A lecture by Gary Biltcliffe
on ancient Pelasgian and Etruscan connections with Britain, megalithic stonework, lost cities, city-state society of Archaic
Europe.
The Trojans pull the wooden horse built and left by the departed
Greeks into the city of Troy
The Trojan War
As the Greeks sacked and burned the city
of Troy, the Trojan prince Aeneas fled, taking with him his father, Anchises, and his son, Ascanius (Iulus/Julus/Ascanius
Julius).
Aeneas rescuing his Father from the burning City
of Troy by Pieter Schoubroeck
Departure
of Aeneas from Troy - painting by Lionelle Spapa in 1615
Aeneas carrying his father, Anchises, and followed by
his son, Ascanius, fleeing Troy - painting by Federico Barocci, 1596
Latium and the Latins
Latium (in red)
After years at sea, Aeneas and the Trojans landed in Latium on the Tyrrhenian
Coast of the Italian Peninsula. They were challenged by the local inhabitants - the tribes of
the Latins (Latini) and the Rutuli and the Etruscans.
Aeneas defeats Turnus, painting by Luca
Giordano (1634–1705). Turnus was the leader of the Rutuli. The Rutuli opposed the the settling of Trojans in Latium.
Aeneas and Turnus vied for the daughter of the king of the Latins.
The Trojans prevailed. Aeneas married Lavinia, the
daughter of Latinus, king of the
Latins, and founded the port of Lavinium in Latium.
There is archaeological evidence that Aeneas was revered in Lavinium in Latium in the
300s B. C.
Aeneas and the Trojans settle in Latium
Latium (center)
Lavinium
(center, left)
The Legend of Aeneas
In Homeric legend, Aeneas was a cousin of Hector, son of
King Priam of Troy. Aeneas fought with the Trojans against the Greeks at Troy.
In other accounts, Aeneas fled Troy as it fell and lead
osurviving Trojans to Italy, where they settled in Latium with the consent of its king. Aeneas founded the city of Lavinium
in Latium.
There is archeological evidence of the legend of Aeneas in Greece in the
500s B. C. and of a Trojan legend in southern Italy in the 300s B. C.
The Founding of Rome and the Beginnings of Urbanism
in Italy
Lecture # 2, about the archeological ruins of early Rome, by Diana
Kleiner in the 24-lecture course Roman Architecture (HSAR 252), Yale U., Spring 2009
1. Romulus Founds Rome; early Roman huts; Etruscan Temple of Jupiter
OMC
2. Defensive stone walls and regular town planning
3. Early Republican architecture
4. The Hellenization of Late Republican temple architecture
A Latin; a descendant of the
Trojan Aeneas (and thus descended also from Venus and, through his mother, Rhea Silvia), from Mars)); from the settlement
of Alba Longa
- Founded Rome on the Palatine
Hill
-
Built Rome's first city wall and later expanded the city limits
-
Established Rome's Senate
- Stole wives from a neighboring
tribe, the Sabines, because the Romans had none, causing a war between the two tribes but eventually uniting them
- Married
Horsilia, a daughter of King Titus Tatius of the Sabines; persuaded King Tatius to move to Rome and rule Rome jointly
with him
Vanished in a storm by the Tiber and became the god Quirinus.
The Rape of the Sabine Women
Romans seize Sabine women
Intervention of the Sabine Women
Horsilia, daughter of King Titus Tatius of the Sabines,
steps between Romulus and Tatius and persuades the Romans and Sabines to stop
fighting
-----------------------------
Numa Pompilius
Second
king (716/5 - 673 BC)
A Sabine, married Tatia, only
daughter of the Sabine king Titus Tatius
- Introduced
civilization and culture to Rome
- Brought the cult of Vesta to Rome
- Established
religious institutions and created priesthoods, including the pontifex maximus
- Built the temple to the god
Janus
- Instituted the lunar calendar, with 360 days divided into 12 months, adding two months, January and February
--------------------------------
Tullus
Hostilius (The Agressor)
Third king (673 - 642/1 BC)
A Latin
- Expanded
Rome
- Destroyed Alba Longa and resettled its inhabitants on the Caelian Hill
of Rome
- Defeated neighboring tribes, including the Sabines and Veii
- Built senate house
Killed
by Jupiter with a bolt of lightning
Horatii
The Oath of the Horatii (painting by David)
Instead of entering into battle, Rome and Alba Longa agreed that three Roman brothers,
from the Horatii family, and three Alba Longan brothers, would fight it out. The Horatii won, killing
the three Alba Longan brothers, but the Alba Longans reneged on their
agreement and the Romans had to conquer Alba Longa through war, destroy the city and resettle its inhabitants in Rome.
