Spherical Harmonic Components

Images created by the Quantum Chemistry Group, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain - disappeared

Things to note

The colour convention is that red lobes are in-phase (positive) and green lobes are out-of-phase (negative).

In Ambisonics, the convention is for the x-axis to be pointing away from the viewer and the y-axis to be pointing left. As depicted here, they are pointing towards the viewer and right; this rotation just toggles the colours of some of the lobes.

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Zero- and first-order components

With Ambisonics, a sound field is decomposed into spherical harmonic components, termed W, X, Y and Z. These are collectively called B-Format. The responses look like this:

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Higher-order components

The zero- and first-order components can be augmented by second- and third-order spherical harmonic components. To date, because of the need for an impractical number of transmission channels, little work has been carried out on higher-order Ambisonic systems. However, work has started on the development of the necessary microphones and decoders.

Second-order Ambisonics requires five transmission channels for horizontal surround sound and nine for full-sphere. Third-order Ambisonics requires seven channels for horizontal and sixteen for full-sphere. It is also possible to mix a high-order horizontal with a lower-order full-sphere; this would require an intermediate number of transmission channels, as listed in the following table:

Number of channels	Malham notation	Soundfield type	Horizontal order	Height order	Channels
3	h	horizontal	1	0	WXY
4	f	full-sphere	1	1	WXYZ
5	hh	horizontal	2	0	WXYUV
6	fh	mixed-order	2	1	WXYZUV
9	ff	full-sphere	2	2	WXYZRSTUV
7	hhh	horizontal	3	0	WXYUVPQ
8	fhh	mixed-order	3	1	WXYZUVPQ
11	ffh	mixed-order	3	2	WXYZRSTUVPQ
16	fff	full-sphere	3	3	WXYZRSTUVKLMNOPQ

Second-order components

The second-order spherical harmonic responses look like this:

Third-order components

The third-order spherical harmonic responses look like this: