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Continued from previous page, 30, Averting Nuclear War
Page 31, End of Empire has been
moved for the purpose of expansion.
To see page 31, End of Empire, click here
Preview
President of the Philippines Manuel Roxas and U. S. General Douglas
MacArthur at the ceremony of the independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946 - the last day
of the American protectorate and the first day of Republic
of the Philippines, July 4, 1946.
British Governor-General Lord
Louis Mountbatten, Lady Edwina Mountbatten and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru observe the raising of the Indian flag
in New Delhi on August 15, 1947 - India's day of independence.
Gandhi
1982 movie about Mahatma Gandhi (1869 - 1948)
Directed by Richard Attenborough
With Ben Kingsley as Gandhi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HT4BM7cgJw&t=54s
Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy
Movie about Lord Louis Mountbatten as the last
British viceroy of India and first British
governor of India
1947 to 1948
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvvf4-kh-jo&t=3113s
Dien Bien Phu
The last battle of the French in Indo-China
in 1954. The French were defeated by the
Viet-Minh.
1992 movie by Pierre Schoendoerffer
Preview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_S2ejfZ3kjE&t=10s
Movie
https://ok.ru/video/4140316953206
or
https://ok.ru/video/1963365305085
Hamburger Hill
1987 movie about a battle for a hill in Vietnam
in 1969. The Americans forced the Vietnamese
communists to give up the hill.
https://m.ok.ru/video/3813887249094
THE U. S. ABANDONS INDO-CHINA TO THE COMMUNISTS
In the mid-1950s, it was generally believed that
the next war for the U. S. would be a guerrilla
war and it would be in Indo-China.
The American objective would be to prevent the
spread of communism in Southeast Asia.
To do that, the U. S. would have to invade and
occupy communist North Vietnam.
However, that was never the American objective.
Instead, talk was entirely about getting out of
Vietnam - even before the U. S. got in.
The question was how to do it.
The betrayal of South Vietnamese President Diem and
his brother-in-law Ngu by the U. S. in 1963 was
widely considered a mistake. Vietmam seemed a sad
joke afterward.
In 1968, there were 550,000 U. S. troops in Vietnam
and the U. S. spent US$ 77.4 billion on Vietnam.
Nixon was elected president in November 1968 and
immediately started getting the U. S. out of Vietnam.
Nixon and his national security advisor, Henry
Kissinger, were concerned about how they would look.
They wanted to blame the South Vietnamese government.
'Decent Interval'
The Nixon Tapes, Vietnam and the 'Decent Interval'
U. S. President Richard Nixon and National Security
Advisor Henry Kissinger discuss pulling out from
South Vietnam
1972
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xPzs3NZdN4&t=5s
Kissinger and Chou En-lai in China
1972
Discuss the possibility of a 'decent interval'
between an American withdrawal from South Vietnam
and a North Vietnamese take-over
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQ3LIqzR6-Q
PARIS PEACE ACCORDS
Peace was agreed in January 1973
Two months later, in March 1973, most American forces
were 'officially' withdrawn from South Vietnam. About
7,000 civilian employees of the U. S. Department of
Defense civilians remained.
For two years, there was no war.
But in November 1974, the North Vietnamese launched
an invasion of South Vietnam. It was not a surprise.
It was long expected.
Slowly, city by city, the North Vietnamese pushed
through South Vietnam.
SPRING OFFENSIVE 1975
CAMBODIA
The U. S. withdrew all support from Cambodia by
April 1975.
Cambodia fell to Pro-Peking Cambodian Communists,
the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot, in April 1975.
SOUTH VIETNAM
The U. S. government withdrew all of its personnel
from South Vietnam by March 1975.
By April 1975, the North Vietnamese reached Saigon,
the capital of South Vietnam.
South Vietnam (Saigon) fell to pro-Soviet North
Vietnam (Hanoi) in April 1975.
LAOS
The U. S. pulled all of its forces out of
Laos by December 1973.
Laos fell to the Pro-Soviet Pathet Lao two
years later, in December 1975.
Richard Nixon
Interview
The Decent Interval
Post-presidency
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Q-H0281kfM&t=34s
Last Days in Vietnam
Documentary film about Vietnam in 1975, as
the Americans left and the North Vietnamese
communists took over.
2014
1:35:50
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRyiVgHw3fE&t=522s
North Vietnamese (Hanoi) forces and pro-Hanoi
Cambodian communists invaded Cambodia and drove
out the pro-Peking (Pol Pot) communists, the
Khmer Rouge
November and December 1978
The Killing Fields
1984 movie
The story of a Cambodian photographer before
and after the communist take-over in Cambodia
in 1975
2:21:53
https://ok.ru/video/1613553470079
Vietnamese force local Chinese out of Vietnam
China invades North Vietnam
China - Vietnam border war
___________________
PORTUGAL
The Carnation Revolution
Coup in Portugal
25 April 1974
End of dictatorship in Portugal.
Democracy in Portugal.
Independence for Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia: Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe,
Portuguese Timor
Communists and civil war in Angola and Mozambique
Cross-border attacks on Rhodesia from Mozambique
by the Manyika
Civil war in East Timor, invasion by Indonesia
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