. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>40. <br>
Import statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(2):32-33, 1986. . <br>
Import statistics for a 10-or 11-month period of 1985 are given. Figures for <br>
1984 and 1983 are shown for comparison. The majority of the alcoholic beverages <br>
show an increase in imports. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>41. <br>
Import Statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(3):22, 1986. . <br>
Import statistics for beer, wine, and distilled spirits are presented. The 1985 <br>
import statistics show that distilled spirits had a decline of two percent from <br>
1984, wine had a decline of four percent, and beer was up ten percent. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>42. <br>
Alcohol tax hike hurts both jobs and government revenue, distillers say. . Bar, <br>
39(3):22, 1986. . <br>
The effects of raising the federal excise tax on alcoholic beverages in Canada <br>
is presented. Since 1981, the employment levels in the beverage industry have <br>
been cut 15 percent. These additional taxes are passed onto the consumer in <br>
terms of higher prices. Federal tax increases are self-defeating as the federal <br>
revenues are declining because of a 20 percent drop in sales volume since 1981. <br>
In the US, where tax increases have been minimal, sales have declined only five <br>
percent. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>43. <br>
Import Statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(4):25, 1986. . <br>
US import statistics for January 1986 are presented. Whiskey imports show a <br>
decline of 26 percent. Gin imports are down 17 percent. Import rums are up 74 <br>
percent. Vodka imports are up 87 percent while cordials and liquors are off <br>
eight percent. Sparkling wines are down 12 percent, but champagnes are up 13 <br>
percent. Imported beers are off three percent for the month. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>44. <br>
Florida Traffic Accident Facts 1985. . 1986. 38 p. . <br>
The information in this booklet was extracted from traffic accident reports The <br>
following statistics are reported for accidents: time of day; day of week; <br>
county; alcohol related; property damage and economic loss; age and sex of the <br>
drivers; and pedestrian fatalities. Of the 250, 412 accidents, 41 percent were <br>
alcohol related. Of the 2, 870 fatalities, 45 percent were alcohol related. The <br>
25 to 34 age group had the highest percentage (35 percent) of drinking drivers <br>
involved in traffic accidents. Twenty percent of the drinking drivers were in <br>
the 21 to 24 age group and 15 percent were found in the 35 to 44 age group. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>45. <br>
Behavioral risk-factor surveillance: Selected states, 1984. . MMWR: Morbidity <br>
and Mortality Weekly Report, 35(16):253-254, 1986. . <br>
During 1984, 15 states collected behavioral risk factor surveillance data from <br>
their adult populations by monthly telephone interviews. The data collected <br>
included seatbelt usage, hypertensive status, physical activity, overweight <br>
status, cigarette smoking, and alcohol misuse. Wisconsin had the highest <br>
prevalence of drinking and driving, and binge drinking. Arizona had the highest <br>
prevalence of heavy drinkers. Tennessee, Utah, and West Virginia had the lowest <br>
prevalence of binge drinking, heavy drinking, and drinking and driving, <br>
respectively. This data will be used to monitor trends and to monitor statewide <br>
programs to reduce the prevalence of these behaviors. 4 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>46. <br>
Fourteen years of progress: Annual report for the calendar year ended 1985 . <br>
1986. 50 p. . <br>
A statistical analysis, state-of-the-art risk identification, intervention <br>
statistics, a profile of the driving under the influence ( DUI) population in <br>
Cook County, and an evaluation component are highlighted. The results of the <br>
14th year of services to the Circuit Court of Cook County and to individual DUI <br>
offenders are documented. The Central States Institute is the largest DUI <br>
program in Illinois. DUI remains an offense committed by younger, white males <br>
who have no previous DUI arrests. The goal of the evaluation project is to share <br>
workable intervention processes with professionals and officials concerned with <br>
drinking and driving in society. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>47. <br>
Alcohol problems around the world: Gorbachev's crusade begins. Soviets declare <br>
war on alcohol problems. . Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society, 7(1):24-26, 1986. <br>
. <br>
To counteract the increasing alcohol problem in the Soviet Union, Gorbachev has <br>
instituted a new law. It raises the drinking age to 21, closes liquor stores for <br>
all but five hours each day, tightens restriction on illegal home brew, and <br>
increases penalties for being drunk in public or on the job. It is the Russian <br>
style of drinking that contributes to their problem. In order to have a long <br>
lasting impact, they are going to have to deal with the causes of Soviet <br>
overindulgence. For world consumption, Luxembourg leads the world in per capita <br>
consumption of alcoholic beverages. Iceland and Turkey are at the bottom of the <br>
list. Price has a lot to do with consumption in France and Italy, where wine <br>
costs less than most nonalcoholic drinks. The Scandinavian countries use price <br>
control as a tool to control consumption. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>48. <br>
Drunk driver and jail: The drunk driver and the jail problem. Volume 1. . Jan <br>
1986. 53 p. . <br>
Development of a coherent drunk driving policy is discussed. The drunk driving <br>
problem and the problems faced by the nation's jails and local lockups in <br>
dealing with the influx of driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders are <br>
reviewed. Various approaches to controlling drunk driving are described and the <br>
evidence for the effectiveness of jail sentences is reviewed. A list of specific <br>
considerations that should guide the development and operation of all <br>
correctional programs for DWI's is provided. The appendix contains the executive <br>
summary of a report on the impact of two-day jail sentences for drunk drivers in <br>
Minnesota. 122 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>49. <br>
Chief constables's reports: England and Wales, and Scotland. 1985. Drink <br>
offences. . Jun 1986. 19 p. . <br>
Statistics are presented on drinking offenses in England, Scotland and Wales. <br>
