5. - Coastal Area Management Adjuncts:

   The following sections deal with various institutional arrangements 
which are considered integral parts of ICAM.

5.1 - Interagency, Regional and International Cooperation.

     Aware of Aesop's "In union there is strength," former British, French and 
Dutch dependencies have repeatedly tried  to form various unions or cooperative 
arrangements. Even if such unions proved less successful in purely political or 
economic arenas, better results may be auspicated for communal aspects of the 
marine environmental domain. Because smaller islands are less likely to 
have the financial and managerial resources which larger nations can bring to 
bear on improving prediction capability and emergency preparedness for earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and tsunami, they would gain considerable benefit 
from cooperative efforts.  Similarly, contingency plans and cleanup operations for 
spills of oil and toxic wastes are often beyond the scope of one small nation and 
are best handled on a regional or even international basis.

     Following is a dozen of the main agencies which have been actively 
involved in ICAM and related issues:



1.the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).


2.the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 
which donated $12.5 M to provide road access to St. Kitt's Southeast Peninsula.


3.the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), which provided patrol vessels and a new 
Coast Guard facility at Point Galeota (May 29, 1995) in Trinidad, for a complete 
donation value of US $2.7M, primarily to aid in drug interception, but also 
available for other CG missions and responsibilities. 

4.the Organization of East Caribbean States (OECS), which conducted a Natural
Resources Management Demonstration Project on St. Vincent. According to an earlier
pronouncement of the OECS, "... it was intended to establish, within the OECS, 
a pool of experts in a variety of fields who will be available to all seven 
territories. (Commonwealth Currents, June 1981).

5.the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), which joined in 1977 with 
UNEP to coordinate the Action Plan for the Caribbean Environmental Programme, 
(CEP) which was subsequently adopted in Jamaica in April, 1981.

6.the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) provided support in 1991 for a 
Coastal Conservation Feasibility Study and Institutional Strengthening on 
Barbados leading to the preparation of an Integrated Program of Coastal Zone 
Management.

7.CARICOM, which established the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI) 
in St. Lucia in 1981 which is active in marine pollution research and monitoring.

8.the Intergovernmental Maritime Organization (IMO), which is responsible for a
variety of protocols on marine pollution, oil tankers and safety. Recently, it 
became the lead agency in the UN $5.5M Wider Caribbean Initiative for Ship- 
Generated Waste (WCISW) based in Trinidad with the UNDP.

9.the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) funded and provided experts to 
the Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA) in Trinidad and Tobago in the 1970's and 
early 1980's, including in the fields of ICAM, coastal engineering and marine 
pollution.

10.the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which is the lead agency in 
the Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) and which maintains its Caribbean 
Regional Coordinating Unit (RCU) in Kingston, Jamaica.  Its many activities include
participation and leadership, through its very successful Regional Seas Programme, 
in the International Coral Reefs Initiative (ICRI), the Commission on Sustainable 
Development (CSD), the Biodiversity Convention, the Global Programme of Action to 
Protect the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities,and the 
Tropical Americas Agenda for Action, which has an emphasis on enhanced regional 
cooperation in (ICAM). It also publishes the very useful "CEPNEWS" trilingual 
newsletter.


11.UNESCO's International Oceanographic Commission's , which started the CARIPOL 
project focused on oil pollution monitoring and marine debris surveys in the late 
1970's and early 1980's, then joined with UNEP-CAR-RCU to establish CEPPOL and the
Caribbean Marine Pollution Assessment and Control Programme in 1990 and finalized 
its Marine Debris/Waste Management Action Plan in 1994 (IOC-Tech. Series No. 41).
Presently, IOCARIBE supports research IMA on coastal currents and modelling of oil 
spill trajectories and development of a crude oil finger printing databank.
It was or is also involved in pilot studies on pesticides in the coastal environment
of Jamaica; in the much-needed strengthening of the regional network of tide gauges 
Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti); and in the planning and organizing of two workshops on 
Coastal Area Management in 1995, in cooperation with The World Bank. 
In 1993, IOCARIBE organized a Workshop on Small Island Oceanography in relation to 
Sustainable Economic Development and Coastal Area Management of Small Island 
Developing States (SIDS) in Fort de France, Martinique.
Two relevant quotes from the Proceedings of this workshop follow: 
"It is clear from the lack of participants from small island states at
the Workshop that one of the most important issues is to develop 
training, education, and mutual assistance programmes for SIDS scientists
and administrators" and "it is proposed that a stronger link should 
be forged between the regional research institutions and the professionals
on the ground within governments who are implementing ICZM" 
(IOC Workshop Report No. 97).

12.Last, but not least, The World Bank which has undergone a significant change of 
emphasis in its policies and priorities and is an active funder and cooperating Agency
in a variety of ICAM related projects.
In 1995, The Bank approved a US $6.25M loan to Trinidad and Tobago to help establish an
environmental agency to be responsible for the legal and regulatory framework covering 
all aspects of the environment. Total project cost amounts to $10.5M.
In addition, the Bank provided US $12M of the total US $5lM project cost for a solid 
waste management program (including port reception facilities for ship-generated waste)
in the OECS countries, and an additional US $12.5 grant for Ship-Generated Waste 
Management from the Global Environment Trust Fund of the Global Environment Facility 
managed by The Bank.(The World Bank, Sept. 1995).
Furthermore,  The Bank is one of the coauthors of the four volume report on Marine 
Protected Areas (Great Barrier Reef Authority et al.,1995). 
 The Bank also funded an important non-formal paper entitled: 
"Coastal Zone Management: Case Studies from the Caribbean" (Cambers, 1992).