Morphology

 

 

Word formation –

 

Words in Filipino are either root word or a combination of affixes and root words. Rootword and affix are called morphemes because in its own, rootword and affix contains meaning. Many words can be formed through affixation and root word combination.

 

 

 

Rootword –

Rootword are words without affixes. Formation f word through root words are combined through the following:

 

 

 

    1. Total reduplication of similar root word.

      2.  

      e. g. (root word + root word)

       

       

      root word reduplication meaning

       

      araw (sun) araw – araw everyday

       

      isa (one) isa – isa one by one (as in lining up)

       

      bayan (country) bayan – bayan every country

       

       

       

       

    2. Partial reduplication of the first syllable of the first syllable of the root word on total reduplication of rootword.

      3.  

      e.g.

      tatawa – tawa uubo – ubo

       

      iisa – isa tutulong – tulong

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

    3. Duplication of the first syllable of the root word.

      4.  

      e. g. tatatlo aapat lilima aalis

      sasama

       

       

       

    4. Combination of two dissimilar root word retaining its own meaning.

      5.  

      e. g. binatang – bukid – farm lad

       

      dalagang – bukid – farm lass

       

      tubig – tabang - fresh water

       

       

       

    5. Combination of 2 dissimilar rootword producing a third meaning. These words are called idioms.

 

e.g.

 

idiom literal meaning third meaning

 

ningaskugon kogon fire eager only in planning but

never in action

 

basang – sisiw wet chick forsaken look of a

person.

 

Tengang – kawali carajay ear’s pretending to be deaf.

 

hanapbuhay look for work occupation.

 

 

Affixation –

 

Filipino is a language of affixes. Through affixation any word in the part of speech can be produced.

 

e. g. mag + aral = verb

 

ma + ganda = adjective

 

na + nito = adverb

 

pag – ibig = noun

 

i + bili = verb

 

 

Our affixes in Filipino fall into the following categories: prefix, infix, suffix, prefix – suffix, and prefix – infix – suffix combination.

 

 

    1. Prefix – if an affix is in the initial position, as in

      2.  

      Affix rootword word

       

      Mag + aral = mag-aral (to study)

       

      Ma + nood = manood (to see)

       

      Pa + tanong = patanong (to ask something)

      Pag + handa = paghanda (preparation)

       

       

    2. Infix – are inserted between the letters of the first syllable of the rootword.

      3.  

      e. g. in + bili = binili "bought"

       

      um + pasok = pumasok "to enter"

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

      As glottal stop sound transcription /?/ is considered a phoneme consonant, affixes on all initial voweled words with affixes in the initial position is considered as infix

       

      e.g. /?um + alis/ = /?umalis/ = to leave

       

      /?in + ihaw/ = /?inihaw/ = broiled over a coal

       

       

       

    3. Suffix – suffix occurs in the final position of a rootword.

      4.  

       

      e. g. in/hin + bili = bilihin "to buy"

       

      an/han + punta = puntahan "to go to"

       

       

       

    4. Prefix – Sufix affixation – are rootwords with initial and final occurrences of

      5. affixes.

       

       

      e. g. mag - - - an + mahal = magmahalan – to love one another

      pag - - - an + luto = paglutuan – a cooking conatiner

      mag - - - an + uwi = mag-uwian – act of going home – plural

       

       

       

    5. Prefix – infix – suffix affixation – when the affixes is in the initial, medial

and final position of a rootword.

 

 

e. g. mag - - - in - - - an + sampalok = magsinampalukan – "to cook "sinigang" with sampalok flower

 

pag - - - in - - - an + linaga = paglinagan – "to tellng on a said container"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Enclitics

 

Enclitics is general, are mono syllabic forms of unstressed that are dependent on the words they occur. Normally, they do not have dependent lexical meanings. Only in some instances when they occur phrase finally do they receive phrase stress.

 

Enclitics occurs initially, medially and phrase finally. The following are the Filipino enclitics:

 

na po/ho

ba lamang/lang

 

pa yata

 

din/rin man

 

daw/raw naman

 

pa sana

 

 

nga kaya

 

tila muna

 

 

Initial occcurence – "tila"

 

 

    1. Tila uulan.

      2.  

    2. Tila ang bata ang nagtanim.

      3.  

    3. Tila makaaani sila.

      4.  

    4. Tila masipag ang magsasaka ngayon.

      5.  

    5. Tila naririto na ang mga traktor na galing sa pamahalaan.

      6.  

    6. Tila nasa mga bukid na ang makinarya.

 

 

 

Medial occurrences: In utterances most of the enclitics occur after the stressed word of an interrogative, noun and its substantive, verb, adjective, adverb, and prepositional phrase.

 

 

e.g. 1. Sino ba ang sasama? (interrogative)

 

2. Naglilinis ba sila? (verb)

 

3. Ang maliit na bata ba ang pumasa? (noun)

 
    1. Siya ba ang nanalo? (subjective)

 

5. Matalino bang talaga? (adjective)

 

    1. Naririto ba siya? (adverb)

      2.  

    2. Nasa loob ng kuwarto ba siya?

 

Try to insert the other enclitics on the said position

 

 

 

 

 

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