They include: pedestrian offenses; drunkenness among persons under 18 years of <br>
age; purchasing for, and purchasing by, persons under 18; motoring offenses; age <br>
of drinking and driving offenders; ages of drinking driving offenders in <br>
Scotland; age of drinking driver offenders in England and Wales compared to <br>
those in Scotland; and ages of two-wheeled motor vehicle drivers convicted of <br>
drunk driving. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>50. <br>
Uniform crime reports for the United States. . Washington, DC: US Government <br>
Printing Office, 1986. 368 p. . <br>
The Uniform Crime Reports gives a nationwide view of crime based on statistics <br>
contributed by states and local law enforcement agencies. Statistics are <br>
presented for drunk driving, liquor law violations, and drunkenness by age <br>
groups. Data is also given for murder, robbery, crime trends, crime rates, total <br>
arrests, and law enforcement personnel. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>51. <br>
Behavioral risk-factor surveillance in selected states: 1985. . MMWR: Morbidity <br>
and Mortality Weekly Report, 35(27):441-444, 1986. . <br>
The behavioral risk-factor surveillane system (BRFSS) operated for ist second <br>
year in 1985. BRFSS data were collected from adults in 21 states and the <br>
District of Columbia. The risk factors assessed included self- reported <br>
overweight, sedentary lifestyle, uncontrolled hypertension, cigarette smoking, <br>
alcohol misuse, and seatbelt nonuse. The data was collected by telephone <br>
interviews and questionnaires. In 14 of the 15 states, the prevalence of those <br>
admitting to driving after having too much to drink decreased, while the <br>
prevalence in South Carolina increased. In 12 of the 15 states, decreases were <br>
reported in binge drinking. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>52. <br>
Import statistics. . Brewers Digest, 61(12):32, 1986. . <br>
United States paid imports for beer, stout, ale and porter are presented in <br>
tabular form 1984, 1985 and 1986. The percentage change of 1986 over 1985 <br>
figures was a 14 percent increase, while 1985 over 1984 was a 13 percent <br>
increase. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>53. <br>
Annual summary of bottle and dollar sales 1986: Including special order sales by <br>
district. . 1986. 27 p. . <br>
The Ohio Department of Liquor Control compiled a 1986 annual summary of bottle <br>
and dollar sales including special order sales by district in tabular form. The <br>
state total for 1986 was about $392.4 million and the Cleveland district <br>
comprised $185.6 million of the total, while the Cindinnati district comprised <br>
$83 million, Toledo district $ 42.4 million, and the Columbus district $81.3 <br>
million. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>54. <br>
Alcohol involved in 40 percent of traffic deaths. . Pennsylvania Medicine, <br>
89(3):18, 1986. . <br>
A total of 640 drinking drivers were involved in 625 alcohol-related fatal <br>
accidents resulting in the death of 704 people in Pennsylvania during 1984. <br>
These deaths account for over 40 percent of the 1752 persons killed in all <br>
Pennsylvania traffic accidents that year. There were also a total of 20,493 <br>
alcohol-related accidents in 1984 causing injuries to 21,179 people and causing <br>
property damage in 6681 accidents. Six out of 10 highway deaths of drivers <br>
between 15 and 24 years involved drinking in 1984. Young drivers under the age <br>
of 25 account for only 17.1 percent of the driver population in Pennsylvania, <br>
but 39 percent of the fatal alcohol-related accidents. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>55. <br>
Does the legal drinking age really affect highway crashes?. . Insurance <br>
Backgrounder, May 1986. 7 p. . <br>
Discussion is presented on whether or not the legal drinking age of 21 has an <br>
impact on highway crashes. It is stated that due to a Federal directive many <br>
states are making the legal drinking age 21 in order to retain highway funds. It <br>
is concluded that it is unlikely, however, that this will still for all time the <br>
debate over whether the legal drinking age really has much of an impact on <br>
highway crashes. Proponents of the 21 minimum drinking age will continue to <br>
argue that it does, and cite statistics to prove their point. Those who favor <br>
letting 18-, 19-, and 20-year-olds drink legally will continue arguing that it <br>
does not, and either charge that the other side's statistics are flawed or point <br>
to figures that support their position. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>56. <br>
1986 Michigan drunk driving audit report. . 1986. 150 p. . <br>
An audit report is presented for the year 1986 on drunk driving in Michigan, <br>
which was prepared by the Department of State Police. Data are provided for each <br>
of Michigan's 83 counties, as well as a seperate data sheet for statewide <br>
totals. Each data page is formatted so that ten items are presented on a single <br>
page. The information provided includes the number of persons injured, the <br>
arrests made, and other information pertaining to drunk driving. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>57. <br>
North Dakota vehicular accident facts. . Jun 1986. 27 p. . <br>
The data compiled from motor vehicle traffic crashes for all street and highway <br>
systems in North Dakota in 1986 is presented. Pertinent information is <br>
maintained concerning drivers, motor vehicles, highways, and traffic crashes. <br>
Tables are furnished about crashes, deaths, injuries, and economic losses in <br>
numerous categories, including time of day, day of week, month, sex, and age. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>58. <br>
Anderson-T-E; Lacey-J. Evaluation of a general deterrence enforcement and public <br>
information program. . Research Notes, (Jan):1-2, 1986. . <br>
An enforcement program implemented in the Clearwater/Largo area (FL) was <br>
designed to maximize public awareness of the risk of arrest for alcohol-impaired <br>
driving. This program is outlined briefly. The program was evaluated by <br>
comparing driver survey data collected in both the test area and a control area <br>
where no special general deterrence efforts were initiated. It was found that <br>
increased enforcement awareness led to a larger increase in the perceived risk <br>
of being caught and punished, and accidents related to alcohol fell 12 percent. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>59. <br>
Axel-H; Turner-C-E. Drugs of abuse: Public attitudes, politics and business. . <br>
In: H. Axel, Ed., Corporate Strategies for Controlling Substance Abuse. <br>
