Index
Comparison of Structured files
Record Management Functions Summary
what are audited and non-audited
tables?
Remote
Database Facility (RDF)
Safeguard security management
facility
Program Compilation and Execution
Configuring the PATHMON Environment
Cutting and Pasting/Deleting text
Moving the Cursor Within the File
Moving the Cursor Around the
Screen
Searching for Text or Characters
Manipulating Character/Line
Formatting
G-Series Highlights and Migration Planning Guide
TAL is single pass, high level, block structured language that
works efficiently
with the system hardware to provide optimal object program
performance.
|
Data Type |
Description |
|
STRING |
8-bit integer byte |
|
INT, INT(16) |
16-bit integer word |
|
INT(32) |
32-bit integer double word |
|
FIXED, INT(64) |
64-bit fixed point quadruple word |
|
REAL, REAL(32) |
32-bit floating point double word |
|
REAL(64) |
64-bit floating point quadruple word |
|
UNSIGNED(n) |
n-bit field, where 1 <= n <= 31 |
To convert word address to byte address use left shift e.g.
int var;
string .var_ptr := @var '<<' 1;
When you initialize int with string then compiler allocated byte in the left and keep right vacant
but when you assign it does reverse.
REAL has E while REAL(64) has L. e.g.
REAL -17.2E-1
REAL(64) -17.2L-1
when you specify the unsigned variable you must do it as below
UNSIGNED(5) bit_var;
You cannot initialize UNSIGNED variable when you declare it.
Compare Literals and Defines:
Literal declaration associated identifier with constant values
while define
Associates identifier with text.
No Storage for literals and defines.
e.g.
Literal a, here a
is assigned 0, b assigned 1and c 2.
b,
c;
DEFINE increment (x) = x := x +1 #;
Define declarations are not invoked when
1. Within comment
2. Within char
string constant.
3. On the left side
of declaration.
For e.g. following DEFINE y will invoke but not x
int x:= y;
Thus Literal is named CONSTANT and define is named TEXT.
ARRAY:
You cannot initialize extended indirect local arrays or UNSIGNED
arrays.
ReadOnlyArray: Allocates storage in user code segment.
They are sometimes
Referred as P-relative array because they are addressed using
program counter
(P-register). As code segment have no primary & secondary
areas, read only
array must be direct. You must initialize read-only arrays.
UNSIGNED read-only
arrays are not allowed because they cannot be initialized.
STRING prompt = 'P' := ["Enter Character: ",0];
INT error = 'P':= ["INCORRECT INPUT"];
Declaration of array:
INT b_array[0:19]; UNSIGNED (1) flags[0:15]
We declare extended array as INT .ext
Global primary area: 256 words
Local primary area: 128 words
Total of primary & secondary area = 32K words.
When you use . symbol then variable is stored in secondary area.
Sub-local area has no secondary area; so sub-local array cannot be
indirect.
Initialize array:
int .numbers[0:6] := [1,2,3,4,5,6,7];
Local extended arrays cannot be initialized.
When you declare Standard Indirect Array, compiler allocates
1. Word of storage
in global (local) primary area of user data segment for implicit pointer.
2. Then allocates
space for array in global (local) secondary area.
3. Initialize
pointer in step 1 with 16-bit address of array.
When you declare Extended Indirect Array, compiler allocates
1. Double-word of storage
in global (local) primary area of user data segment
for implicit pointer.
2. Then allocates space
for array in automatic extended segment.
3. Initialize pointer in
step 1 with 32-bit address of array.
Copying from one array to another:
new_Array[0] ':=' old_array[0] FOR byte_count BYTES.
Compiler does standard move and returns 16 bit next address if
both arrays have byte address or both arrays have word address.
It returns 32 bit address if one array has byte and other has word
or
either array has extended address.
Comparisons are unsigned whether u use signed or unsigned.
signed = < > <= >= <>
unsigned '='. '<', '>'. '<='. '>='. '<>'
***IMP** The move statement treats negative number as UNSIGNED so
make sure that
no negative number is there. Number such as -1 is treated as
65535.
STRUCTURES:
Definition: Describes structure layout and allocated storage.
Template: Describes structure layout but no storage.
Referral: allocated storage for previously declared structure.
Structure declared in subproc must be direct. Large structure
should be used
with .ext, e.g.
struct .ext inventory[0:1999]
begin
int item;
int quantity;
fixed(2) price;
end;
Template should be defined as below
struct inventory(*);
BEGIN
int item;
int price;
END;
Referral:
struct .customer(inventory) [1:49];
Structure elements:
You cannot initialize array when declared as structure element.
INDEX of standard indirect structures must be a signed INT exp.
while
index of extended indirect structures must be a signed INT or
INT(32)
depending upon offset.
To copy structures use
d_struct ':=' s_struct FOR elements
If you use BLOCK declaration then u must NAME the compilation
unit.
If the current compilation unit has private block declaration ,
then NAME
identifier has global scope among all the compilation units. No
other
compilation unit in the target file can use the same identifier at
the global
level. If the current compilation unit has no private block, then
identifier has
global scope within current compilation only.
NAME - UNBLOCKED GLOBAL DATA--- BLOCKED GLOBAL DATA -PROC DEC.
Statements:
ASSERT : conditionally invokes the procs defined in ASSERTION
directive.
?ASSERTION 5, PROCESS_DEBUG
ASSERT 10 :$CARRY
Move statement:
array[0] ':=' num * [" "] -> @next_addr;
SCAN statement:
SCAN byte_ptr[0] UNTIL "," ;
IF $CARRY is true after SCAN UNTIL then test char doesn't found.
IF $CARRY
is true after SCAN WHILE then char other than test char not found.
STACK statement:
loads values into the register stack.
STORE statement:
removes values from the register stack.
PRIVILEGED PROCEDURES:
The following types of procs executes in privileged mode.
CALLABLE or PRIV proc:
A nonpriv procedure that is called by a CALLABLE or PRIV
procedures.
proc submain CALLABLE;
begin
end;
Only procedures that operates in privileged mode, can access
system global data.
IF ... then
ELSE
CASE area_code OF
BEGIN
408,415->
location := bay_area;
213,308->
location := los_angeles;
OTHERWISE->
location := elsewhere;
END;
While loop tests condition for each iteration, if condition is false
it stops executing.
WHILE item < len DO
BEGIN
array[item] := 0;
item := item +1;
END;
DO loop executes till condition is false.
DO
BEGIN
i:= i+1;
END
UNTIL i>6;
FOR index := 0 TO limit DO
array[index] := o;
FOR index := 0 TO limit BY 5 DO
...
Sharing data in mixed language programming:
To share C global data with TAL routine:
1.
In C declare global data compatible with TAL type.
2.
In TAL module declare pointers to the above data using C
compatible type.
3.
In TAL, write module to which C can pass address of the shared
data.
4.
In TAL module, initialize pointers with the address send by C.
5.
Use pointers to access C data.
C code
#include <stdio.h>
short arr[5]; /* data to
be shared */
char charr[5]; /* data to
be shared */
_tal void INIT_TAL_PTR(exptr short *, exptr char *);
main()
{
INIT_TAL_PTR( &arr[0],
&charr[0]);
}
TAL code
INT .ext tal_int_ptr;
-- pointers to above data
STRING .ext tal_string_ptr;
-- pointers to above data
PROC INTI_TAL_PTR(c_addr1, c_addr2);
INT.ext c_addr1 ;
STRING .ext c_addr2;
BEGIN
@tal_int_ptr := c_addr1;
@tal_string_ptr := c_addr2;
END;
To share TAL global data with C routine:
1.
In TAL declare global data compatible with TAL type.
2.
In C module declare pointers to the above data using TAL
compatible type.
3.
In C, write module to which TAL can pass address of the shared
data.
4.
In C module, initialize pointers with the address send by TAL.
5.
Use pointers to access TAL data.
TAL Code:
INT .EXT tal_inti_array[0:4];
! tal data to be shared with C
STRUCT .EXT tal_struct(rec);
INT PROC init_c_ptrs(tal_intptr, tal_charptr) language C;
INT .EXT tal_intptr;
Struct .ext tal_strptr;
EXTERNAL;
C Code:
short *c_int_ptr;
char *c_char_ptr;
short INIT_C_PTRS( short *tal_intptr, char *tal_charptr)
{
c_int_ptr = tal_intptr;
c_char_ptr = tal_charptr;
return 1;
}
Guidelines to use TAL with CRE:
1. Specify ENV
COMMON directive. SET any heap red by ?HEAP directive.
