UNIDAD V – Parte “b”
Imperativo.
Adjetivo calificativo: posición. Comparación de adjetivos.
The imperative mood
The Imperative Mood is used for giving commands. Like the Simple Present
Subjunctive, the Imperative Mood of a verb is formed from the bare infinitive
of the verb. For instance, the Imperative of the verb to work is work.
In the following examples, the verbs in the Imperative Mood are underlined.
e.g. Work!
Work harder!
Likewise, the Imperative of the verb to be is be.
e.g. Be more alert!
You be ready to come with us.
The Imperative Mood can be used only in the second person. As shown in the
first three examples above, the subject of the sentence is often omitted when
the Imperative Mood is used. In such sentences, the subject you is said
to be "understood". In written English, when the subject of the verb
is omitted from a command, the command is often followed by an exclamation
mark: !
The Imperative Mood can also be used in negative statements. Negative
statements are formed using the auxiliary do, followed by the word not.
The contraction don't is often used in spoken English. For example:
|
Without Contractions |
With
Contractions |
|
Do not
work so hard. |
Don't
work so hard. |
|
Do not be
afraid. |
Don't be
afraid. |
EXERCISES
Complete
the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the Imperative form of
the verbs shown in brackets. For example:
____ the door. (to open)
Open the door.
Don't ______ to come. (to forget)
Don't forget to come.
1. Don't __________ out late. (to stay)
2. Please _________ ready on time. (to be)
3. Don't
___________ about that. (to worry)
4.
_________ your own business! (to mind)
5.
_________ careful not to delete those data. (to be)
6. Do not
____________ everything you hear. (to believe)
7. Always ___________
well before overwriting a file. (to look)
8. You
__________ here while I go into the store. (to wait)
9.
__________ me! (to excuse)
10.
_________ me an e-mail if you have time. (to send)
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
FORMING THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
|
Number of syllables |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
one syllable |
+ -er |
+ -est |
|
small |
smaller |
smallest |
|
one syllable with the
spelling consonant + single vowel + consonant: double the final
consonant: |
||
|
hot |
hotter |
hottest |
|
big |
bigger |
biggest |
|
thin |
thinner |
thinnest |
|
|
||
|
Number of
syllables |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
two syllables |
+ -er OR more + adj |
+ -est OR most + adj |
|
ending in: -y, -ly, -ow |
||
|
happy |
happier/ more happy |
happiest/ most happy |
|
yellow |
yellower/ more yellow |
yellowest/ most yellow |
|
simple |
simpler/ more simple |
simplest/ most simple |
|
slender |
slenderer/ more slender |
slenderest/ most slender |
|
If you are not
sure, use MORE + OR MOST + |
||
|
busy |
busier |
busiest |
|
|
|
|
|
Number of syllables |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
three syllables or more |
more + adj |
most + adj |
|
important |
more important |
most important |
|
expensive |
more expensive |
most expensive |
Examples:
a. A cat is fast, a tiger is faster but a cheetah is the fastest
b. A car is heavy, a
truck is heavier, but a train is
the heaviest
c. A park bench is comfortable,
a restaurant chair is more comfortable,
but a sofa is the most comfortable
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
These adjectives
have completely irregular comparative and superlative forms:
|
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
good |
better |
best |
|
bad |
worse |
worst |
|
little |
less |
least |
|
much |
more |
most |
|
far |
further / farther |
furthest / farthest |
AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
To compare people,
places, events or things, when there is no difference, use as + adjective + as:
·
Peter is 24 years
old. John is 24 years old. Peter
is as old as John.
More examples:
·
Moscow is as cold as St. Petersburg in the winter.
·
Ramona is as happy as Raphael.
·
Einstein is as famous as Darwin.
·
A tiger is as dangerous as a lion.
COMPARISONS OF QUANTITY
To show difference: more, less, fewer + than
Examples:
With countable nouns:
more / fewer
·
Eloise has more children than
Chantal.
·
Chantal has fewer children than
Eloise.
·
There are fewer dogs in Cardiff than in Bristol
·
I have visited fewer countries than my friend has.
·
He has read fewer books than
she has.
With uncountable nouns: more / less
·
Eloise has more money
than Chantal.
·
Chantal has less money than Eloise.
·
I spend less time on homework than you do.
·
Cats drink less water than dogs.
·
This new dictionary
gives more information than the
old one.
So, the rule is:
MORE
+ nouns that are countable
or uncountable
FEWER + countable nouns
LESS + uncountable
nouns
To show no
difference: as much as , as many as, as few as, as little as
·
as many as / as
few as + countable nouns
·
as much as / as
little as + uncountable nouns
Examples:
With countable
nouns:
·
They have as many computers
as us.
·
We have as many customers as them.
·
Tom has as few books as
Jane.
·
There are as few houses in his village as in
mine.
·
You know as many people as
I do.
·
I have visited the States as many times as
he has.
With uncountable nouns:
·
John eats as much food as
Peter.
·
Jim has as little food as Sam.
·
You've heard as much news as
I have.
·
He's had as much success as his brother has.
·
They've got as little water as
we have.