Conference Board Report No. 883, 1986. 50 p. (pp. 3-10). . <br>
The assembling of statistical evidence on the prevalence of alcohol/ drug use in <br>
society is discussed. The role of government and business sectors in the <br>
development of policy and their impact on public attitudes are also discussed. <br>
Recent trends are reviewed as regard regulation of alcohol consumption and US <br>
drug policy. The issue of legalization and dealing with youthful drug use are <br>
discussed briefly. Occupational alcohol programs and the different issues and <br>
problems associated with drug abuse in the workplace are outlined. 12 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>60. <br>
Axel-H-Ed. Corporate strategies for controlling substance abuse. Conference <br>
Board report no. 883. . 1986. 50 p. . <br>
Drawn from a series of seminars conducted by The Conference Board, this report <br>
offers a panoramic view of current thinking on drug and alcohol issues from the <br>
perspectives of business, government, and legal, medical and academic <br>
professions. A variety of topics are addressed: issues of substance abuse in the <br>
workplace; the direct and indirect costs to corporations and workers; legal <br>
considerations involved in designing and implementing policies; and strategies <br>
developed by companies to confront substance abuse among their employees. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>61. <br>
Brown-V-A; Manderson-D; OCallaghan-M; Thompson-R. Our daily fix: Drugs in <br>
Australia. . Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1986. 304 p. . <br>
Alcohol abuse in Australia and the reduction of that abuse is discussed. Ideas <br>
are presented on the social context of alcohol use and the effects of alcohol <br>
use on society. Strategies are also presented on reducing alcohol use. Ideas <br>
presented include education, treatment, control, and social change. 210 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>62. <br>
Buescher-P-A; Patetta-M-J. Alcohol abuse leads to sickness and death in North <br>
Carolina. . North Carolina Medical Journal, 47(12):589-590, 1986. . <br>
Discussion is presented on the extent of the alcohol problem in North Carolina. <br>
It is suggested that 120,000 or more North Carolinians suffered from alcoholism <br>
in 1984. During the period of 1980 to 1984, nearly 60 percent of the homicide <br>
victims who were tested had some alcohol measured in their blood, and <br>
approximately 45 percent were legally intoxicated at the time of death. It is <br>
concluded that physicians and other health care providers should be more alert <br>
to the early stages of alcoholism among persons entering the medical care system <br>
for other problems, some which may be due to alcoholism. Making referrals for <br>
needed alcohol treatment and early intervention should be routine. 1 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>63. <br>
Butynski-W; Record-N; Yates-J. State resources and services for alcohol and drug <br>
abuse problems: Fiscal year 1985. An analysis of state alcohol and drug abuse <br>
profile data. . Jul 1986. 111 p. . <br>
This report presents and analyzes the results of the State Alcohol and Drug <br>
Abuse Profile (SADAP) data for the 1985 fiscal year. All 50 states as well as <br>
Washington, DC, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, cooperated and <br>
contributed information on resources, services and needs related to substance <br>
abuse problems within their states. The remaining information is categorized <br>
into the following areas: funding levels and sources; client admission <br>
characteristics; availability of other treatment related data; top policy <br>
issues; major unmet needs; and significant changes in treatment and/or <br>
prevention services. Some of the highlights from the study indicate that the <br>
expenditures for substance abuse treatment and prevention services totaled $1.3 <br>
billion. The states provided 52.7 percent and the Federal government provided <br>
19. 3 percent. There are a total of 5901 alcohol and drug treatment units. <br>
Alcohol client admissions increased by six percent from 1984 to 1985. Changes <br>
that occurred in services during 1985 were attributed to increases or decreases <br>
in a state's financial resources, imapct of new state legislation on the service <br>
delivery system, or prevention program efforts and changes in drug use trends. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>64. <br>
Califano-J-A. National attack on addiction is long overdue. . New York Times, 23 <br>
Sep 1986. 2 p. . <br>
Addiction is America's number one crime problem. It is suggested that America <br>
needs a fundamental national commitment to attack the roots of addiction. Crime <br>
and violence is spawned by alcoholism and drug abuse. Alcohol is involved in <br>
more than two-thirds of the nation's homicides, half of the nation's rapes and <br>
incidents of child molestation, and up to 70 percent of the nation's assaults. <br>
Statistics on alcohol abuse are provided. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>65. <br>
Cerrelli-E-C. 1985 traffic fatalities: Preliminary report. . May 1986. 86 p. . <br>
A number of preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for <br>
1985 are presented. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. <br>
General statistics are provided at the State and Regional level. The entire <br>
range of frequently used accident classifiers (number of accidents, number of <br>
fatalities, drivers, passengers, nonoccupants, alcohol involvement, alcohol <br>
estimates, vehicles, and restraint and helmut usage) are covered and all <br>
estimates are compared to corresponding values available for 1984 and 1980. The <br>
results are presented in both tabular and graphical form. Despite statistical <br>
gaps, the reported data concerning alcohol involvement offer encouragement to <br>
those involved with traffic safety. In 1985, the number of drivers tested for <br>
blood alcohol concentration (BAC) demonstrated a continuing trend toward <br>
increased testing. Data also shows that, during the last six years, both the <br>
absolute number and the proportion of drivers testing at zero BAC have been <br>
increasing steadily. Nevertheless, more than 41 percent of the drivers in fatal <br>
accidents with known test results had a BAC of .10 or above. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>66. <br>
Cerrelli-E-C. Preliminary report on traffic fatalities, 1986: (January - June). <br>
. Nov 1986. 40 p. . <br>
A report is presented that contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities <br>