2. Include CRELIB,
TALLIB lib files.
3. USE
CRE_INITILISER, CRE_TERMINATOR etc.
4. Do not write data
to upper 32k word area directly.
5. When error occurs
CRE routine returns to TAL without doing any action so TAL routine must handle
error conditions.
Type Transfer:
$DBL : converts INT to INT(32)
$DBLL : INT to INT(32)
$INT : converts INT(32), REAL to INT
$DFIX : INT(32) to FIX.
$FIXD : FIX to INT(32)
$FIXI : FIX to INT
$EFLT : INT to REAL
$SCALE: Used to moves the decimal point in FIXED(fpoint)
expression.
Address transfer:
$XADR : standard to extended
$LADR : extended to standard
Character test:
$ALPHA, $NUMERIC, $SPECIAL
Minimum, max:
$LMIN, $LMAX : unsigned
$MIN, $MAX : signed
Carry & overflow:
$CARRY, $OVERFLOW
Variable:
$LEN,$OCCURS,$TYPE
Compiler Input:
?ABORT, ?SECTION,
?SOURCE: sources in code from the another input source file
Compiler Listing:
?CODE, ?LIST, ?PAGE, ?SUPPRESS
Diagnostic:
?ERRORFILE: logs compilation errors & warning to an error file so that u
can
fix the errors
using TACL FIXERRS macro. Errorfile is of code 106.
?ERRORS, ?RELOCATE ?WARN
Object File Content:
?SQL: Prepares for NonStop SQL statements
Conditional Compilation:
?DEFINETOG, ?ENDIF, ?IF, ?SETTOG, ?RESETTOG
Runtime Environment:
?DATAPAGES: Sets the size of the data area in the user data
segment.
?EXTENDSTACK: Increases the size of data stack in the user data
segment,
?HEAP: Sets the size of CRE user heap.
?HIGHPIN, ?SYMBOLS, ?SAVEABEND, ?INSPECT ,
Following directives accept filename as argument.
?ERRORFILE, ?LIBRARY, ?SAVEGLOBALS, ?SEARCH, ?SOURCE, ?USEGLOBALS
·
Error 57: symbol table overflow.
·
To remove symbols from object use STRIP <objname>.
Difference between proc & subproc:
·
Proc scope is global in program, subproc scope is local.
·
Proc can contain another subprocs, but subproc cannot contain
other subproc.
·
Procs are callable from anywhere in program, subprocs are callable
from proc only.
·
127 words for primary storage of procs, for subproc its 27 words.
·
Subproc don't have any secondary area.
To convert variable proc into extensible use keyword
EXTENSIBLE and specify the
number of parameters in variable procs. e.g.
proc msg ( a, b,c, new_param) EXTENSIBLE (3)
This specifies new_param has new param and 3 in original variable
proc.
Use $OPTIONAL for parameter checking.
·
Multitasking doing multiple tasks at a time in foreground and
background. Types are Context multitasking, time slicing, and co-operative.
·
During single tasking only one process is active at a time and
other are suspending but in multitasking all are active none is suspending
state.
·
Multitasking is a parallel processing where program makes use of
multiple CPUS built into hardware.
·
Multithreading: Internet explorer. Task divided into threads.
Program register: contains address of next instruction.
instruction register: contains currently executing instruction.
local: beginning address of local data area.
stack: address of last word allocated.
register stack: contains registers(RO-R7) that compiler
uses.
Environment: info about current process, RP
Direct: It uses 16-bit addressing. Requires only one reference. It’s not
absolute. It’s relative to the base of
global, local or sub-local. You can use this only in lower 32k area.
Standard indirect & extended indirect: Requires to 2
memory references. First
location that contains address and second that contains data.
Standard indirect is 16-bit addressing system. It’s byte or word
in
lower 32k and word in upper 32k. Extended is always 32-bit
addressing.
Managing Addresses:
You can use upper 32k word area of the current user data segment
if you are not using CRE. USE DATAPAGSES directive such as ?DATAPAGES 33.
To accesses word address in upper 32K area use standard 16-bit
pointer.
To access byte address use 32-bit extended pointer.
INT .std_ptr := %10000;
first 16-bit word address in UPPER 32k area.
INT .ext top_ptr := %20000D; first 32-bit byte address in UPPER
32K area.
Use $XADR to convert standard address into extended
address.
Int .std_ptr := %10000;
Int .ext ext_ptr;
@ext_ptr := $XADR(std_ptr);
Managing large block of memory:
LITERAL head_size = 19D;
INT .EXT poolhead := %20000D;
INT .EXT pool := %20000D + head_size;
INT .EXT block;
status := DEFINEPOOL(poolhead, pool, head_size);
@block := GETPOOL(poolhead, 1024D);
CALL PUTPOOL(poolhead, block);
Inspect for high level debugging.
source code debug., default decimal Debug for machine level debug,
address mode, m/c code , control program, default octal.
low level TRACE command differs slightly from high level TRACE.
HIGH level
command includes an entry for the current scope unit while low
level doesn't
Difference between low level inspect & debug:
low level inspect doesn't support DEBUG ALL parameter when setting
breakpoint,
Low level inspect allows to write output to disk file, debug to
non-disk file
such as spooler.
Debug allows you to modify code locations. You cannot modify code
location
with either low level or high level inspect.
Low level inspect displays address in extended mode while Debug
shows
in 16 bit word address.
execution by instruction by Instruction.
local system customization :INSPLOCL
personal customization :INSPCSTM
For debugging across network, expand link should be there, remote
password,
inspect should be started remotely.
High level: source level access, symbols should be included ,
default decimal
low-level: machine level access, no symbols required, default
octal.
Difference in command such as break, modify, trace.
Add source assign command enables u to inform inspect where to
find source file
when their location has changed.
To generate break point for specific time use
break #procname EVERY 10 TEMP 3, break #procname TEMP 5 etc..
THEN clause allows u to use list of command in " ". such
as
break #procname THEN "modify vara; resume"
break #procname EVERY 42 IF vara< 100
DISPLAY arr, display arr WHOLE gives array element in "
". display arr plane
shows element without array name.
FROM clause is used if we have two functions with the same name.
DEBUG:
For multiple code segment u must specify the code segment where
address is
located, as well as address.
UC :USERCODE SPACE, UL : user library
b #UC.1 means usercode space and segment #1.
Display VALUE clause is useful.
To show address use d (@var)
display x FORMAT (E10.4,
E10)
Info segment gives info about segment like
segid, length, description, Type, swapfile.
List alias AS COMMANDS.
Modifying strings: When u
modify string, new string cannot exceed 250 bytes, to avoid this modify string
in parts.
Use modify whole to modify the elements of array.
Set status line25 & set status scroll commands control the
information
Inspect displays in the event-message system.
show subproc scoping local | sublocal
Two types of Buffering/reading system:
1.
Cache buffering:
2.
Sequential block buffering:
block is physical I/O size between Guardian-90 and disk.
Cache buffering:
Record to be retrieved is searched in cache, if present moved to
application
process, if not then record is moved from disk to cache, and then
to application process.
If you read file sequentially, use SBB. This applies to READ ONLY
and not WRITE
With SBB entire block is returned from disk process to PFS.
Subsequent read is
done entirely by file system and no hardware disk access, no
communication with
disk and no environment changes, reduces I/O.
Dictionary maintenance.
1. Generating backup schema.
ddl
>?dict
<dict^name>
?source <source^outputfile>
output *
2.Adding new object to dict.
If new object has the same name as old one , ddl replaces the old
one with new one, but for new constant it gives error message.
?dict <dict^name>
?source <source^file>
3. Deleting object:
?dict <dict^name>
?delete <object^name>
For deleting reference object use OUTPUT UPDATE
<object^name>
4. Modifying object:
Modifying records, SPI TOKEN are easier as they are never
referenced by any other object.
5. Moving dictionary from one place to another.
Moving non-audited dictionary is simpler than audited.
USE FUP DUP, FUP ALTER to alter the alternate key file of dict.
e.g.
FUP DUP DICTKDF, $VOL.SUBVOL.*
VOLUME $VOL.SUBVOL
FUP ALTER DICTKDF, ALTFILE(0,DICTALT)
?DICT : creates AUDITED dict.
?DICTN: creates NON-AUDITED dict.
