1. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1959, 1962) 21-2.

2. Ibid. 26.

3. J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London: Archibald Constable & Co., Ltd, 1905) 66.

4. Ibid. 73.

5. Ibid. 74-5.

6. Ibid. 75-6.

7. Ibid. 76-7.

8. Thomas Hodgskin, The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted (London: B. Steil, 1832) 155-6.

9. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy 27.

10. Ibid. 17.

11. Ibid. 17.

12. William Appleman Williams, The Contours of American History (Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company, 1961) 368.

13. Joseph R. Stromberg, "The Role of State Monopoly Capitalism in the American Empire" Journal of Libertarian Studies Volume 15, no. 3 (Summer 2001) 61-3 http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_3/15_3_3.pdf Captured October 28, 2003).

14. Williams, Contours of American History 363-4.

15. Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Law, and Politics (Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 82; Karl Kautsky, "Imperialism and the War," International Socialist Review (November 1914), trans. by William E. Bohn http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/works/1910s/war.html Captured September 23, 2002.

16. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy 66.

17. Martin J. Sklar, "Woodrow Wilson and the Political Economy of Modern United States Liberalism," in Murray Rothbard and Ronald Radosh, eds., A New History of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1972) 27.

18. Ibid. 40.

19. Ibid. 62n.

20. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy 179.

21. Ibid. 123.

22. Ibid. 170.

23. Robert Freeman Smith, "American Foreign Relations, 1920-1942," in Barton J. Bledstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History (New York: Vintage Books, 1967, 1968) 247.

24. Ibid. 247.

25. The rest of this paragraph, unless otherwise noted, is based on Laurence H. Shoup and William Minter, "Shaping a New World Order: The Council on Foreign Relations' Blueprint for World Hegemony, 1939-1945," in Holly Sklar, ed., Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Management (Boston: South End Press, 1980) 135-56.

26. Robert Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor (New York: Free Press, 1999).

27. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy 235-6.

28. Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy 1945-1980 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988) 120.

29. United States Participation in the Multilateral Development Banks in the 1980s. Department of the Treasury (Washingon, DC: 1982) 9.

30. Gabriel Kolko, The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969) 72.

31. G. William Domhoff, The Power Elite and the State: How Policy is Made in America (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990) 166.

32. Ibid. 271.

33. Leonard P. Liggio, "American Foreign Policy and National Security Management," in Rothbard and Radosh, eds., New History of Leviathan 249.

34. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy 272.

35. George Orwell, 1984. Signet Classics reprint (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1949, 1981) 157.

36. Cheryl Payer, The Debt Trap: The International Monetary Fund and the Third World (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974); Walden Bello, "Structural Adjustment Programs: 'Success' for Whom?" in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith, eds., The Case Against the Global Economy (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996); Bruce Franklin. "Debt Peonage: The Highest Form of Imperialism?" Monthly Review 33:10 (March 1982) 15-31.

37. Payer, Debt Trap 48-9.

38. David Korten, When Corporations Rule the World (West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press, 1995; San Francisco, Calif.: Berrett-Koehler, Publishers, Inc., 1995) 166.

39. Bruce Rich, "The Cuckoo in the Nest: Fifty Years of Political Meddling by the World Bank," The Ecologist (January/February 1994) 10.

40. Holly Sklar, "Overview," in Holly Sklar, ed., Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Management (Boston: South End Press, 1980) 28-9.

41. Walden Bello, Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines (San Francisco: Institute for Food & Development Policy, 1982).

42. Joseph R. Stromberg, "Experimental Economics, Indeed" Ludwig von Mises Institute, January 6, 2004 http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1409 Captured July 25, 2004.

43. Rich, "Cuckoo in the Nest" 9.

44. Ibid. 9-10.

45. Ibid. 10.

46. Sean Corrigan, "You Can't Say That!" August 6, 2002 http://www.lewrockwell.com/corrigan/corrigan13.html Captured August 6, 2002.