and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1986. Trend data are presented <br>
for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite <br>
extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most <br>
of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values <br>
available for 1980, 1983, and 1985. The results are presented in tabular form <br>
and are summarized in a set of principal findings. The preliminary estimates in <br>
the report are for the first six months of 1986 and do not reflect the trends <br>
and patterns for the entire year. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>67. <br>
Chernyha-J. Economic impact: Drug abuse in the workplace. . University of Miami <br>
Conference on the Economic Impact of Drug Abuse in the Workplace, Miami, FL: 15 <br>
Jan - 17 Jan 1986. 10 p. . <br>
The economic and social costs of substance abuse in the workplace are discussed. <br>
Society is not doing enough to combat the problem. Only 12 percent of American <br>
workers have an employee assistance program (EAP). Chemical dependency needs to <br>
be dealt with by effectively treating those already addicted, and getting to the <br>
source of the problem to prevent further addictions. This can be accomplished <br>
by: forming an EAP; giving the EAP staff formal training; and creating a <br>
self-standing benefit plan. Once treatment has begun, then followup care is <br>
necessary through self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics <br>
Anonymous. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>68. <br>
Colliver-J; Doernberg-D; Grant-B; Dufour-M; Bertolucci-D. Trends in mortality <br>
from cirrhosis and alcoholism: United States, 1945- 1983 . JAMA: Journal of the <br>
American Medical Association, 256(24):3337-3338, 1986 . <br>
Since 1950, noticeable trends in selected mortality rates have been associated <br>
with alcoholism and alcohol abuse. The age-adjusted total cirrhosis death rate <br>
increased gradually from 1950 until 1973 and has since declined. Death rates due <br>
to alcoholism reached a peak in 1980 and have leveled off since that period of <br>
time. The trends in death rates from alcoholism and per capita alcohol <br>
consumption have been parellel. On the other hand, cirrhosis mortality rates <br>
have declined since 1973, while per capita consumption of alcohol continued to <br>
increase until 1982. The decline in cirrhosis mortality may be the result of <br>
earlier diagnosis, improved medical management, coding of death certificates, a <br>
decrease in causes of cirrhosis other than alcohol misuse, and a decrease in <br>
co-morbid conditions with a resultant increase in survival. 12 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>69. <br>
Crawford-A. Comparison of participants and non-participants from a british <br>
general population survey of alcohol drinking practices. . Journal of the Market <br>
Research Society, 28(3):291-297, 1986. . <br>
It is argued that heavier drinkers are harder to locate in a general population <br>
sample and are more likely to refuse an interview. An investigation was <br>
conducted to consider further the effects of non- participation by reporting a <br>
followup study of a subsample of persons who were never available during the <br>
sampling period of a survey of British regional variations in consumption <br>
patterns. It was found that participants and nonparticipants do not differ <br>
greatly in either sociodemographic characteristics or in alcohol consumption <br>
patterns. 16 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>70. <br>
Damiani-P; Masse-H. L'alcoolisme en chiffres: Donnees generales et applications <br>
de methodes d'analyse statistique (Alcoholism in numbers: General data and <br>
applications of statistical analysis methods). . 1986. 143 p. . <br>
Mortality statistics linked to alcoholism are presented to help evaluate the <br>
extent of alcoholism in France. Sex, age, regional variances, and duration of <br>
alcohol use are some of the variables assessed. Regression analysis techniques <br>
are applied to measure statistical links between certain social demographic and <br>
biometric factors with other causes of death. Models are used to calculate <br>
morbidity rates due to alcoholism based on these factors as well as the duality <br>
of alcohol and tobacco use. Exogenous and endogenous types of alcohol <br>
consumption are delineated. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>71. <br>
Doernberg-D; Stinson-F-S; Williams-G-D. Apparent per capita alcohol consumption: <br>
National, state and regional trends, 1977-1984. Surveillance report #2. . <br>
Surveillance Report Series, Aug 1986. 23 p. . <br>
National, state, and regional level data on United States per capita consumption <br>
for beer, wine, spirits, and all beverages combined for the years 1977 through <br>
1984 are presented. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>72. <br>
Donoghue-E. Drug problem: An Irish response. . 12th World Conference on Health <br>
Education, Dublin, Ireland: 1 Sep - 6 Sep 1986. 16 p. . <br>
The prevalence of substance abuse in Ireland is outlined. The recent increase in <br>
the abuse of heroin is highlighted. Some of the major activities which occurred <br>
in an effort to contain this problem and to educate the public about the problem <br>
are presented. Some major research findings with regard to educational <br>
approaches are considered in evaluating the recent Irish response to the alcohol <br>
and drug problem. It is contended that health promotion programs generally are <br>
as important in preventing drug abuse as specific programs in drug education. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>73. <br>
Felsted-C-M-Ed. Youth and alcohol abuse: Readings and resources. . Phoenix, AZ: <br>
Oryx Press, 1986. 219 p. . <br>
A wide selection of readings in the alcoholism field are offered. An overview of <br>
teenage drinking and familial and societal influences in youthful drinking are <br>
explored. Approaches to the problem of abuse ( including detection, education, <br>
treatment, and prevention) are reviewed. Issues of current concern --children of <br>
alcoholic parents and teenage drunk driving --are focused upon. A variety of <br>
resources for parents, educators, counselors, and community leaders and a <br>
listing of recommended readings, organizations, and publishers are provided. <br>
Included in the appendices are two items useful for classroom awareness <br>
activities: &quot;How Do You Say 'No' to a Drink?&quot; and &quot; So You Know All About <br>
Alcohol: A Self-Test.&quot; Charts from the most recent National Survey on Drug Abuse <br>
provide data on prevalences of alcohol use by teenagers compared to that of <br>