?DICTR: opens dict for READ-ONLY.
?TALBOUND command is useful for setting bounds..
?TALBOUND 1, ?TALBOUND 0
?talunderscore , converts hyphens into underscores, by default it
converts
into circumflex.
Compare TACL Routine & Macro:
·
Arguments in macro are substituted without check. each argument is
checked by position. Routine can check its argument type by #argument, and can
compute its own result.
·
Macro is used where limited need of validating argument is
required and no condition exists.
·
Routine can handle exceptions, check argument, and control flow of
program.
The Binder program is a
tool you can use to read, link, modify, and build executable object files. You
can bind C, COBOL85, Pascal and TAL object files, including SQL program files.
Follow the guild lines
when you bind SQL program files:
If you do not specify the RUNNABLE pragma
when you compile the a single-module program, you must explicitly use the
binder program to set this attribute in the object file, otherwise it does
automatically.
For a multiple-module
program, use the Binder program to combine the object code from each module
into a single executable object file.
You can run Binder
program from TACL prompt by BIND command.
Enscribe is a disc file architecture that is supported by the
GUARDIAN 90 file system, provides high-level access to records in a database.
Disk file Types:
·
Unstructured
·
Structured: key-sequenced, entry-sequenced and relative.
|
|
Key-Sequenced |
Entry-Sequenced |
Relative |
|
1 |
Records are ordered by the value in primary-key field. |
Records are in the order in which they are entered. |
Records are ordered by relative record number. |
|
2 |
Access is by primary or alternate key. |
Access is by record address or alternate key. |
Access is by record number or alternate key. |
|
3 |
Length of primary key varies. Key is actually part of
record. ENSCRIBE uses index blocks to locate primary key, which is stored in
record. |
Record address is primary key. Length: 4 bytes. ENSCRIBE uses record address to find physical location of record
in file. |
Record number is primary key. Length: 4 bytes. ENSCRIBE uses record number to perform calculation to find
physical location of record in file. |
|
4 |
Space occupied by a record depends on length specified when written. |
Space occupied by a record depends on length specified when
written. |
Space allowed per record is specified when the file is
created. |
|
5 |
Free space in block or at end of file is used for adding
records. |
Space at the end of file is used for adding records. |
Empty positions in file are used for adding records. |
|
6 |
Records can be deleted, shortened, or lengthened (within
the maximum size specified). |
Records cannot be deleted, shortened, or lengthened. |
Records can be deleted, shortened, or lengthened (within
the maximum size specified). |
|
7 |
Space freed by deleting or shortening a record can be reused. |
A record cannot be deleted, but its space can be used for
another record of the same size. |
Space freed by deleting a record can be reused. |
|
Function |
Procedure |
Description |
|
Delete |
WRITEUPDATE |
From Key-seq or relative as indicated by primary-key value. |
|
Find |
KEYPOSITION, POSITION |
|
|
Insert |
WRITE |
|
|
Lock |
LOCKREC, LOCKFILE, READLOCK, READUPDATELOCK |
|
|
Unlock |
UNLOCKREC, UNLOCKFILE, WRITEUPDATEUNLOCK |
|
|
Read |
READ |
Read subset of records sequentially |
|
Update |
READUPDATE, WRITEUPDATE |
Random position in file |
BIG files
On Tandem, Enscribe and SQL are the (only) two ways by which an
application program can maintain its data.
Enscribe, with the help of DP2 disk process, manages database of an
application in the form of records. It also maintains data integrity in case of
fatal errors.
Initially, Enscribe was designed to support files upto 2GB size. Since
disk drives available at that time were of few 100 MBs only, a limit of 2GB was
found sufficient. Moreover, since integers were used to hold record pointers
and EOF information, 2GB could fit well into a signed integer (2^15 = 2GB).
To suffice application needs of huge data files (files larger than 2GB),
concept of partitioning was introduced. But there is a maximum limit of 16
partitions for a file in Enscribe. SQL, which was introduced later, had no such
limits. Moreover, SQL allows adding and deleting partitions to Key Sequenced
tables, which is not possible with Enscribe Key Sequenced Files.
With the invention of disk drives greater than 2GB (Disks of size 72GB
disks are expected in future), 2GB limit seemed to be a restriction on
Enscribe, which needed to be overcome. With D46 release of NSK for K-Series
Systems (and G06 for S-Series Systems), Enscribe supports unpartitioned files
of size 1TB (1024 GB).
The new (Big File) version of file is called Fomat 2 file, whereas the
older version has been termed as Format 1.
Note: Format 2 File Concept is valid only
for database files. EDIT Files (Code 101), Object Files (Code 100 or 700) and
all other files having reserved Code Number (Code Numbers Between 100 and 999)
cannot be Format 2.
What is the meaning of Primary Extents, Secondary Extents and
MAXEXTENTS?
An extent is a set of n disk pages (n = value of
extent). An enscribe file is created with extents.
A disk page represents 2K of data (= 2048 bytes).
Extents are allocated in consistent data blocks on the physical disk drive.
Primary extent: The disk space 'booked' when the first data is
written to the file. The size is defined by the value of Primary Extent Size.
Secondary extent: Whenever the first/previous extent is filled
up, new disk space is 'booked'. The size is defined by the value of Secondary
Extent Size.
MAXEXTENTS: The maximum value of extents to allocate for a
file (1 primary + 1 or more secondary extents).
The Primary extent is the amount of physical disk space allocated for a
file when the first piece of data is written to it. When that space is filled,
a Secondary extent is allocated based on the size given in the file
description. The maximum number of extents for a file is determined by the
value of MAXEXTENTS, and is the total number that will be allocated to a file
before it is considered "full".
Example: Creating a file with Ext (5000, 3000), MaxExtents 16
means:
The first write will allocate (reserve or book if you want) 5000 pages
on the physical disk = 5000 * 2048 = 10.240.000 bytes (= ~10MB). Once you
filled the ~10MB of data, a next extent is allocated. The size is 3000 pages on
the physical disk = 3000 * 2048 = 6144000 (= ~6MB). Same scenario when this
extent is filled. MAXEXTENTS delimits the maximum file size. In this example
the maximum data size all in all will be (5000 + (15 * 3000)) * 2048 = 50000 *
2048 = 102400000 (= ~100MB)
Notes: Allocating extents takes time. The bigger the data
income/growth, the bigger the extents should be. If you know you have a lot of
data use a big primary extent so that the seek time is reduced because the data
will be stored in a physically contiguous space. A once allocated extent is not
freed automatically when data is deleted (or fup purgedata is done).
You can release unused allocated extents with the 'FUP Deallocate' command.
What is Enscribe? A file system or a database management system?
Enscribe is NOT a file system. It is a hierarchical type of database management
system. Tandem systems support two kinds of databases: NonStop SQL/MP which is
a Relational Database Management system, and Enscribe
UNSTRUCTED FILES:
Separate current-record, & next-record pointers are associated
with each
opening of file, so if same file is opened several times, each
opening provides
a logical separate access. But only one EOF pointer is there so
only one
process can append data.
You can access file by RANDOM access by using POSITION call.
CALL POSITION(filenum, 81920D);
CALL READUPDATE(filenum, buffer, 512);
CALL WRITEUPDATE(filenum,buffer,512);
Appending to the END
call POSITION(filenum, -1D);
KEY-SEQUENCED FILES:
logical record = blocksize-32
Maximum record size allowed is blocksize-32.
Key-Compression: leading chars
Index-Compression: trailing chars
To insert record
cust^rec := ' ' & cust^rec for $LEN(cust^rec)-1 BYTES;
Then fill record.& write
WRITE(file^num, rec, $len(rec));
To Update
READUPDATE
WRITEUPDAE
To delete
WRITEUPDATE(filenum, rec, 0); i.e. set recordlength 0
filetype 3
N = (blocksize-30)/ (recordsize+2);
2 bytes are for record control info.
ENTRY-SEQUENCED FILES:
Primary key is constant length 4 bytes address. They are not
designed for
random access.
logical record size = block size = 24
filetype 2
You can read RANDOMLY by alternate key.
N = (blocksize-22)/ (recordsize+2);
RELATIVE FILE
Filetype = 1
relative record number.
Once you create file and written record to it, all records preceding
records
are also created and actually occupy the space, even though they
don't contain
data. This is very SERIOUS LIMIATION of relative file.
You can insert record to any available position by giving -2D
option.
for EOF use -1D option.