---------------------------------
Ancus Marcius
Fourth king (642/1 - 617/616 BC)
A
Sabine, grandson of King Numa Pompilius and son of Numa's daughter, Pompania
- Vanquished
neighboring tribes, including the Old Latins (Prisci Latini) and the Sabines; resettled the conquered Latins on the Terentine Hill
- Added Aventine
and Janiculan hills to Rome
- Built the first bridge in Rome, made of wood, over the Tiber
-
Built Rome's first prison, the Mamertine
-
Built the first aqueduct to Rome (Archeologists believe the first aqueduct to Rome was actually built in 312 BC.)
-
Founded Roman colonies
- Founded Rome's port of Ostia (Ostia Antica)
------------------------------------------
Tarquinius
Priscus
(Tarquin
the Elder)
Fifth king (617/616
- 579 BC)
Lucumo,
a Greek from Corinth - or of Greek parents from Corinth - in the Etruscan
city of Tarquinii; married Tanaquil, an Etruscan from Tanquinii; moved to Rome and took the name of Lucius Tarquin
-
Conquered numerous cities in Latium and Etruria
-
Drained marshlands of Rome
- Built the world's first sewage system, Rome's
main sewer, the Cloaca Maxima ("great sewer")
- Began construction of the Temple
of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill (Jupiter OMC) and the Circus Maximus
- Enlarged the senate
Assassinated
by sons of Ancus Marcius
Cloaca Maxima
Video about the Cloaca Maxima
Excerpt from
The Rise of Rome from the series Cities of the Underworld
Of
unknown origin, perhaps Etruscan; protege of Tarquin's wife, Tanaquil, who made him regent after Tarquin's assassination,
claiming that Tarquin had only been wounded and was recovering; married the daughter of Tarquin and Tanaquil
-
Defeated the Etruscans of Veii
-
Included the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills in Rome
-
Built a wall and moat around Rome (This is actually the later Servian Wall, built in the 4th century
B. C.)
- Built the Temple of Diana
- Introduced coinage to reform bartering
- Instituted a census to facilitate voting in elections
Murdered
by his daughter and son-in-law, Tarquin Superbus
Servian Wall on map compared
with later Aurelian wall
Servian wall, said to have
been built during the Republic after the sack of Rome by the Gauls in the in the 300s BC
------------------------------------------
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
(Tarquin
the Proud)
7th and last
king of Rome (535/4 - 509 BC)
Son or grandson of Tarquin the Elder
- Reformed the Latin League with Rome as its leader
- Defeated the Volscians
- Captured Gabii
- Completed Jupiter OMC
- Improved the Cloaca Maxima
- A notorious tyrant, he condemned rivals to
death, repealed reforms and relied on forced labor
Computer
image of a reproduction of Jupiter OMC
Model
of a reproduction of Jupiter OMC
Plan of Jupiter OMC
Sketch
of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitolium (Jupiter OMC), one of the two peaks of the Capitoline Hill. The temple was dedicated to
the Capitoline Triad - Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. King Tarquinius Priscus founded the temple and the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, completed it in 509 B. C.
The Capitoline Triad
with Jupiter, centre; Juno, right; and Minerva, left. The statues were produced during the reign of the emperor Vespasian and were excavated in the town of Pompeii
Tarquin's
son, Sextus Tarquinius, raped a married noblewoman, Lucretia, wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus.
Lucretia killed herself in anguish afterwards, provoking an outrage from the Romans.
Led by Brutus, a nephew of Tarquin, the Romans abolished the monarchy and sent Tarquin into exile.
Tarquin failed to retake Rome with the help of Etruscan
armies and the Latin League and died in exile in the town of Cumae in Campania many yeras later.