other drugs. 186 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>74. <br>
Fleming-L; Pennington-P-S; Filanowski-M-A. Drug and alcohol treatment trend <br>
report. . Feb 1986. 44 p. . <br>
Results of treatment admission data reported for drug and alcohol abuse <br>
throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are presented. The data is presented <br>
in both tabular and graphic form. Data analysis annotates those trends which <br>
have had an impact on the treatment delivery system. Graphs describe the time <br>
period from January 1978 to June 1985. Tables summarize admission to treatment <br>
on quarterly and annual bases, first with regard to substance of abuse and <br>
demographic variables, then according to short-term activity/approaches and <br>
long-term activity/ approaches. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>75. <br>
Gallup-G. Teens see alcohol/drug abuse as their top problems. . Alcoholism &amp; <br>
Addiction Magazine, 6(4):13, 1986. . <br>
Based on recent Gallup Youth Surveys, the short term prospects for overcoming <br>
youthful alcohol and drug abuse appear to be dim. This is due to the pressures <br>
of the modern world, disrupted homes, and high youth unemployment. However, <br>
there is evidence that drinking and driving is declining and that teens of both <br>
sexes want to be physically fit. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>76. <br>
Godfrey-C; Hardman-G; Maynard-A. Data note: 2. Measuring U.K. alcohol and <br>
tobacco consumption. . British Journal of Addiction, 81(2):287-293, 1986. . <br>
Consumption data for 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975 to 1984 are presented and some <br>
of the problems of their interpretation are discussed. Differences in trends are <br>
also considered. Major consumption measures discussed include expenditure, <br>
price, and volume. It is argued that appropriate consumption measures to use <br>
vary with the objective being discussed. However, these measures may complement <br>
each other and, therefore, it may be better to consider more than one. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>77. <br>
Grant-B-F; Zobeck-T-S. Liver cirrhosis mortality in the United States, <br>
1970-1983. Surveillance report #3. . Surveillance Report Series, Nov 1986. 55 p. <br>
. <br>
Liver cirrhosis mortality statistics are presented for the United States, <br>
providing its pattern of occurrence by race, sex, and age. Information is <br>
divided as follows: (1) deaths; (2) age-adjusted death rates; (3) age-specific <br>
death rates; (4) deaths, ICD subtypes of liver cirrhosis; (5) age-adjusted death <br>
rates, ICD subtypes of liver cirrhosis; and (6) age-specific death rates, ICD <br>
subtypes of liver cirrhosis. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>78. <br>
Grove-V-E. Alcohol and the driver. . Texas Medicine, 82(9):5, 1986. . <br>
The findings of a 1986 report of the Council on Scientific Affairs of the <br>
American Medical Association (AMA) are provided. The report is a summary of 50 <br>
years of study of alcohol-related automobile crashes. Helpful countermeasures <br>
are identified and AMA recommendations are reviewed. 1 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>79. <br>
Hedin-C. Native Americans and alcoholism: Selected program data and health <br>
statistics 1983-1985. . Jul 1986. 44 p. . <br>
This report contains data on American Indians, i.e., population and birth rates, <br>
alcoholism client treatment statistics, inpatient facilities, Albuquerque <br>
alcoholism staffing, injuries and leading causes of death, Indian Health Service <br>
(IHS) alcohol-related data and information, alcohol prohibition, and <br>
unemployment rates for Native Americans. The appendices contain information on: <br>
State FY 1974 Indian alcoholism funds, nutrition and alcohol activities, the <br>
public health model, a map of Albuquerque area Indian reservations, and <br>
Albuquerque area IHS-funded alcoholism programs. The number of clients receiving <br>
treatment fluctuates throughout the year. The programs rely heavily on <br>
Alcoholics Anonymous for assistance. The detoxification facilties have bed space <br>
for 179 individuals. This bed space is not only for the Indian population but <br>
for the whole vicinity. The length of stay for detoxification services varied <br>
from 48 hours to 14 days depending on program policy, patient condition, <br>
funding, and demand for space. There were 12,182 injuries of which 1548 were <br>
alcohol related. In 1982, 60 percent of the injuries related to suicide were <br>
alcohol related. The Indian Health Service is attempting to instrument methods <br>
in further identifying fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects children. <br>
Emphasis will be placed on prenatal screening for chemical abuse problems, <br>
referral and followup services. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>80. <br>
Hilton-M-E. Drinking patterns and Drinking problems in 1984: Results for a <br>
general population survey. . 15 Jul 1986. 27 p. . <br>
Findings on alcohol consumption and alcohol problems from a 1984 general <br>
population survey are presented and compared to previous survey findings. <br>
Eighteen percent of all men and five percent of all women were classified as <br>
frequent drinkers, and six percent of all men drinkers and two percent of all <br>
women drinkers reported that they got drunk as often as once per week or more. A <br>
system for measuring drinking problems is presented and explained. As when <br>
interpreting any system of measuring drinking problems in a general population <br>
survey, readers must be aware that the resulting prevalence rates are strongly <br>
influenced by arbitrary decisions about where cutpoints should be drawn. With <br>
this caveat in mind, the results show that nine percent of men drinkers and four <br>
percent of women drinkers reported problematic drinking behavior at what is <br>
defined as a moderate level of severity. The age sex distributions of drinking, <br>
heavy drinking, intoxication, and drinking problems were as expected, with <br>
greater proportions of men than women reporting these things and greater <br>
proportions of younger than older drinkers reporting them. 23 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>81. <br>
Horgan-M-M; Sparrow-M-D; Brazeau-R. International survey: Alcoholic beverage <br>
taxation and control policies. Sixth edition. . 1986. 563 p. . <br>
A survey of international alcoholic beverage control policies (achieved through <br>
legislative or regulatory means) is presented. Taxation of alcoholic beverages, <br>