Files are suited for random access with fixed length records and
where record
number has some meaningful relationship to particular piece of
data.
N = (blocksize-22)/ (recordsize+2);
Extent size:
FORMAT1 MAX 65535 pages
FORMAT 2: 536,870,912
Buffer is for unstructured file; block size is for structured
file.
Maxextent for every file excluding key seq. is 16,
For key-sequence it is more than 16.
· Integrity refers to data that is accurate, valid and consistent according to rules established for changing the database.
· Concurrency refers to the ability of two or more processes to gain access to the same data at the same time. With more concurrency, a greater number of transactions can complete in a given timeframe.
Lock mode controls
access to locked data.
A View is a
specification of columns and rows from one or more base tables. View is a virtual
table.
Comparison of Protection
Views and Shorthand Views:
|
Protection View |
Shorthand View |
|
Derived from only one
table |
Derived from any
number of tables and other views |
|
Can be secured
separately from the table on which it is based. Protection view
provides column-level security by restricting access to individual columns. |
Derives it’s security
from the tables or views on which it is based. |
|
Allow modification of
data |
Allows reading but not
modification of data. |
If you often need to
look up table values in a sequence different from the primary-key sequence, you
can create an index table. The table on which an index is based is called the
base table. Primary key is called the
primary index.
Index definitions are
stored separately from base table definitions. Each index has a name and is
stored in a key-sequence file of the same as the index. Index files are not
tables, and you can not query an index directly. Index provides faster
access to tables.
Partitions can make data
more accessible in a large table or a table used at different geographical
locations. A partition of a table or index holds all the rows within a range of
key values.
A NonStop SQL/MP catalog
consists of a set of table on a single subvolume. Catalog tables contain
specific information about SQL objects and programs, such as keys, comments,
columns, partitions, attributes and interdependencies.
DEFINE: A DEFINE is a
named set of attributes and associated values stored in the process file
segment (PFS) of a running process. Using the DEFINEs can simplify the SQL/MP
environment. You can establish one to one mapping between logical names and
physical names.
Audited table is a table flagged for auditing by the Transaction Management Facility (TMF). The TMF subsystem monitors all transactions against an audited table in preparation for possible transaction back-out, volume recovery, or file recovery. Non-audited tables are not protected by transactions and follow adifferent locking and error handling model than audited tables. InSQL/MX, certain situations such as DML error occurrences or utilityoperations with DML operations can lead to inconsistent data within anon-audited table or between a non-audited table and its indexes.
The *only reliable* means of determining whether a file or table is audited is to examine the audit attribute in one of the following ways:1) (TACL) #FILEINFO /AUDITED/2) (TAL, C, Cobol) CALL FILE_GETINFOLIST[BYNAME]_3) Look for "A" in column 20 of the output from FUP INFO 4) Look for "A" in column 19 of the output from TACL FILEINFO
In the event of an
environmental disaster, Tandems Remote Database
Facility (RDF) provides
rapid recovery of your database by letting you maintain
a current online copy of
all or part of the database at another site.
The presence of the
backup is transparent to applications.
If you are running
NonStop TM/MP, no application code has to be changed to implement RDF.
In addition, RDF allows
users to perform read operations from remote duplicate databases,
improving response
times.
To protect your data from unauthorized use, unauthorized
modification, or destruction, Tandems Safeguard security management facility
enables you to implement a full range of organizational security policies for
your NonStop servers and their users.
The ENFORM language consists of statements, clauses and
commands that you use to provide ENFORM with a detailed description (called a
query specification) of the data to be retrieved from the data base, the
operations to be performed on the data, and the form in which the data is to be
returned to you.
Establishing and Clearing Relationships:
Statements:
LINK: Create a session-wide link; used to link records
descriptions for a query
LINK OPTIONAL
DICTIONARY
DELINK : Clears links from the internal table.
DELINK OPTIONAL
CLOSE
Commands:
?SHOW LINK: Display session-wide links currently in effect
?DICTIONARY
Selecting the information:
LIST: Selects information to be printed in the report
FIND: Selects information to be placed in a new physical
file called FIND file
Clauses:
WHERE, BY, BY DESC,
ASCD, DESC, SUBTOTAL, TOTAL, PCT, CUM
AT END, AT START, FOOTING, SUBFOOTING, SUBTITLE, TITLE
Compiling and Executing Query:
Non-interactive Mode:
:ENFORM/IN test1, OUT $s/
Interactive Mode example
:ENFORM
ENFORM Query and Report example:
ENFORM Query:
-- establish Query environment
OPEN parts, fromsup;
DECLARE u-var INTERVAL F3.2;
SET u-var TO 0.10;
LIST parts.partnum,
----------- field name
“ – “, ---------- literal
partname, ---------- field name
suppnums, ----------- field name
(IF inventory GT 0 THEN inventory ELSE
zero --------- IF/THEN/ELSE expression
heading “STOCK”,
((price+ (price * u-var)) –
partcost ---------------arithmetic expression
heading “New Profit”
AVG(inventory OVER ALL)
---------------------aggregate
Heading “AVG/Stock”,
WHERE parts.partnum EQ
fromsup.partnum; ---------------Links parts to fromsup
1.
Identification Division: program id, author, date etc.
2.
Environment Division
·
Configuration Section:
a. SOURCE-COMPUTER paragraph
b. OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph
c. SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph:
(relate hardware names to user specified names, change currency sign.
Change function of commas and periods)
·
Input-Output Section:
a. FILE-CONTROL paragraph: file
control entries in general, for sequential files, line sequential files,
relative files, index files (record key/alternate record key), sort-merge
files
b. I-O-CONTROL paragraph:
Specifies positioning information for a tape file or the sharing of a memory
area for more than one file.
c. RECEIVE-CONTROL paragraph: To
define the two tables used by $RECEIVE this paragraph is used. Two tables are:
receive-control (requester table) and reply table.
3.
Data Division
·
FILE Section: external files. Defines the characteristics of the
program’s files.
·
WORKING-STORAGE Section: Defines records and misc data
items for the process to use. You can set the initial values for the data items
here. 01(elementary) level, 77 level, 66(rename items) or 88 (condition-names
for values) level
·
EXTENDED-STORAGE Section: similar to working-storage, but
this describes data to be stored in the single area of the extended memory
(used by extended addressing mode on Tandem)
·
LINKAGE Section: Describes Data passed by the calling program to the
program containing the LINKAGE section.
·
SCREEN Section (Only in SCOBOL): base screen and overlay screen.
·
MESSAGE section (Only in SCOBOL)
4.
Procedure Division
5.
End program header
Levels 01 to 49:
Data description entry that starts at level-01 is a record
description entry. It defines the chars of records and it follows subordinate
data description entries for the items that are part of that record.
FILLER Keyword
REDEFINE clause: enables you to describe one computer storage area
in more than one way. Data items level-66 and level-88 can not be redefined.
EXTERNAL clause: specifies that record data item is external.
GLOBAL Clause
PICTURE Clause:
9: Numeral
X: Char
A: Letter/Space
V: Decimal
S: Signed
P: Assumed
Decimal
e.g.
PPP999 - .000375
999PP – 37500.
03 NUMBER-ONE PIC S9(3)V99 VALUE –3.25
USAGE Clause
SIGN Clause
OCCURS Clause
SYNCHRONIZED Clause
JUSTIFIED Clause
BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause
VALUE Clause
Level 66: Rename item: causes new data name to the item, or to two or more
contiguous items in a record. This does not causes allocation of storage.
Level 77: Noncontiguous elementary items:
In the working storage or extended storage section, you do not
need to use the record structure to define elementary items that bear no
hierarchical relationship to one another. Instead, you can classify and define
them as noncontiguous elementary class with special level no 77.
Level 88: Condition names for values
You can assign a name to a specific value, set of values, or range
of values that data item can have and use that name as a condition in a
conditional statement. Name is calledcondition-name, data item is called
conditional variable.
e.g.
05 RETURN-CODE PIC 99.
88
END-OF-FILE VALUES 01.
88
ERROR-ON-READ VALUE 02.
88 PERMANENT-ERROR VALUE 04.
IF END-OF-FILE
PERFORM
END-UP-OPERATION
CLOSE FILE-IN
END-IF
Statement always start
with COBOL verb & ends with period. Sentences can be grouped together to
form paragraph. Paragraphs are grouped to form section.