The Rape of Lucretia
Lucretia raped by Sextus Tarquinius, son of the last King
of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, painted by Felice Ficherelli (1603 - 1660) - The Rape of Lucretia
The Death of Lucretia
(1763 - 1767) by Gavin Hamilton (1723 - 1798)
"To Paint the Way the Spartans
Spoke"
Gavin Hamilton's The Death of Lucretia
Lecture # 6 of 12 from the series Let This be a Lesson: Heroes, Heroines and Narrative in Paintings,
by John Walsh, Yale U. Art Gallery (2013)
Le Brenn et sa part de butin (Brennus and his Share
of the Spoils, also known as Spoils of the Battle), by Paul Jamin, (1893). Brennus, leader of the Celts, looks
upon Roman hostages after the Celts sacked Rome
- a victory in battle that is so costly that it places
the victor at a disadvantage in the
war; 'hollow victory'.
Reference is to the complaint of Epirus after defeating the
Romans in a battle during the Pyrrhic War (between the Romans and the invading Greeks from 280 BC to 275 BC
Rome - the Power and the Glory
Documentary about Rome from the
Etruscans to the eve of the Punic Wars
Polybius
of Megalopolis is the author of the The Histories, covering the period from 264 BC to 146 BC and the oldest
historical work about Rome to have survived. Polybius described the rise of Rome to its dominance of the Mediterranean.
Coin of Gaius Julius Caesar,
minted in 44 BC, inscribed CAESAR DICT[ator] QUART[us] (Caesar Dictator for fourth time)
Reverse side of a coin of Julius Caesar: Aeneas leaving Troy, carrying his father Anchises; Julius Caesar was descended through from Aeneas through
Ascanius (a. k. a. Iulius) or Iulius (second son of Aeneas)
Vercingétorix Memorial in Alesia, France, erected by Emperor
Napoléon III of France (Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) in 1865
Vercingétorix (ca. 82 B. C. - 46 B. C.), an Arverni tribal chief, tried
to unite the Gauls against the invading Romans; he was defeated and captured by the Romans
at the Battle of Alesia in 52 B. C. and executed in Rome in 46 B. C.
The Celts
Blood, Iron and Sacrifice
Part 2 of 3-part 2015 BBC documentary with Neil Oliver and Alice Roberts
The Celts to Vercingtorix and the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC
Lecture by Barry Strauss at Hillsdale
College in Michigan
Considers five literary sources
- Nicolas of Damascus, Plutarch, Suetonius, Appian of Alexandria and
Cassius Dio - and the archaeological evidence in coins
Crowds burned down the Curia after the assassination.
Today, a road, La Via di Torre Argentina, covers most of the area.
The exact spot of the murder is beside the road, in the Largo di Torre Argentina, behind temple B, the circular temple
of four temples aligned north-south (A., B.. C, and D.). A tree close to the wall by the road marks the exact spot.
White marble statue of Augustus ("Augustus of Prima Porta") from the
villa of Livia Drusilla, his widow, in Prima Porta near Rome. The statue was a copy of the bronze original. (Vatican Museum.)
Born Gaius Octavianus
Thurinus
in Velletri or in
Rome in 63 BC
Died
in Nola in Campania in AD 14
R. ca. 31 BC - AD 14
Called by modern
scholars Octavianus, Octavius or Octavian and, for his later life, Augustus
He called himself Gaius Julius Caesar Octavius after
his adoption by Gaius Julius Caesar, his mother's uncle, in 44 BC.
He took the title Imperator Caesar Divi Filius
(Commander and Son of the Divine Julius Caesar) in 42 BC.
In 27 or 26 BC, the senate added Augustus (exalted
one) to his title and he was addressed Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus.
Many scholars date the beginning
of the Roman Empire from Octavian's victory over Marc Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. He was thus sole
ruler of the
Mediterranean.
Other scholars date the
Roman Empire from 27 BC, when the Roman senate made
Augustus' position supremo constitutional.
Historians
consider Augustus the first Roman Emperor. The title emperor is derived from the Latin imperator (commander).
Augusutus considered himself
a prince, or Priceps, and the Empire was called a principate. He was Princeps Civitatis (First Citizen of
the State).
Augustus established
the standing army and created the Praetorian Guard.
