Peritonitis

Peritonitis: The wall of the abdomen - the part of the trunk below the diaphragm, sometimes called the belly - and the organs within the abdomen are covered with a two-layered membrane called the peritoneum (per-uh-tuh-NEE-uhm). Peritonitis (per-uh-tuh-NY-tis) is an inflammation of the peritoneum. It may be localized or it may be present throughout the abdominal cavity.

Causes Peritonitis is most often caused by bacteria that have invaded the abdominal cavity. Usually this occurs as the result of a ruptured (burst) organ, such as a ruptured appendix or spleen. These organs can burst open because of internal pressure from pus and bacterial action. Stab wounds and surgery also may introduce bacteria into the cavity.

Symptoms you are likely to notice The main symptom is severe abdominal pain, which is most intense in the region of the underlying cause - near a ruptured appendix, for example. Nausea, vomitting, abdominal tenderness, chills, fever, rapid breathing, and rapid pulse are other symptoms. Peritonitis can cause dehydration, shock, heart failure, and death. Therefore, it is important to seek medical help as soon as possible.

Symptoms your physician may observe The doctor will admit you to a hospital, where X rays and blood tests will be used to confirm the diagnosis. A small incision may be made into the abdominal cavity to remove some of the fluid and bacteria to determine their origin.

Treatment options Treatment involves three basic steps:

 

• The ruptured tissue that allowed bacteria to enter the abdominal cavity must be surgically repaired.
• The infection must be eliminated completely; this is usually accomplished with the aid of antibiotics.
• Body fluids and chemicals lost during the attack must be replaced; this is usually done with intravenous fluids. Blood transfusions may be needed if the patient is in shock.

Blood pressure, urine flow, and other vital signs will be monitored regularly, and steps will be taken to prevent respiratory problems. Morphine or another painkiller may be administered. The patient will be fed intravenously for at least a couple of days.