Imperative (Non Conditional) Verbs:
e.g.: ACCEPT, DISPLAY, ADD, ALTER, CALL, GO TO, INITIALIZE, SET,
OPEN,
COMPUTE, MOVE, LOCKFILE
Conditional Statement:
e.g.: EVALUATE, IF, RETURN, SEARCH, (READ & AT END or INVALID
KEY phrase), (CALL with EXCEPTION phrase)
COBOL85/IN MYSRC, OUT
$SPOOL, PRI 140/MYPROG; ICODE; LMAP *
SCOBOLX/IN MYSRC, OUT
#LSTFILE/ tcl-prog file
Tcl-prog file: can not
be longer than 5 chars (if not specified POBJ is used)
The SCOBOL compiler does not produce discrete objects for each sourcecompiled. Instead, the object is packed into the POBJCOD object file,with an entry in the POBJDIR directory file, and any symbols in the
POBJSYM file.
Execution with the use
of following TACL commands:
RUN, RUND, ASSIGN,
PARAM, CLEAR, DEFINE
COBOL85 interview questions: 1) Explain the $RECEIVE concept.2) What is a server vs. a requestor?3) What is "context free" programming?4) How many bytes of storage does a PIC S9(4) COMP field use?5) Explain when you would use NATIVE-2, NATIVE-4, or NATIVE-8.6) Are you familiar with any of the COBOL85 Intrinsic functions? 6a) If Yes, describe one.7) List some of the compiler directives you have used and what theydo.8) What are the basic elements required to write a NonStop program?9) Can you explain the RECEIVE-CONTROL table and how it is used?10) What elements are needed to use embedded SQL in a COBOL85 program?11) How many nested loops are possible in COBOL-85?12) What is the Array limit?13) What are the screen section variables?
|
PATHCOM Commands |
Valid Objects |
|
ABORT |
TERM |
|
ADD |
PROGRAM, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
ALTER |
PROGRAM, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
DELETE |
PROGRAM, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
FREEZE |
SERVER (Prohibits communication between a terminal and
server class) |
|
INFO |
PATHMON, PATHWAY, PROGRAM, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
INSPECT |
TERM |
|
RESET |
PROGRAM, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
RESUME |
TERM |
|
RUN |
PROGRAM |
|
SET |
PATHMON, PATHWAY, PROGRAM, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
SHUTDOWN SHUTDOWN2 |
PATHMON |
|
START |
PATHWAY, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
STATUS |
LINKMON, PATHMON, PATHWAY, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
STOP |
PATHMON, SERVER, TCP, TERM |
|
THAW |
SERVER (Removes the prohibition imposed with the FREEZE
command) |
|
Pathway Object |
Few Configuration Attributes |
|
PATHMON |
MAXASSIGNS,
MAXPARAMS, MAXSERVERCLASSES, MAXSERVERPROCESSES, MAXSTARTUPS, MAXTCPS,
MAXTERMS, |
|
PATHWAY |
MAXLINKMONS,
MAXPATHCOMS, MAXPROGRAMS, OWNER, SECURITY, all above |
|
TCP |
CPUS,
HIGHPIN, MAXTERMS, TCLPROG, MAXSERVERCLASSES, MAXSERVERPROCESSES, MAXTERMS,
INSPECT, PROCESS, PROGRAM |
|
TERM |
FILE,
TCP, AUTORESTART, INSPECT, TMF |
|
PROGRAM |
OWNER,
SECURITY, TCP, TMF, TYPE |
|
SERVER |
PROCESSTYPE(Guardian/OSS),
AUTORESTART, CPUS, DELETEDELAY, CREATEDELAY, DEFINE, MAXSERVERS, MAXLINKS,
NUMSTATICS, |
Tandem
Advanced Command Language (TACL) is the standard command interface to the
Tandem NonStop kernel. In addition to providing full command interpreter
facilities, TACL is a high-level programming language.
e.g. variable “s” for the STATUS
command:
[#DEF s ALIAS |BODY|
STATUS]
e.g. ?SECTION fn MACRO
FILENAMES %1%
e.g. Filename: HEYMAC contains:
?TACL MACRO
#FRAME
#PUSH file^name
#SET file^name %1%
#OUTPUT File Name is [file^name]
UNFRAME
To run this macro:
>HEYMAC thisfile
File Name is thisfile
>
Argument handling: #ARGUMNT, #MORE, REST
Routines own expansions: #RESULT
Multiple exit points: #RETURN
Handle exceptions: #EXCEPTION,
#FILTER, #RAISE, #ERRORTEXT
e.g. Filename ROOTN contains:
?TACL ROUTINE
#FRAME
#PUSH file^name
SINK [#ARGUMENT /VALUE file^name/
FILENAME]
#OUTPUT File Name is [file^name]
#UNFRAME
To run this routine
>ROOTN thatfile
File Name is
\NODE.$VOL.SUBVOL.THATFILE
>
Allocate and define variables: #PUSH, #DEF, #SET, #SETV,
#SETMANY
Delete variables: #POP, #KEEP, #UNFRAME, #RESET FRAMES
Accessing variable contents: #OUTPUT [var1]
Using variable as an argument: #OUTPUTC var1
From within the macro or routine, type
#SET #TRACE –1
TACL waits for an instruction before it performs it’s first
expansion. At this point you can set breakpoints and either resume execution or
step through the code.
Use this directive to signal the beginning of a variable
definition in a file. This directive allows you to create a library that
contains definitions for many variables.
?SECTION var-name var-type
To cause TACL to interpret or execute the contents of the
file. use the LOAD command or #LOAD built-in function to load the contents into
memory.
e.g. LOAD /KEEP 1/mymacs
To invoke a variable after it is loaded, type the variable
name.
An open system environment is available for interactive or
programmatic use with the Tandem NonStop Kernel. Processes that run in the OSS
environment use the OSS Application Program Interface (API).
Interactive uses of the OSS environment use the OSS shell
for their command interpreter. The OSS API and shell are similar to those
provided by the UNIX operating system.
OSS provides portable applications which can move between
Tandem system and another platform with ease. To achieve the portability,
applications are written with standardized API, a set of functions common to
multiple platforms.
Guardian files on the local node appear as OSS file in the /
G directory of the OSS file system. The node is the local node, because you can
not remotely access a file in / G.
Pahnames in the / G directory with more than 3 components
after the / G/ cannot be accessed as Guardian files. /G/volume1/subvol1/myfile
gtacl runs a process in the Guardian environment from the
OSS environment and lets you use Guardian tools from the OSS shell. You can use
gtacl to start an interactive TACL process.
e.g. $ gtacl –c ‘status *,user’
File type
conversion tools:
TEDIT Creates 101 files. Files in / G directory created with
an OSS editor such as vi have a type of 180.
Convert type 180 file to type 101 file on TACL prompt:
>CTOEDIT ossfile, editfile
Convert type 101 file to type 180 file on TACL prompt:
>EDITTOC editfile, ossfile
The c89 utility controls the C compilation system in
the OSS environment.
e.g.
c89 test1.c
-> Output file is: a.out
c89 –o testout test1.c
-> output file is testout, Compiles, links, produces executable
program file.
Starting the
inspect:
Guardian: ?RUN INSPECT or >INSPECT
OSS: $ gtacl –p inspect
Staring the
Inspect and Program at same time:
Guardian: >RUND
gprog
OSS: $ run –debug –inspect=on ossprog
"
Specify a buffer to be used any of
the commands using buffers. Follow the " with a letter or a number, which
corresponds to a buffer.
D
Delete to the end of the line from
the current cursor position.
P
Paste the specified buffer before
the current cursor position or line. If no buffer is specified (with the "
command.) then 'P' uses the general buffer.
X
Delete the character before the
cursor.
Y
Yank the current line into the
specified buffer. If no buffer is specified, then the general buffer is used.
d
Delete until where.
"dd" deletes the current line. A count deletes that many lines.
Whatever is deleted is placed into the buffer specified with the "
command. If no buffer is specified, then the general buffer is used.
p
Paste the specified buffer after
the current cursor position or line. If no buffer is specified (with the "
command.) then 'p' uses the general buffer.
x
Delete character under the cursor.
A count tells how many characters to delete. The characters will be deleted
after the cursor.
y
Yank until , putting the result
into a buffer. "yy" yanks the current line. a count yanks that many
lines. The buffer can be specified with the " command. If no buffer is
specified, then the general buffer is used.