He extended the borders of the
empire to include Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia. He expanded the empire into Africa and Germania. He
conquered Hispania. He made peace with the Parthian Empire.
He reformed taxation.
He rebuilt Rome.
He built road networks and created
a courier system.
He established police and
fire services for Rome.
He proclaimed the eatablishment of peace throughout the empire Pax
Romana or Pax Augusta in 13 BC.
He was Ponitfex Maximus from 12 BC.
Augustus renamed the month of Sextilius after himself,
August, in 8 BC. He chose this month because it followed the month of July, which was named after Julius Caesar in 45 BC.
He made his step-son Tiberius his heir.
It was rumoured that his wife Livia poisoned him to
death.
Bust of Octavius dated
to 30 BC
Bust of Gaius Octavius (Octavian) as Princeps Civitatis with the Civic Crown
Busr of Augustus as Pontifex Maximus
Pax Romana
27 BC - AD 180
Source: Lavoro proprio (via Cristiano)
The Roman Empire (Principate) in the time of Augustus (27 BC
- AD 14)
The map shows the Roman Empire from 31 BC to AD 6
History
of Ancient Rome
Four lectures about Augustus and Imperial Rule by Garrett
Fagan from the course (Great Courses)
(Removed from You Tube)
Emperors
of Rome
Three lectures of a 36-lecture course by Garrett Fagan from (The Great Courses)
Lecture # 9 of the course Roman Architecture (HSAR 252) by
Diane Kleinert, Yale U., Spring 2009
1. From Republic to Empire: Julius Caesar 2. Julius Caesar, Venus
Genetrix and the Forum Iulium 3. The Ascent of Augustus and access to Italian marble 4. Augustus assembles
his marble city 5. The Forum of Augustus and Its links to the Greek past 6. The Ara Pacis Augustae 7.
Mussolini, the Meier Museum, and a jewel on Lungotevere
Lecture # 10 of the course Roman Architecture (HSAR 252) by Diane
Kleinert at Yale U., Spring 2009
1. Augustus family mausoleum 2. Etruscan antecedents of the Mausoleum
of Augustus 3. The Tomb of Caecilia Metella on the Via Appia 4. The Pyramidal Tomb of Gaius Cestius 5. The Tomb
of the Baker Eurysaces and his wife Atistia 6. Atistias Breadbasket and Eurysaces Achievements 7. Tombs for those
of modest means and the future of concrete architecture
Her father and her first husband fought with Brutus and Cassius and other
assassins of Julius Caesar against the Second Triumvirate of Marc Antony, Octavius and Lepidus.
Her father committed suicide after defeat at the Battle of Philippi in 42
BC.
Her huband fought with Marc and Lucius Antony against Octavius.
Livia and her family sided with the son of Pompey, Sextus Pompey, against Octavius.
Octavius forced Livia to divorce her husband and marry him in 38 B.
C. Augustus and Livia did not have a child together.
Livia was the mother of Rome's second emperor, Tiberius.
Livia was the grandmother of the fourth emperor Claudius, the great-grandmother of the third
emperor Caligula, and the great-great-grandmother of the fifth emperor Nero.
It was rumured that Livia killed Augustus by feeding him poisonous figs.
Statue of Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC
- AD 17), Roman poet, exiled to the Black
Sea by the Roman emperor Augustus in AD 8; best known for two works, Metamorphoses and Ars Amatoria
(The Art of Love).
Statue in Tomis (Constanta, Romania), the city to which Ovid was exiled,
by Ettore Ferrari in 1887. (Photo by Romeo Tabus.)
Episode from the documentary series War & Civilization narrated by Walter
Cronkite
The
development of the Roman army from the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC, to the Marian Reforms of 107 BC, and the massacre
of Roman legions by the Germans in Teutoberg Forest in AD
The
English version of the entire movie (in 720 p), uncensored, in a single clip (2:34:34) (154:34), minus the credits shown at
the end, released by Blue Ray, can also be viewed on a popular pornographic website, xHamster, which will not be linked
to here, and easily downloaded from the site.
Porta Praenestina
(Porta Maggiore - Porta Labicana - Porta Naevia), arches constructed in A. D. 52 by Claudius under the aqueducts Claudia
and Anio Novus in Rome.