EXERCISES
1)
Write in the comparative, following
the model:
The
avenue / long / the street
The
avenue is longer than the street.
a)
Mackintosh units / expensive / PCs
b) English
/ simple / German
c) My
printer / noisy / yours.
2)
Write the superlative, following the
model:
That building / tall / in the city
That
building is the tallest in the city.
a) They say
this is / good / computer shop in town.
b) That was
/difficult / problem we had to solve.
3)
Fill in the blanks with the correct
comparative or superlative of the adjectives in parentheses.
a) This
equipment is _______________________
(advanced) of all.
b) The
invention of computers is _______________(great) advance in modern technology.
c) Main
memory ___________________________
(expensive) auxiliary memory.
d) This
computer is ________________________
(powerful) any other personal computer.
e) This tax
is ______________________(low) income tax.
4) Translate into English.
a) Este lenguaje de computación es el menos usado en nuestra empresa.
b) Estos programas son los más adecuados.
c) Esta computadora realiza trabajos más complicados que la unidad vieja.
5) Choose the correct alternative.
a) The
CD-ROM drive is one of __________________devices.
the newer
the most
new
newer than
the newest
b) Magnetic
drums are __________________________discs or tapes.
earlyer
earlier
earliest
most early
more early
earlier
than
6)
Complete these sentences by supplying the comparative form of the adjectives in
parentheses.Also include the word than.
a) He is ___________(young)______I am.
b) Chicago is ___________(big)_______Paris.
c) This book is ___________(good)________the last one we
used.
d) This exercise is _________(easy)________the last one.
7)
Supply the superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses.
a) Grace is
_____________________(intelligent) girl in our class.
b) George is ______________________(bad) student in the
class.
c) Tokyo is _______________________(large) city in the
world.
d) Mt. Everest is ____________________(high) mountain in
the world.
e) This chair is ______________________(comfortable) chair
in the whole house.
f) The story which you told was
______________________(funny) of all.
OPPOSITES
Find the
words in list B which are opposite in meaning to the ones in list A. Use them
to complete the sentences. For example: The
opposite of turn on is turn off.
A
B
1) The opposite of add is subtract.
2) The opposite of authorize is _______________ cancel
3) The opposite of automated is _______________ close
4) The opposite of backward is _______________ closed
5) The opposite of boot up is _______________ complicated
6) The opposite of character based
is _______________ divide
7) The opposite of column is _______________ duplex
8) The opposite of confirm is
_______________ forbid
9) The opposite of contiguous is _______________ forward
10)The
opposite of continue is
_______________ fragmented
11)The
opposite of delete is _______________ graphical
12)The
opposite of flexible is _______________
interrupt
13)The
opposite of hardware is
_______________ manual
14)The
opposite of infinite is _______________ multiple
15)The
opposite of landscape is
_______________ portrait
16)The
opposite of monospaced is
_______________ proportional
17)The
opposite of multiply is
_______________ receive
18)The
opposite of open is
_______________ restore
19)The
opposite of parallel is
_______________ rigid
20)The
opposite of physical is _______________ row
21)The
opposite of problem is _______________ serial
22)The
opposite of simplex is
_______________ shut down
23)The
opposite of simple is _______________
software
24)The
opposite of single is
_______________ solution
25)The
opposite of transmit is
_______________ subtract
virtual
ADVERBS – Comparative degree
We form the
comparative degree of one-syllable adverbs by adding er.
Soon sooner
Fast faster
We usually
express the comparative degree of adverbs with two or more syllables by using more (superiority) or less(inferiority).
Quickly more quickly than
Carefully more carefully than
Comparative
of equality: as........as
I'll be
there as early as possible.
Mário
speaks English as well as José.
Some
adverbs have special comparative forms.
badly worse
little less
much more
well better
far farther
The
comparative form of all adverbs is followed by than.
She works faster than I do.
He drives more carefully than she does.
John feels better than he did yesterday.
EXERCISE
Complete these sentences by supplying the
comparative form of the adverbs in parentheses. Also includes the word than.
1) She
speaks _______________________(rapid)_______ I.
She speaks more rapidly than I.
2) He can
help you ___________________(easy)________I can.
3) She
works ________________________(hard)_________her sister.
4) He
prepares his homework _______________________(careful)__________most students.
5) They
arrived ____________________(soon)____________we.
ADVERBS – Superlative degree
We form the
superlative degree of one-syllable adverbs by adding est.
Fast the fastest
Hard the hardest
High the highest
We form the
superlative degree of two or more syllables adverbs by using the most
(superiority) or the least(
inferiority).
Wisely the most wisely
Politely the most politely
Cruelly the most cruelly
Generously the most generously
Exceptions:
Early the earliest
Often the oftenest
Some
adverbs have irregular form.
Badly the worst
Little the least
Much the most
Well the best
Far the farthest
EXERCISE:
1) Translate the adverbs (comparative and
superlative) in brackets:
a) Richard
drives (más cuidadosamente) than his brother.
b) If you
speak (más alto), I'll be able to hear you.
c) You can
go now, but I'll go (más tarde).
2)
Dé una versión en inglés de estas oraciones:
a) John no es tan alto como Daniel.
b) Ésta es la lección más difícil del libro.
c) María habla francés más fluidamente que inglés.