in terms of method, rate and weight per unit of alcohol, is also discussed. <br>
Information is also provided on drinking patterns, types of beverages consumed, <br>
the extent and perception of alcoholic beverage misuse, and miminum legal <br>
drinking ages. Countries surveyed include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, <br>
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, <br>
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, <br>
Sweden, Switzerland, the USSR, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West <br>
Germany. 195 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>82. <br>
James-W-S. Social change and the drinking age. . Journal of the Medical <br>
Association of Georgia, 75(11):652-653, 1986. . <br>
On July 17, 1984 President Reagon signed into law a national uniform drinking <br>
age of 21 in an effort to decrease alcohol-related highway deaths of youth. <br>
Statistics are provided on alcohol-related fatalities among teenagers. Under the <br>
new law, funds for education will be available, as will funds for helping with <br>
treatment and rehabilitation programs for convicted drunk drivers. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>83. <br>
Kincannon-J-C. MACH: Minnesota assessment of chemical health. Users manual. . <br>
Jan 1986. Mach software and manual. . <br>
The Minnesota Assessment of Chemical Health (MACH) is a software program <br>
designed to help the professional in the process of chemical health assessment. <br>
Its foundation is the established criteria from the following assessment <br>
instruments: (1) DSM-III; (2) Blue Cross/ Blue Shield of Minnesota; (3) <br>
Foundation for Health Care Evaluation; (4) MAST; and (5) the interview portion <br>
of the Mortimer-Filkins Court Procedure for Identifying Problem Drinkers. MACH <br>
incorporates each of these assessment instruments. It also contains three <br>
instruments unique to MACH: (1) MACH Referral Grid; (2) MACH Assessment Matrix; <br>
and (3) MACH Summary for Generation of an Individualized Action Plan. MACH has <br>
three parts: (1) patterns of drug use and issues involving family and friends; <br>
(2) questions about job, homemaking, schooling, leisure time use, and medical <br>
and legal problems; and (3) the interpretations of data collected in the first <br>
two parts. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>84. <br>
Korcok-M. Waging the war against alcohol abuse. . Canadian Medical Association <br>
Journal, 134(12):1401-1404, 1986. . <br>
Inpatient versus outpatient treatment for alcoholics is discussed. Alcoholics <br>
who are married, employed, socially stable, and who have experienced only a few <br>
years of drinking can be treated in a day clinic setting, with appropriate <br>
medication and the support of family and friends. There are also cost advantages <br>
to outpatient treatment. Inpatient programs offering three-to four-week <br>
multimodal programs occupy a substantial segment of the alcoholism treatment <br>
business. Studies have shown, however, that the great majority of alcoholics <br>
seeking treatment can be detoxified in non-hospital based units and that <br>
detoxification pharmacotherapy on an ambulatory basis is a safe alternative at <br>
one tenth the cost. Further, alcoholics who join Alcoholics Anonymous during or <br>
after treatment do have better results. It is argued that, despite the attention <br>
given to diagnosis, intervention, and the treatment of alcoholism, prevention is <br>
the most efficient way to combat the disease. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>85. <br>
Koskenvuo-M; Karpio-J; Lonnqvist-J; Sarna-S. Social factors and the gender <br>
difference in mortality. . Social Science and Medicine, 23(6):605-609, 1986. . <br>
The effect of social factors on the male/female difference in mortality in <br>
Finland was studied by comparing age-adjusted mortality of males and females by <br>
social class and marital status. Death certificates for the years 1969-71 and <br>
census data for 1970 for 25 to 64 year olds were analyzed. The greatest gender <br>
difference from violent causes was found in accidental poisonings and drownings, <br>
and from natural causes in mental disorders, mainly alcoholism, and in ischemic <br>
heart disease. The gender difference was most prominent in unskilled workers, <br>
divorced and widowed, and less prominent in married and upper professionals. The <br>
great variation of gender difference of mortality by social class and marital <br>
status seems to indicate that mortality difference between males and females is <br>
associated to external factors rather than biological differences between men <br>
and women. 27 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>86. <br>
Kotulak-R. Today's adolescents dealing with different choices and greater risks. <br>
. Chicago Tribune, 7 Dec 1986. 3 p. . <br>
Statistics are presented concerning adolescent suicide, drug use, and affective <br>
disorders. It is suggested that, with the increasing affluence of most families, <br>
extra income from younger members became unneccessary. Also, parents could <br>
afford more education for their children. One result was that schools assumed a <br>
major responsibility for the upbringing of children. A second was prolonged <br>
adolescence with fewer responsibilities. Adolescents today make choices <br>
concerning drug and alcohol use, sex, and violent behavior before they are <br>
mature enough to do so. Too many adolescents are lacking the sense that there is <br>
a purposeful role for them to play. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>87. <br>
Kozicki-Z-A. Why do adolescents use substances (drugs/alcohol). . Journal of <br>
Alcohol and Drug Education, 32(1):1-7, 1986. . <br>
Substance use among adolescents has increased dramatically since 1960. Males <br>
typically have a higher incidence of substance abuse problems. Adolescents are <br>
inclined to use more than one drug. Numerous behavioral problems are associated <br>
with substance abuse. Substance use and its subsequent abuse is a learned <br>
process. Developmental factors affect this learning process. Parental influence <br>
significantly influences substance use and abuse patterns in adolescents. <br>
Adolescents use substances because of peer pressure, to express their <br>
individuality through rebellion, as a method of coping with personality <br>
conflicts, and to become excited. Heroin, marijuana, amphetamines, barbiturates, <br>
methaqualone, tranquilizers, alcohol, and tobacco are among the most popular <br>
drugs used by adolescents. 27 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>88. <br>
Krizay-J; Carels-E-J. Fifty billion dollar drain: Alcohol, drugs and the high <br>