A
Append at the end of the current
line.
I
Insert from the beginning of a
line.
O
(letter oh) Enter insert
mode in a new line above the current cursor position.
a
Enter insert mode, the
characters typed in will be inserted after the current cursor position. A count
inserts all the text that had been inserted that many times.
i
Enter insert mode, the
characters typed in will be inserted before the current cursor position. A
count inserts all the text that had been inserted that many times.
o
Enter insert mode in a new
line below the current cursor position.
^B
Scroll backwards one page. A count
scrolls that many pages.
^D
Scroll forwards half a window. A
count scrolls that many lines.
^F
Scroll forwards one page. A count
scrolls that many pages.
^H
Move the cursor one space to the
left. A count moves that many spaces.
^J
Move the cursor down one line in
the same column. A count moves that many lines down.
^M
Move to the first character on the
next line.
^N
Move the cursor down one line in
the same column. A count moves that many lines down.
^P
Move the cursor up one line in the
same column. A count moves that many lines up.
^U
Scroll backwards half a window. A
count scrolls that many lines.
$
Move the cursor to the end of the
current line. A count moves to the end of the following lines.
%
Move the cursor to the matching
parenthesis or brace.
^
Move the cursor to the first
non-whitespace character.
(
Move the cursor to the beginning
of a sentence.
)
Move the cursor to the beginning
of the next sentence.
{
Move the cursor to the preceding
paragraph.
}
Move the cursor to the next
paragraph.
|
Move the cursor to the column
specified by the count.
+
Move the cursor to the first
non-whitespace character in the next line.
-
Move the cursor to the first
non-whitespace character in the previous line.
_
Move the cursor to the first
non-whitespace character in the current line.
0
(Zero) Move the cursor to the
first column of the current line.
B
Move the cursor back one word,
skipping over punctuation.
E
Move forward to the end of a word,
skipping over punctuation.
G
Go to the line number specified as
the count. If no count is given, then go to the end of the file.
H
Move the cursor to the first
non-whitespace character on the top of the screen.
L
Move the cursor to the first
non-whitespace character on the bottom of the screen.
M
Move the cursor to the first
non-whitespace character on the middle of the screen.
W
Move forward to the beginning of a
word, skipping over punctuation.
b
Move the cursor back one word. If
the cursor is in the middle of a word, move the cursor to the first character
of that word.
e
Move the cursor forward one word.
If the cursor is in the middle of a word, move the cursor to the last character
of that word.
h
Move the cursor to the left one
character position.
j
Move the cursor down one line.
k
Move the cursor up one line.
l
Move the cursor to the right one
character position.
w
Move the cursor forward one word.
If the cursor is in the middle of a word, move the cursor to the first
character of the next word.
^E
Scroll forwards one line. A count
scrolls that many lines.
^Y
Scroll backwards one line. A count
scrolls that many lines.
z
Redraw the screen with the
following options. "z<return>" puts the current line on the top
of the screen; "z." puts the current line on the center of the
screen; and "z-" puts the current line on the bottom of the screen.
If you specify a count before the 'z' command, it changes the current line to
the line specified. For example, "16z." puts line 16 on the center of
the screen.
C
Change to the end of the line from
the current cursor position.
R
Replace characters on the screen
with a set of characters entered, ending with the Escape key.
S
Change an entire line.
c
Change until . "cc"
changes the current line. A count changes that many lines.
r
Replace one character under the
cursor. Specify a count to replace a number of characters.
s
Substitute one character under the
cursor, and go into insert mode. Specify a count to substitute a number of
characters. A dollar sign ($) will be put at the last character to be
substituted.
,
Repeat the last f, F, t or T
command in the reverse direction.
/
Search the file downwards for the
string specified after the /.
;
Repeat the last f, F, t or T
command.
?
Search the file upwards for the
string specified after the ?.
F
Search the current line backwards
for the character specified after the 'F' command. If found, move the cursor to
the position.
N
Repeat the last search given by
'/' or '?', except in the reverse direction.
T
Search the current line backwards
for the character specified after the 'T' command, and move to the column after
the if it's found.
f
Search the current line for the character
specified after the 'f' command. If found, move the cursor to the position.
n
Repeat last search given by '/' or
'?'.
t
Search the current line for the
character specified after the 't' command, and move to the column before the
character if it's found.
~
Switch the case of the character
under the cursor.
<
Shift the lines up to where
to the left by one shiftwidth. "<<" shifts the current line to
the left, and can be specified with a count.
>
Shift the lines up to where
to the right by one shiftwidth. ">>" shifts the current line to
the right, and can be specified with a count.
J
Join the current line with the
next one. A count joins that many lines.
^\
Quit out of "VI" mode
and go into "EX" mode. The EX editor is the line editor VI is build
upon. The EX command to get back into VI is ":vi".
Q
Quit out of "VI" mode
and go into "EX" mode. The ex editor is a line-by-line editor. The EX
command to get back into VI is ":vi".
ZZ
Exit the editor, saving if any
changes were made.
^G
Show the current filename and the
status.
^L
Clear and redraw the screen.
^R
Redraw the screen removing false
lines.
^[
Escape key. Cancels partially
formed command.
^^
Go back to the last file edited.
!
Execute a shell. If a is
specified, the program which is executed using ! uses the specified line(s) as
standard input, and will replace those lines with the standard output of the
program executed. "!!" executes a program using the current line as
input. For example, "!4jsort" will take five lines from the current
cursor position and execute sort. After typing the command, there will be a
single exclamation point where you can type the command in.
&
Repeat the previous ":s"
command.
.
Repeat the last command that
modified the file.
:
Begin typing an EX editor command.
The command is executed once the user types return. (See section below.)
@
Type the command stored in the
specified buffer.
U
Restore the current line to the
state it was in before the cursor entered the line.
m
Mark the current position with the
character specified after the 'm' command.
u
Undo the last change to the file.
Typing 'u' again will re-do the change.
>>Vi –R <file-name> open in Read Only mode
hijk
for arrows
To search and replace word
Shift :
S/<word1>/<word2>/g -----in one line
%S/<word1>/<word2>/g ----in full file
Yanking:
Y – copy line to buffer
P – paste
U – undo
5Y – copy 5 lines to the buffer
r – replace one char
R – overwrite
cw – change word
dw – delete word
:set all
:set noshowmode
$ /set filec
vi la….. ---------expands
cntr-b – back pg(full), cntr-u – back pg(half)
cntr-f – next pg(full), cntr-d – next pg(half)
shift G – file end, :1 – file start
shift 4 – go to EOL
shift 6 – start of line
w – word by word forward, b – backword, e-end of word
J – join lines(align para)
i <enter> - break
:wq – save and quit, q – quit, q! –force quit, w! –
test.sql(save as)
The
VI editor is built upon another editor, called EX. The EX editor only edits by
line. From the VI editor you use the : command to start entering an EX command.
This list given here is not complete, but the commands given are the more
commonly used. If more than one line is to be modified by certain commands
(such as ":s" and ":w" ) the range must be specified before
the command. For example, to substitute lines 3 through 15, the command is
":3,15s/from/this/g".
:ab string strings
Abbreviation. If a word is typed
in VI corresponding to string1, the editor automatically inserts the
corresponding words. For example, the abbreviation ":ab usa United States
of America" would insert the words, "United States of America"
whenever the word "usa" is typed in.
:map keys new_seq
Mapping. This lets you map a key
or a sequence of keys to another key or a sequence of keys.
:q
Quit VI. If there have been
changes made, the editor will issue a warning message.
:q!
Quit VI without saving changes.
:s/pattern/to_pattern/options
Substitute. This substitutes the
specified pattern with the string in the to_pattern. Without options, it only
substitutes the first occurence of the pattern. If a 'g' is specified, then all
occurences are substituted. For example, the command
":1,$s/Dwayne/Dwight/g" substitutes all occurences of
"Dwayne" to "Dwight".
:set [all]
Sets some customizing options to
VI and EX. The ":set all" command gives all the possible options.
(See the section on customizing VI for some options.)
:una string
Removes the abbreviation previously
defined by ":ab".
:unm keys
Removes the remove mapping defined
by ":map".
:vi filename
Starts editing a new file. If
changes have not been saved, the editor will give you a warning.
:w
Write out the current file.
:w filename
Write the buffer to the filename
specified.
:w >> filename
Append the contents of the buffer
to the filename.
