hic=this \
          >2 items, subjects
ille=that/
is=this/that >general

Intensive: ipse (declined like ille) (He) Himself or Very
     Ipse se amat.
    He himself loves himself.
    Ipsa sibi loquatur.
    She herself talks to herself.

Noun Declining Rule
You must know the genitive singular to continue the declension of a noun.
 
 
 

To "compare" an adjective means to give the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees.

Comparative Degree
All adjectives (1st, 2nd, & 3rd) fall into the third declension and are declined like THIRD declension NOUNS.

I+II M/F/N:

• altus, altior, altius [taller, quite tall, too tall]
• sacer, sacrior, sacrius
• clarus, clarior, clarius
• pulcher, pulchrior, pulchrius
• liber, liberior, liberius 

  ---

• fortis fortior fortius
• audax audacior audacius
• potens potentior potentius

I-II longus -a -um longissimus -a -um: longest, very long
III fortis -e fortissimus -a -um
III audax (audac) audacissimus -a -um

Double the "l" with these adjectives:

• difficilis
• similis
• dissimilis

Mood: the manner in which a verb is viewed

1. Indicative mood: states a fact
2. Infinitive: plain form of a verb preceded by "to"
3. Imperative: command
4. Subjunctive: ?

• present
• imperfect
• perfect
• pluperfect

I may carry: volitive
Let me carry: hortatory 

II.   monere*         moneri
      monuisse        monitum esse
      moniturus esse  monitum iri

III.  pendere         pendi
      pendisse        pensum

Indirect Statement is a Latin construction after verbs of saying thinking and the like, in which the subject is in accusative case and the verb is an infinitive.

Examples:

1. He thinks her to arrive. [English "He thinks that she is arrivin"]
2. He thinks her to have arrived. [Eng. "He thinks that she has arrived."]

• The present infinitive expresses the same time as the main verb.
• Ther perfect infinitive expresses time before the main verb.
• The future infinitive expresses time after the main verb.

Participles are verb adjectives. There are 3 types:
                Active            Passive

1. Present:   portans, -ntis    N/A
2. Perfect    N/A               portatus -a -um(perfect passive participle)
3. future    portaturus -a -um  portandus -a -um

• The Active Present is declined as a 3rd declension 1-ending adjective.

Purpose clauses are formed:
        ut -OR- ne + subjunctive

• ut means "so that"
• ne means "lest"

2. Se fortier defendit ne capitur.
     Translates "lest he be seized"
                "so that he will not (won't) be seized"
 

Homework review:
4. Ne videamus matrem flentem, non expectabimus.
5. Consistet saepe ut vidamus loca clara.

Imperfect Subjunctive

I. ut portarem [that I might carry]
II. ut moneres* [that you might warn]
III. duceret [that you might warn]
III-io. caperemus
IV. audirent
**Always translate with "might" out of context.

Imperfect Subjunctive = pres. infinitive + pers. endings

12/2/1998 a.d. IV Non. Dec.
The Negative Subjunctive

Positive
 

	Singular	Plural	Meaning
I	pugna	pugnate	Fight!
II	sede	sedete	Sit!
III	tange	tangite	Touch!
III-io	Cape	Capite	Seize!
IV	expedi	expedite	Free!

Don't fight! (Be unwilling to fight): noli pugnare (s); nolite pugnare (p)

Form: noli/nolite + infintive

More Practice w/ Purpose Clauses

1. Properatut navem ascendat.
    He hurries so that he may board the ship.
2. Properavit ut navem ascenderet.
    He hurried so that he might board the ship.
3. Pugnant ne capiantur.
    They fight lest they be killed.
4. Pugnaverunt ne caperentur.
    They fought lest they be killed.

fero, ferre, tuli, latus: been, carry
fers
fert
ferimus
fertis
ferunt

imperative (Command):

• Sing: Fer!
• Plur: Ferte!

1. tuli {perfect}
2. fer|ferte {Imperative}
3. tulero {fut. perf.}
4. tuleras
5. ferebat
6. ferri
7. ferris
8. latus sum
9. feramus
10. laturus

Result clauses look like purpose clauses except

  1. There will be a language signal in the main clause:

• ita [so]
• sic [so]
• tam [so great much]
• tantus -a -um [such, so great, so much]
• adeo [to that point]
• talis [of such a kind, such]
• tantulus [so little, so small]
• tantusdem [just so great or so large]
• tot [so many]
• usque eo [to such a point].

ex.
Magister tam intellectus erat ut discipuli eum laudarent.

Marcus et Antonius boni amici sunt.
Hic [Antonius] est altus, ille [Marcus] est parvus.
 

The only difference from regular declension III nouns is the Genitive Plural, which is "-ium" instead of "-um"

Active Formation
    Perfect Subjunctive

• ut + perfect stem + eri + personal endings

Passive Formation
    Perfect Subjunctive

• ut + 4th princ. part + subjunctive of sum (sim)

• ut + perfect stem + isse + personal endings

Passive Formation
    Pluperfect Subjunctive

• ut + 4th princ. part + imperfect subjunctive of sum (essem)

Deponent verbs are passive in form, but active in meaning. These verbs have only three principal parts, the first, the second, and the fourth.  Because the third principal part is only used to form passive forms, it is omitted.