cost of insurance. . Irvine, CA:Care Institute, 1986. 81 p. . <br>
Discussion is presented on the various ways in which alcohol and drug abuse <br>
contributed to the $424 billion Americans paid for insurance of all types in <br>
1985. Based on studies reviewed, incidents identified where alcohol or drugs <br>
played a role amounted to $50.7 billion in insurance losses. It is suggested <br>
that, in the long run, alcohol abuse will prove the more intractable of the two <br>
problems. Five percent of the population consumes half of all alcoholic <br>
beverages; these are people who consume ten or more drinks per day. Another ten <br>
percent consumes three or more drinks per day. It was concluded that opening <br>
avenues to treatment facilities probably constitutes the best hope of moderating <br>
the risks to self and society for alcohol and drug abusers. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>89. <br>
Lester-D; Parilis-G. Personality correlates of the use of marihuana, tobacco and <br>
beer. . Psychological Reports, 59(2):414, 1986. . <br>
It was found that recreational marijuana users had higher intenting and <br>
preceiving scores on the Kursey-Bates inventory than did nonusers. To explore <br>
these associations further, a similar questionnaire was given anonymously to 29 <br>
female and 40 male college students, aged 17 to 23 years, with a mean age of <br>
20.3 years. Current use of beer was not related to tobacco or marijuana use; use <br>
of tobacco was related to marijuana use. Scores on the personality test were not <br>
related to the use of beer. 2 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>90. <br>
Makela-K. Attitudes towards drinking and drunkenness in four Scandinavian <br>
countries. . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 472:21-32, 1986. . <br>
Drinking cultures are discussed over time as part of a comparative survey of <br>
drinking in Scandinavia. One of the aims of the project is to compare the <br>
interactions of drinking behaviors and the consequences of drinking in various <br>
structural and cultural settings. Attitudes towards drinking and drunkenness <br>
were examined to describe the cultural climate prevailing in each of four <br>
Scandinavian countries as one crucial factor affecting personal experiences <br>
related to drinking. 18 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>91. <br>
Marshall-R-L. Alcohol and highway traffic safety efforts in the United States. . <br>
Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 3(2):5-24, 1986. . <br>
Since 1923 when motor vehicle accident statistics were first recorded by the <br>
National Safety Council, there has been a steady reduction in the motor vehicle <br>
death rate. Since 1966 when the Highway Safety Act was enacted, the reduction in <br>
the death rate has greatly increased, or nearly doubled, compared to the 16 <br>
years prior to the passage of the Highway Safety Act. Members of the Alliance <br>
for Traffic Safety believe that this incresed reduction in the motor vehicle <br>
death rate since 1966 was due, at least in part, to the development of a <br>
comprehensive balanced highway traffic safety program or a systems approach. The <br>
role of the Alliance for Traffic Safety and the statistical data base related to <br>
highway traffic safety are reviewed and recommendations are offered for <br>
improving efforts in highway safety from a systems approach. 22 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>92. <br>
Maxwell-J-D. Accuracy of death certification for alcoholic liver disease. . <br>
British Journal of Addiction, 81(2):168-169, 1986. . <br>
Alcoholic liver disease is now firmly established as a major cause of illness <br>
and death in many industrial countries. However, statistics suggest that England <br>
and Wales have been bypassed by this epidemic -- only 696 alcoholic cirrhosis <br>
deaths were reported for 1983. Clinical experience suggests this is a <br>
considerable underestimate. Inacurate or incomplete death certifications are <br>
cited as the cause of the apparently low death rate of alcoholic liver disease <br>
in England and Wales. Reasons for the inaccuracies are discussed. Various <br>
alcohol- related mortality studies are discussed briefly. 10 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>93. <br>
Mercer-G-W. Contributing factors to casualty motor vehicle crashes in British <br>
Columbia, 1984. . In: G.W. Mercer, Counterattack: Traffic Research Papers. 1985, <br>
Feb 1986. 190 p. (pp. 161-166). . <br>
Statistics are presented for the contributing causes of traffic accidents in <br>
British Columbia. The statistics are for the various provinces and indicate the <br>
number of crashes, percentage that are alcohol-related, percentage of drivers <br>
without due care, percentage of drivers at an unsafe speed, percentage that <br>
failed to yield, percentage due to weather, percentage that follow too closely, <br>
and the percentage that are vehiclar fault. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>94. <br>
Miller-B-A; Welte-J-W. Comparisons of incarcerated offenders according to use of <br>
alcohol and/ or drugs prior to offense. . Criminal Justice and Behavior, <br>
13(4):366-392, 1986. . <br>
Using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, comparisons are made between <br>
incarcerated and sentenced offenders who used drugs only, alcohol only, both <br>
drugs and alcohol, and neither drugs nor alcohol prior to the offense. Alcohol <br>
and/or drug use prior to the offense is reported by 60 percent of the offenders. <br>
Offenders who used alcohol only make up the largest group among those who used <br>
drugs and/or alcohol. The group represents young offenders who are extensively <br>
involved in psychoactive substances, exceeding all other groups. The emergence <br>
of this group may signify a trend toward more psychoactive substance use among <br>
offender groups and, as such, warrants further investigation. Since existing <br>
theoretical explanations focus on either the alcohol-crime or the drug-crime <br>
nexus, new theoretical explantions focusing on a alcohol-drug-crime nexus need <br>
development. Finally, information on the alcohol and drug offender group <br>
suggests that intervention strategies must consider multiple drug use and the <br>
special characteristics of offenders with these problems. 42 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>95. <br>
Modonutti-G-B; Benussi-G; Daris-F; Gasparini-V. Baseline data: Alcoholism in <br>
Friuli - Venezia Giulia. . Alcoholism: Journal on Alcoholism and Related <br>
Addictions, 22(1):73-76, 1986 . <br>
Alcoholism is the third cause of death in Friuli -Venezia Guilia, Italy. <br>