Notorious Nero and His Amazing Architectural Legacy
Lecture # 11 by Diane Kleinert from the course Roman Architecture (HSAR 252: Roman Architecture)
at Yale U.
1. Tiberius
and the Villa Jovis on Capri
2. Caligula
and the Underground Basilica in Rome 3. Claudius and the Harbor at Portus 4. Claudius Porta Maggiore in Rome
5. Nero and the Domus Transitoria in Rome 6. The Golden
House of Nero and the Octagonal Room
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BC – AD 65), born
in Cordoba, Spain; son of Seneca the Elder; Stoic philosopher,
dramatist and humorist of the Silver Age of Latin literature; exiled to Corsica by Caligula in 41; returned to Rome in
49; tutor to the young Nero and later a close advisor to Nero the emperor; forced to commit suicide when accused of conspiring
to assassinate Nero.
Seneca the Younger
Discussion on the weekly Thursday BBC radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
With guests Mary Beard, Catharine Edwards and Alessandro Schiesaro
General Vespasian,
commanding the Roman army
that was putting down the
Jewish revolt in Judea, was proclaimed emperor by the armies in Judea and Egypt (1 July AD 69).
The Roman armies in
Europe also proclaimed Vespasian emperor and marched south on Rome.
Vitellius marched
north from Rome to confront them.
Vespasian's army marched
north, met Vitellius and defeated him.
Vitellius returned
to Rome where Vespasian's soldiers killed him (22 December AD 69).
La Mort De Vitellius (The Death of Vitellius) (1847) by
Charles-Gustave Housez (1822 - 1894)
The senate proclaimed
Vespasian, who was in Egypt, emperor.
Titus Flavius Vespasianus reigned for ten years, till his death in AD 79. He founded a new dynasty, known
as the Flavian Dynasty, which ruled for 27 years (AD 69 AD - AD 96). He was succeeded by his two sons, Titus and Domitian.
-----------
The
Flavian Dynasty
Three Emperors
- Vespasian
- Titus, son of Vespasian
- Domitian, son of Vespasian; younger brother of Titus
Vespasian
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (born 9 AD - died
79 AD) (ruled 69 - 79 AD)
Lecture
# 4 of the course, Roman Architecture (HSAR 252), with Diana E. Kleiner
at Yale U., Spring 2009
Introduction to Pompeii and the city's history
- The early settlement and the Forum at Pompeii - The Capitolium and Basilica of Pompeii
- Pompeii's Entertainment District: the Amphitheater, Theater and Music Hall - Bath
complexes at Pompeii - Daily life and the eruption of Vesuvius
Lecture
# 5 of the course Roman Architecture (HSAR 252) by
Diana Kleiner at Yale U., Spring 2009
Introduction and the ideal Domus Italica
- Early Pompeian houses and the ideal Hellenized Domus - Hellenized houses in
Pompeii - The House of the Faun - additional Pompeiian houses
Habitats at Herculaneum and Early Roman Interior
Decoration
Lecture # 6 by Diana Kleiner from the course Roman
Architecture at Yale U. in the Spring of 2009
1. Introduction and the history of Herculaneum
2. Houses at Herculaneum and the Samnite House
3. Further developments in domestic architecture at Herculaneum: The House of the Mosaic Atrium and the
House of the Stags 4. First Style Roman wall painting 5. Second Style Roman wall painting 6. Second Style
Roman wall painting and the family of Augustus
Painting Palaces and Villas in the First Century
A. D.
Lecture # 7 by Diana Kleiner from the course Roman Architecture at
Yale U. in the Spring of 2009
1. Introduction to Third and Fourth Style Roman wall
painting 2. Transition from Second to Third Style at Oplontis 3. The Mature Third Style at Boscotrecase 4. A Third
Style Garden and Fabullus Paints the Domus Aurea in Rome 5. Fourth Style Eclecticism and display in Pompeii 6.
Scenographic painting in Herculaneum
Lecture # 8 by Diana Kleiner from the course Roman Architecture
at Yale U. in the Spring of 2009
1. Initiation in the Villa of the Mysteries 2. A Mystical Marriage 3. The God of Wine and his Brides 4.
Conclusion to the Initiation Rites 5. The Wanderings
of Odysseus 6. Genre, historical, and portrait painting
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