:wq
Write the buffer and quit
1) How do you MOVE files from one subvolume to another on a Tandem
system? Is there a FUP MOVE command? How do you rename a subvolume on a Tandem
system?
(A) Suppose you want to MOVE "all" files from a subvolume
$DATA00.FIRST to the subvolume
$DATA00.SECOND
FUP RENAME $DATA00.FIRST.* , $DATA00.SECOND.*
You may replace the wild-card * with any file-name template. This command is as
good as renaming the subvolume FIRST to SECOND.
(2)
How do you extract preliminary information from a SAVEABEND file?
(A) On Inspect prompt issue the command
--INFO SAVEFILE FILE ZZSA3126
(3) What is Garth?
(A) Garth is a symbolic, high-level tool that does low-level debugging,
working on both live system (via TCP-IP) as well as processor images (dumps).
It includes features of gdb, Crunch, as well as powerful, new utilities. Garth
was originally the brainchild of Hieu Tran when he was working on Native Mode
1. Based upon the GNU Debugger (GDB) as well as the Tcl/Tk scripting language,
it is easily flexible and extensible, as users can write their own scripts and
invoke them when desired. Garth is available for various UNIX platforms
including Sun-OS, Solaris, as well as for Tandem NSK. Details available on
Garth home-page at http://nskernel.web.tandem.com/garth/
(4) What is HIGHPIN?
(A) Each process that runs in a CPU has a Process Indentification Number
(PIN) that uniquely identifies it. Before the Dxx release, there was a limit of
256 processes that could run at the same time in a CPU. A PIN could take a
value between 0 and 255. The Dxx release increased the limit on the number of
processes that can run in a CPU. (It also increased many other limits).
Processes that run in PINs greater than 255 are called HIGHPIN processes, the
others are called LOWPIN processes - what else :-) This is all fine and dandy,
except that programs may require changes in order to run in a high pin. This is
because HIGHPINs are stored as 16 bit integers, and LOWPINS are stored as 8 bit
integers. The Guardian procedure calls that are used for process management
were revamped. The old calls are still there, but for the most part they can
only be used on LOWPIN processes. If a program wants to run in a HIGHPIN, or
wants to communicate with another process that runs in a HIGHPIN, it will need
to be changed to use the new procedure calls. Also, there are a new set of
system messages (that are read from $RECEIVE) that relate to HIGHPIN processes.
Again, the old messages are still there, but are only useful for LOWPIN
processes.
(5) What are the differences in the pointers in Tandem C and TAL?
(A) Differences between TAL and C pointers include the following:
·TAL structure pointers can point to a byte or word address.
· C structure pointers always point to a word address. To pass a C structure
pointer to a TAL routine that expects a byte structure pointer, you must
explicitly
cast the C pointer to type char.
· TAL pointers are dereferenced implicitly.
· C pointers are usually dereferenced explicitly.
· Small-memory-model C routines use 16-bit pointers only.
· Large-memory-model C routines use 32-bit pointers only, even if the pointers
refer to the user data segment. In global structure declarations, you must
specify _lowmem in the storage class of the declaration.
· If a TAL routine expects a 16-bit pointer, the C pointer you pass must refer
to an object in user data space.
(6)What is BASE24?
Many
customers around the world use BASE24 to manage devices, route and switch
transactions, and provide authorization support for high-volume payments
processing. The software operates on Compaq NonStop Himalaya systems to provide
24/7 support for ATM and POS networks, manned teller systems, telephone
banking, mobile commerce, and Internet banking and commerce. ACI
(www.aciworldwide.com) develops and markets many BASE24 based applications like
BASE24-ATM, BASE24-CARD, BASE24-BILLPAY, BASE24-TELLER, etc.
(7) How do you determine the RAM on a Tandem machine?
Type the following at the tacl prompt :
> peek /cpu 0/ paging
Here's a sample output :
PEEK - T9050G09 - (04APR01) SYSTEM \WHIT10
COPYRIGHT TANDEM COMPUTERS INCORPORATED 1981, 1985, 1988, 1990
SYSTEM \WHIT10
22 SEP 2001, 18:20___ELAPSD 32:11:07___CPU 0(NSR-W)
PAGES: PHYSCL SWAPBL FREE FREEMIN FREEQUOTA FREERED LOCKED
LOCKED(KSEG0)
(16Kb) 16384 16164 867 10 10 5 7372/14144 7372/28480
FAULTS ALLOCS DISKREADS DISKWRITES MUTEXCRAX NONMUTEXCRAX
TOTAL 90718 101394 46526 1810 21017 649046
(per sec) 0.78 0.87 0.40 0.01 0.18 5.60
REDHIT REDBUSY REDTASK
TOTAL 0 0 0
(per sec) 0.00 0.00 0.00
CLEANQ: FULLS FRLST:HITS CLOCK:CALLS FAILS CYCLES ALIASES: FAILS
0 0 100202 2745 0 3.58 0 0
This
will give you the amount of RAM for CPU 0 :
PAGES * PHYSCL = (16kb) * 16384= 256 MB (rounded)
(8) How do I know the full Guardian filename of a file under OSS?
Use "GNAME <filename>" on the OSS prompt.
(9) How do you run TACL commands from OSS and vice-versa?
As the kernel is same for both OSS and Guardian, there is an option of
executing TACL commands on the OSS prompt and the other way round.
This is the syntax of running TACL commands on OSS :
gtacl -c " < tacl cmd > "
E.g. gtacl -c "fup copy taclcstm"
Here's
the way of running OSS commands on TACL prompt :
OSH -c " < OSS CMD >
"
E.g.
If you want to see the contents of a file, you can try this :
osh -c "more taclcstm"
(10) What is RISC and CISC?
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computing.
CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computing.
TNS C Languages system made up cprep, C compiler, C runtime library,
Binder
C Prep is embedded in C compiler running in Guardian environment,
but in OSS environment
You must run it separately using c89 utility.
TNS/R Native mode: The operational environment in which
native-compiled
RISC code executes.
NMC: You have to use -L to search library instead of SEARCH pragma,
use -I instead of SSV. NMC produces non-executable object. Combine several
modules by nld to get the executable object. You can combine several files in
one file and then use LINKFILE to link them.
e.g.
NMC/ in mod1c/ fileo; RUNNABLE, LINKFILE "myfile"
Here myfile contains the names of object files like file1, file2,
file3 etc.
CRTLMAIN: contains initialize code for c, c++ libraries.
SRL: shared runtime libraries. (Code in virtual memory).
-OBEY $SYSTEM.SYSTEM.LIBCOBEY is sufficient to link the SRLs used
by c program.
nld: NATIVE LINK EDITOR:
nld is same as binder in TNS mode. nld is used in NATIVE mode.
Unlike binder
nld cannot replace individual procedures and data blocks in an
object file
or build object file from individual procedures and data blocks.
nld
operates on procedures and data blocks but in terms of an entire
object file.
noft: NATIVE OBJECT FILE UTILITY:
It is used to,
Determine the optimization level of procs
Display object code with source code
List object file attributes
List unresolved references
Converting C-series C programs to D-series:
1. Replace LARGEC,
SMALLC, WIDEC with CLARGE, CSMALL, CWIDE.
2. Replace min &
max macro with _min & _max macros.
3. Replace cc_status
with _cc_status. lowmem with _lowmem., tal with _tal.
Before D-Series, you had to bind the memory-model independent C runtime
library
(CLIB) into your application. In D series CLIB and CRELIB are part
of system library.
AWAITO[X]:
This call is used to complete previously initiated i/o.
you can use AWAITOX instead of AWAITO , segement id is -1 here.
buffer-address contains extended address. But if user use
accidentally
AWAITO instead of X then error 2 is returned. If the address is in
selectable
segment that segment must be in use.
Attempting open disk file with nowait_depth more than 1 causes
error 28.
AWAITOX(filenum ! i,o
,buffer-addr !o
,count-transferred
!o
,tag !o
,timelimit !o
,segmentid !o
FILE_CREATE & FILE_CREATELIST:
Some file chars like alternate key, format type, partition info
cannot be
specified in 1st call that’s why use FILE_CREATELIST .
FILE_OPEN:
Input to this is file name and output is filenumber.
Filenumber is 0 is reserved for $RECEIVE.
Direct i/o: file opened by file_open uses direct i/o transfer by
default.
To use intermediate buffer in PFS use SETMODE 72. OPEN call by
default uses PFS.