Abundant production and a high rate of consumption account for this fact. <br>
Alcohol-related pathology is a high magnitude problem as well. 6 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>96. <br>
Nakao-K; Milazzo-Sayre-L-J; Rosenstein-M-J; Manderscheid-R-W. Referral patterns <br>
to and from inpatient psychiatric services: A social network approach. . <br>
American Journal of Public Health, 76(7):755-760, 1986. . <br>
Interorganizational linkages have become more important for mental health <br>
service systems in the past three decades because of increased levels of <br>
complexity in service delivery patterns. This analysis examines these linkages <br>
from a relational perspective, using the network of patient referral patterns as <br>
the basic unit. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to discern patterns of <br>
interorganizational linkages in national patient referral data collected by the <br>
National Institute of Mental Health in 1975 and 1980 for patient samples from <br>
inpatient psychiatric services of state and county mental hospitals, private <br>
psychiatric hospitals, and public and nonpublic general hospitals. The MDS <br>
techniques distinguish two structural characteristics of the interorganizational <br>
linkages of the psychiatric inpatient services--public vs. private services and <br>
drift over time in referral patterns. Public and private inpatient psychiatric <br>
services are differentiated principally in terms of degree of interaction with <br>
legal agencies and private practice psychiatrists. Overall, public inpatient <br>
psychiatric services have more contact with legal agencies, while private <br>
services have more contact with private psychiatrists. A correlation does occur <br>
for referral to alcohol treatment organizations; a slightly higher percentage of <br>
referrals were made to such settings by State and county mental hospitals. <br>
Chronological change in referral patterns is characterized principally by <br>
changes in the degree of interaction with other inpatient or outpatient <br>
psychiatric services. It is concluded that the MDS approach has considerable <br>
potential for future research on the structure of organized mental health <br>
service delivery systems. 7 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>97. <br>
Noble-E-P. Prevention by and for all to make a safer future. . Bottom Line on <br>
Alcohol in Society, 7(3):6-10, 1986. . <br>
In 1977, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism proposed a <br>
prevention program based on the public health model. The model included three <br>
key elements: (1) the host, (2) the agent, and (3) the environment. This plan <br>
was to reduce both the supply and the demand for alcohol. Policies for the <br>
control of alcohol availability are necessary and viable components for <br>
effective prevention of alcohol problems. Statistics concerning morbidity and <br>
mortality related to alcohol use and abuse are presented. Of all prevention <br>
measures, regulating the supply of alcoholic beverages is the most direct and <br>
effective means of dealing with alcohol consumption and its associated harms, <br>
and one of the most effective ways of controlling supply is through pricing and <br>
taxation. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>98. <br>
Pape-P-A. Women and alcohol: The disgraceful discrepancy. . EAP Digest, <br>
6(6):49-53, 1986. . <br>
In 1980, 47 percent of those employed in the US were women, 12 percent are heavy <br>
drinkers and alcoholism is the third leading cause of death in women between the <br>
ages of 35 and 55. Many people do not realize that alcoholism for women is <br>
different and often deadlier than for men. There is a need for employee <br>
assistance programs to help women that are addicted to alcohol. A major way to <br>
increase referrals of females involves program design and implementation. Broad <br>
bush programs seem to be more successful than traditional occupational <br>
alcoholism programs in reaching female employees. It is suggested that female <br>
alcoholics remain undetected and untreated due to behavioral differences in <br>
female alcoholics and gender related deficiences in the process used to identify <br>
and treat alcoholism. The task of correcting the problem will require <br>
modification of current employee assistance program assessment procedures, <br>
including bettermodels of referral and improved supervisory training. An <br>
increase in the number of female employee assistance program counselors and <br>
administrators will also help to bring about the needed change. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>99. <br>
Platt-S-D; Duffy-J-C. Social and clinical correlates of unemployment in two <br>
cohorts of male parasuicides. . Social Psychiatry, 21(1):17-24, 1986. . <br>
The association between employment status and selected characteristics was <br>
measured in two cohorts of economically active male parasuicides in Edinburgh, <br>
Scotland during the periods of 1961 to 1971 and 1980 to 1983. The unemployed <br>
were found to report more problems on a number of clinical and social variables <br>
compared to those who were employed. The incidence of future suicide did not <br>
differ between employment groups. The unemployed were more likely to be <br>
unmarried, to live alone or in institutions, to have experienced an early <br>
separation from their mother, to have received psychiatric treatment, to be <br>
given a diagnosis of abnormal personality, to have a criminal record, to be in <br>
serious debt, and to misuse drugs habitually. The correlates of unemployment in <br>
this population appeared to be unaffected by the prevailing economic climate. <br>
The limitations of the study design preclude a choice between alternative self <br>
selection and causal models of the relationshipo between unemployment and <br>
parasuicide. 14 Ref. <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>

<p>100. <br>
Prugh-T. Alcohol, spirituality, and recovery. . Alcohol Health and Research <br>
World, 10(2):28-31,53, 1986. . <br>
The relationship between alcoholism and spirituality is examined. The link of <br>
spirituality to recovery from alcoholism is shown. The component parts of <br>
spirituality are outlined. Spiritual values can help an alcoholic deal with a <br>
lifetime of negative experiences. Sobriety is often accomplished through <br>
spiritual means such as prayers and devotion. It is contended that spiritual <br>
experiences must be received and integrated into an alcoholic's life to achieve <br>
this sobriety. 10 Ref. <br>
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