There are a numbers of weapons you can aquire throughout this awesome game, and I'll be listing all the weapons, where they can be found, and what they're good for.
The Kolkiri Sword - This is the first weapon that you will receive. You can find in only in the Kokiri Forest. To find it, go to the training center and turn to the right of the guy standing there. There is a hole. Crawl through it and on the other side, walk around until you see a treasure box. The sword can only be used as young Link.
The Master Sword - This is the sword you will be playing with thorughout most of the game. You can find it only after you receive the three emeralds. Visit the Temple of Time and a door will open, leading to the Master Sword. This legendary blade is essential in order for you to defeat Gannon, and it is also the key to your time travelling.
The Medi-goron's Blade - This sword is VERY long, and very useless, too! Don't bother buying it as it will break on the fifth swing. It can be found in one of the tunnels on the second floor in Goron City for 200 rupees. You can only receive this as an adult (although I can't imagine why anyone would want to buy it).
The Biggoron's sword - This sword is really cool! It does twice the damage that the master sword does. However, it takes a long time for you to get it. And, you can't use your sheild in conjunction with the sword. Refer to my trading sequence page for instructions on how to get it.
The Deku Stick - This stick can be first found in Kokiri Forest. On your way to visit the Deku tree, you will need to kill some plants, which will give you some deku sticks. These things break on the first hit, but they can be used to light torches and burn spider webs. You can also buy these at stores and can only use them as a child.
The Deku Seeds - This seed can be used to stun enemies. They are found anywhere in Hyrule, or can be bought from stores.
The Fairy Slingshot - This weapon can be found inside the Deku tree in a treasure chest. You can hit from very far with this useful item! However, you will need to collect deku seeds to fire away with this weapon. You can find deku seeds almost anywhere, and you can use this item as a child only.
Boomerang - This weapon is really neat! You can use it to kill enemies and collect items from a long distance. Hold the boomerang (c button) and move around to choose a location in which to throw it (by releasing the c button). You can find this weapon inside Jabu-Jabu's belly.
The Fairy Bow - This Bow can be found in the Forest Temple. This weapon is like the fairy slingshot, and can be used to hit enemies at a long distance. You can use this arrow in conjunction with the ice arrows, fires arrows, or light arrows.
The Hookshot - This weapon can be found by Dampé in the graveyard as an adult. Pull out the tombstone with flowers on it on the left side of the graveyard. Hop in, and you will meet Dampé's ghost. He will challenge you to a race. If you win, you will be rewarded with a hookshot. The hookshot can be used just like the boomerang. Use it to retrieve items from a distance, or hookshot yourself a long distance.
The Longshot - This weapon is just like the hookshot, only it reaches twice the distance. You'll get it from the Water Temple.
The Megaton Hammer - This weapon can be found in the Fire Temple. You can use it to smash down switches that are rusted, or you can use it as a weapon to do major damage. This is a heavy weapon, so you need two hands to hold it.