HEADROOM_ENSURE:
Allows u to check that current main stack or privileged stack has
enough space
ret-val := HEADROOM_ENSURE(room);
ret-val INT(32) returns Number of bytes between current stack
pointer & stack limit if room <=
0D. It returns outcome of operation if room > 0D
KEYPOSITION[X]:
To position file by primary or alternate key in structed file.
Generally POSITION call is used in case of realtive and
entry-sequenced file
while KEYPOSITION is used in case of key-sequenced file.
0: approximate, 1: generic, 2:exact
Error 22 :
0022 The application parameter or buffer address is out of bounds.
is returned if KEPOSITIONX
address is extended, and
segement is not in use.
address is not absoulte
and user is not privileged.
MOVEX:
Used to move data between extended segments.
Error 24: segement is privileged, but user not.
NUMIN: Converts ASCII value into signed NUMBER
NUMOUT: Converts unsigned NUMBER into ASCII value.
READ:
return data from open file to application buffer.
SEGEMENT_ALLOCATE:
allocates extended segment for use by application process.
Extensible segment is one for which swap file disk space is not
allocated
until it is needed.
READUPDATE[X]
if KEPOSITION call is there before READUPDATEX then it must be
exact otherwise
READUPDATEX fails.gives error 46 invalid key. To avoid this make
intermediate call to READ.
If $RECEIVE is opened with receive-depth 0 only READX is allowed.
READUPDATEX gives error 2, invalid operation. receivedepth is
maximum number
of messages that the application process expects to read before
corresponding
reply is made.
GUARDIAN PROGRMMING MANUAL:
Fault-Tolerance:
-TMF
-Process pairs
-Persistent process: process that supplies services to other processes
but
otherwise maintain no data
of their own.
Security:
O : owner on local node
U : owner on local & remote node
G : group user on local node
C : group user on local & remote node
- : super id on local
A : all on local node
N : all on local & remote node(n/w).
426088-0011-3
The Advantages of Migrating to a G-Series Release
The following is a brief summary of some of the features and
capabilities you gain by migrating from a D-series release to a G-series
release:
1.
Scheduled down time decreases; almost all system configuration can
be performed online.
2.
A new SYSnn subvolume is created only when you install a new
software release. Therefore, less disk space is required on $SYSTEM for system
configuration information.
3.
More memory per processor is available for NonStop™ Himalaya
S-series servers. On NonStop™ Himalaya K-series servers, 256 megabytes per
processor is the maximum.
4.
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are available.
5.
The Compaq Tandem Service Management (TSM) package provides
logical views and physical views of a system’s configuration through a GUI.
6.
Each system console can manage up to ten servers. Only one server
can be managed by each system console on NonStop™ Himalaya K-series systems.
7.
You must migrate to a G-series release to take advantage of the
ServerNet architecture on the NonStop™ Himalaya S-series server.
The ServerNet architecture offers the following features:
1. Faster disk
access. NonStop™ Himalaya S-series systems need less disk capacity to achieve
the same performance as NonStop™ Himalaya K-series systems.
2. Better data
transfer performance. A ServerNet SAN allows simultaneous bi-directional data
transfer, whereas inter-processor bus communications do not.
3. On an
inter-processor bus, the destination address is sent and then the data is sent
after the proper response is received. A ServerNet SAN is optimized for data
transfer and handshaking, because it sends the data and the destination address
at the same time.
4. More reliable
data transfer. On an interprocessor bus, the data is not checked until it is
received. On a ServerNet system area network (SAN), a packet of information is
checked at various points on the network as it is being transmitted; thus,
errors are easily detected and corrected.
5. Faster data
transfer. The ServerNet architecture uses adapters with ServerNet addressable
controllers (SACs) instead of separate I/O controllers. ServerNet adapters and
SACs require less processing than I/O controllers, which makes data transfer faster.
Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Tandem TCP/IP subsystem
allows communications to take place between heterogeneous systems in
multi-network environment (Internet), and provides for the integration of UNIX
systems with Tandem systems.
TCP/IP subsystem also
includes an X.25 interface and Logical Link Control (LLC) interface.
Type of Service:
Depending on the type of
communications service required, your application uses one or more of the
following protocols:
Networking protocols are normally
developed in layers, with each layer responsible for a different facet of the
communications. TCP/IP is a combination of different protocols at various
layers.
OSI Service Layers/ 7-Layer Model
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Link, Physical
TCP/IP is normally considered to be
a 4-layer system.
|
Application (Telnet,
FTP, SMTP, e-mail, etc) |
|
Transport (TCP, UDP) |
|
Network (IP, ICMP,
IGMP) |
|
Link (device driver
and interface card) |
2. Network Layer, sometimes called internet layer handles the movements of packets around the network.
A
socket is an end point for communication. An application process calls a socket
routine to request that the Tandem TCP/IP software create a socket when needed
and specify the type of service desired. Applications can request TCP and UDP
sockets as well as raw sockets for direct access to IP.
After
creating a socket, the application optionally binds the socket to a specific
local address and port, and sends or receives data on the socket. When the
transfer is complete, application can shut down the socket and close it.
The
combination of Internet Protocol (IP) address and a port number uniquely
identifies a socket.
Because
a host can be connected to more than one network, each host can have more than
one IP address. Each physical device, or interface, that adds the host to a
new, logical network has its own IP address.
An
IP address is a 4-octal (32-bit) numeric value identifying a particular network
and a local host on that network. (e.g. 133.50.85.43). Each octet value is a
number in 0-255
An
IP address is sometimes represented externally as two numbers separated by a
period. In this case the first number is the network address and the second is
the local address. The interpretation of such addresses in octets depends on
the class of the IP address- Class A,B,C. Class of the IP address determines
how the 32 bits are divided between the network address and the local address.
0-31
bits, bit 0 and 1 used to specify Class.
|
xx |
Octet-1(bits
2-7) |
Octet-2 |
Octet-3 |
Octet-4 |
xx=
00: Class A – 1-octet n/w and 3-octet local address.
xx=
10: Class B – 2-octet n/w and 2-octet local address.
xx=
11: Class C – 3-octet n/w and 1-octet local address.
The
host address can be split into subnets. To address subnets within a
local area network, your LAN administrator can further divide the local address
part of your IP addresses into a subnet number (identifying the particular
subnet) and a host number (identifying the host system within the subnet.
The subnet number is always in the most significant n bits of the local address, the LAN administrator will decide the value of n based on the number of subnets needed and the number of hosts per subnet.
To
identify the part of the IP address that represents the subnet number, a subnet
mask is used. This is 32-bit mask with all bits corresponding to the
network address and subnet address is set to 1, and with all bits corresponding
to remainder of the local address set to 0. e.g. Class B address shown below:
|
Network
address (bit 0-15) |
Subnet Number
(16-20) |
Host
number (21 to 31) |
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Both TCP and UDP use a 16-bit port number
to select a socket on the host.
Client programs normally
use more or less random port numbers; however, specific port numbers called well-known
ports are assigned for use by server programs. (e.g. FTP- ports 20/21,
Telnet – port 23, HTTP – Port 80)
0-512: Well known ports
512-1024:
>1024: Ephemered
(Short Lived)
|
|
Client program
[Function call] |
Server program
[Function call] |
|
1 |
Designate the TCP/IP
process name (optional)[call function: socket_set_inet_name] |
Designate the TCP/IP process name (optional) |
|
2 |
Create a socket [call
function: socket] |
Create a socket |
|
3 |
Bind the socket to any
port (optional; not done in IP) [function: bind] |
Bind the socket to a
well-known port (required for most servers; does not apply to IP; optional
for servers started by the LISTNER process) |
|
4 |
Connect the socket
(required for TCP; optional for UDP or IP) [connect] |
Listen for connections
(required for TCP; not done for UDP or IP) [listen] |
|
5 |
|
Accept incoming connections. When
connection is received, create a new socket and accept the connection on the
new socket (required for TCP; optional for UDP; not done for IP) [accept] |
|
6 |
Start data transfer [send and recv],
[sendto and recvfrom – uses the remote address and port number passed as argument, used with connectionless protocols (UDP and IP) |
Start data transfer
(use the new socket created in the last step) |
|
7 |
Shut down the socket
(optional for TCP; not done for UDP or IP) [shutdown] |
Shut down the socket (optional for TCP; not done for UDP or IP |
|
8 |
Close the socket [CLOSE] |
Close the socket |