47. Thomas Friedman, "What the World Needs Now," New York Times, March 28, 1999.

48. Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy, Monopoly Capitalism: An Essay in the American Economic and Social Order (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966) 201.

49. Christopher Layne and Benjamin Shwartz, "American Hegemony Without an Enemy," Foreign Policy (Fall 1993) 12-3.

50. Oliver MacDonough, "The Anti-Imperialism of Free Trade," The Economic History Review (Second Series) 14:3 (1962) .

51. Joseph R. Stromberg, "Free Trade, Mercantilism and Empire," February 28, 2000 http://www.antiwar.com/stromberg/s022800.html Captured May 1, 2002.

52. Layne and Shwartz, "American Hegemony Without an Enemy" 5, 12.

53. Domhoff, Power Elite and the State 113.

54. Noam Chomsky, Deterring Democracy (New York: Hill and Wang, 1991, 1992) 28.

55. Domhoff, Power Elite and the State 145.

56. Ibid. 160-1.

57. William Yandell Elliot, ed., The Political Economy of American Foreign Policy (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1955) 42.

58. Thomas Barnett, "The Pentagon's New Map," Esquire March 2003 http://www.thomaspmbarnett.com/published/pentagonsnewmap.htm Captured July 26, 2004.

59. Thomas Carothers, "The Reagan Years: The 1980s," in Abraham F. Lowenthal, ed., Exporting Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1991) 117-8.

60. Ibid. 96-7.

61. William Blum. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995).

62. Kolko, Confronting the Third World 117, 123.

63. Hobson, Imperialism 75-6.

64. Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Capital, ed. and trans. By Tom Bottomore (London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1910, 1981) 297.

65. Ibid. 297.

66. Ibid. 308.

67. Ibid. 309.

68. Ibid. 317-8.

69. Ibid. 321.

70. Ibid. 319-20.

71. Ibid. 328.

72. Nikolai Bukharin, Imperialism and World Economy (International Publishers, 1929 (written 1915-1917) http://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1917/imperial/ Captured October 28, 2003 Chapter VII.

73. Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (New York: International Publishers, 1965) 51.

74. Joseph Schumpeter, "Imperialism," in Imperialism, Social Classes: Two Essays by Joseph Schumpeter. Translated by Heinz Norden. Introduction by Hert Hoselitz (New York: Meridian Books, 1955) 79-80.

75. Sklar, Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism 58.

76. Schumpeter, "Imperialism" 82-3.

77. Stromberg, "Role of State Monopoly Capitalism" 65.

78. Ibid. 71.

79. Schumpeter, "Imperialism" 88.

80. W. R. Bailey, The One-Man Farm, qt. in L. S. Stavrianos, The Promise of the Coming Dark Age (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1976) 38.

81. Walter Adams and James Brock, The Bigness Complex (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986) 33-4, 45-6.

82. Seymour Melman, Profits Without Production (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983) 80.

83. Qt. in Barry Stein, Size, Efficiency, and Community Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for Community Economic Development, 1974) 5.

84. Adams and Brock, Bigness Complex 38-9.

85. Mark J. Green, et al., eds., The Closed Enterprise System. Ralph Nader’s Study Group Report on Antitrust Enforcement (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1972) 243-4.

86. Adams and Brock, The Bigness Complex 45-6.

87. Murray Rothbard, "Confessions of a Right-Wing Liberal," in Henry J. Silverman, ed., American Radical Thought: The Libertarian Tradition (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1970) p. 305.

88. Hilferding, Finance Capital 325.

89. Bukharin, Imperialism and World Economy Chapter VII.

90. Baran and Sweezy, Monopoly Capitalism 112-41.

91. Ibid. 112, 142-77, 207-17.

92. Paul Mattick, "The Economics of War and Peace," Dissent (Fall 1956) 377.

93. Ibid. 378-9.

94. Baran and Sweezy, Monopoly Capitalism 220.