Conjugation I

1. conor, conari, conatus sum- try
2. arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum- think, judge
3. moror, morari, moratus sum- delay
4. vagor, vagari, vagatus sum- wander
5. miror, mirari, miratus sum- wonder, admire

1. polliceor, *polliceri, pollicitus sum- promise
2. vereor, *vereri, venitus sum- fear, respect

1. sequor, sequi, secutus sum- follow
2. aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum- attack
3. progredior, progredi, progressus sum- advance
4. loquor, loqui, locutus sum- talk, speak
5. revertor, reverti, reversus sum- return, turn back
6. utor, uti, ussus sum- use, make use of
7. patior, pati, passus sum- allow, suffer
8. proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum- set out, start
9. ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum- step into, enter
10. gradior, gredi, gressus- walk

1. experior, expirir, expertus sum- try, test, experience
2. partior, partiri, partitus sum- leave depart
3. orior, oriri, ortus sum- rise

1. fio, fieri, (factus)- be made, become

    I. arbitrari --> arbitrans, arbitantis: thinkining
    II. *pollicere --> pollicens, pollicentis
    III. sequi (sequere) --> sequens, sequentis
    III-io. pati --> patiens, patientis
    IV. expiri --> expiriens, -ntis

Deponent Verbs with Ablative Complements (D.O.)

The following deponent verbs take the abative instead of the accusative for a direct object:

1. utor, uti, usus sum: use
2. fruor, frui, fructus sum: enjoy
3. fungor, fungi, functus sum: perform
4. (IV) potior, potiri, potitus sum: gain control of
5. vescor, vesci, -: devour, eat

Principal parts:
    eo, ire, ii (ivi), iturus- go (doesn't take DO0

use present infinitive instead of nom. gerund
gerund (sing.)

Use the subjuctive in indirect questions, but translate it like an indicative.

e.g.  Discipuli magistrum rogabant quae responsa essent.]
        The students were asking the teacher what the answers were.

A group of Declension III nouns which end in "-ium" instead of "-um" in the genitive plural are called "i-stems."

The rule for identifying i-stems is:

1. nouns ending in "-is" having no more syllables in the genetive singular than in the nom. sing. e.g. "civis, civis" (citizen) and "caedes, caedis" (slaughter)
2. nouns of one syllable whose base ends in two consonants e.g. pars, partis

1. Caecilia mirabatur quid Publius de nuptus arbitraretur. [Caecilia wondered what Publius thought about the wedding.]
2. Amicae eius rogaverunt quanta pecunia daretur. pg. 71

suus -a -um  (his/her/their own)

Examples:

1. Suum librum amisit.{He lost his [own] book.}
2. Suum librum amiserunt.
3. Suos libros amisit.
4. Suos libros amiserunt.

Examples:

1. Eius librum amisit. {He lost his [someone else's] book.

Example: virtute {in bravery}

1. semi-deponent
2. defective verb of the III Conjugation
3. it is usually impersonal "it"

gerund: verb-noun "-ing"; has 4 endings: (present infinitive), i, o, um (Neuter singular only!)
gerundive (verb adjective): (English uses the present participle, the gerundive has uses peculiar to Latin)
        Its is used like an adjective and will ALWAYS be accompanied by a noun/pronoun and has all -us, -a, -um endings.

Example:
    a) the joy of giving
    b) the joy of giving money

Formation:
 

I	portare	portandus, -a, -um
II	*monere	monendus, -a, -um
III	agere	agendus, -a, -um
III-io	capere	capiendus, -a, -um
IV	audire	audiendus, -a, -um

The gerundive is the same as the future passive participle.

1. loquendo- by talking; audiendi- of listening
2. Ad + the accusative of the gerund/ive to express purpose:
    e.g. Caesar [ad pugnandum] in *Galia ivit {for the porpuse of fighting}
    e.g. Caesar [ad pugnandos Helvetios] in *Gallia ivit.
3. Genitive of the gerund/ive followed by *gratia expresses purpose.
    e.g. Malli expellendi gratia (semper laborabat) {He always worked for the sake [of driving out evil]}
4. The Second Periphrastic: the gerundive (future passive participle) + sum. This is always passive and it expresses obligation.
    e.g. portandus sum: I must be carried (I have to be carried)
    e.g. monendus est: he must be warned (He has to be warned)
    e.g. capiendi sunt: they must be captured (They have to be captured)
    e.g. portandus erit: I had to be carried
    e.g. monedus erit: he will have to be warned
    e.g. portandus, -a, -um esse: to have to be carried
The most famous example of the second periphrastic was uttered by Cato the Elder during the Second Punic War. Carthago delenda est means Carthage must be destroyed.