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With a ceasefire in Northern Ireland after 25 years of civil war, Her Majesty's government of John Major has now put up a hasty "conference on investment in Northern Ireland" and tried to exclude only Sinn Fein, the Irish party of independence. The British hope affronts to Sinn Fein will provoke IRA violations of the ceasefire and destroy the peace process.
The Clinton administration, which sponsored the ceasefire, has planned a more serious conference on Irish economic development for April 1995 in Philadelphia, and has repeatedly infuriated London by granting visas to Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams to help plan a policy of peace through development.
Events are thus closely paralleling those of 1920-21. Then, the Irish nationalist movement led by Sinn Fein, with backing in America, forced His Majesty George V's government of Prime Minister Lloyd-George to cease military operations and sign a treaty recognizing the sovereignty of the Irish Free State (minus the six Northern counties of Ulster).
This time, however, Irish peace negotiations can join the ongoing Mideast negotiations for peace through economic development, to point all nations toward the development of "Great Projects" of infrastructure across Eurasia, to rebuild the world economy from depression. This time the Clinton White House is trying to support steps against British geopolitics in the Mideast, Ireland, and elsewhere, whereas Woodrow Wilson's Anglophile government in 1920 told Irish emissaries it "would do nothing in their behalf": the Irish were not the right "Small Minority."
It is no accident, that British fury over Clinton's Northern Ireland peace policy has centered on the granting of American visas to leading members of Sinn Fein, which today's media dismiss as a small party, "the political arm of the IRA." In 1921, Sinn Fein, did to His Majesty's government, in the full arrogance of victory in World War I, what no Irish movement had done in four centuries: it forced Britain to remove 100,000 armed men from Ireland (and stop 40,000 more on their way) and agree to Irish sovereignty and independence. Sinn Fein's national movement, its ministers and National Parliament--the Dail Eireann, in which Sinn Fein won 90 percent of the seats in December 1918--directed the IRA--then called the Irish Volunteers and the only national army Ireland had. London feared and hated Sinn Fein enough that British authorities instantly designated the 1916 Easter uprising "the Sinn Fein rebellion," although British Intelligence knew the Sinn Fein leaders had opposed the armed uprising.
Griffith insisted upon national unity above all else, in the same way that Abraham Lincoln did during the 1850-1865 threat to the American Union. And Griffith fought for the "Harmony of Interests" of capital and labor--the principle of Leibniz's political economy, of Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton's "American System," and of Pope Leo XIII's great 1891 encyclical Rerum Novarum. Sinn Fein prevailed upon the Marxists in Ireland's better labor and "land" movements, as it eventually prevailed over the British looting class.
Arthur Griffith was a student of the great German national economist Friedrich List, who brought the "American System" of economics to Germany, and made Germany a national unity and a European counterpole to Britain for the first time through the 1840s Zollverein (National Customs Union). Griffith introduced Friedrich List to the startled Irish nationalist circles of 1904 as "the man Britain hated and feared the most." He introduced List's economics as the industrial development policy of the future Irish nation.
"I am in economics largely a follower of the man who thwarted England's dream of the commercial conquest of the world, and who made the mighty confederation before which England has fallen commercially and is falling politically--Germany. In Ireland his name is unknown--I refer to Fredrich List, the real founder of the German Zollverein."Brushing aside the fallacies of Adam Smith and his tribe, List points out that between the individual and humanity stands, and must continue to stand, a great fact--the nation.
"The nation with its special language and literature, with its peculiar origin and history, with its special manners and customs, laws and institutions, with the claims of all these for existence, perfection, and continuance for the future, and with its separate territory, constitutes a society which, united by a thousand ties of minds and interests, combined itself into one independent whole, which recognizes the law of right for and within itself, and in its united character is still opposed to other societies of similar kind in their national liberty, and consequently can only, under the existing conditions of the world, maintain self-existence and independence by its own power and resources....
"With List I reply (to the British): `A nation cannot promote and further its civilization, its prosperity, and its social progress equally as well by exchanging agricultural products for manufactured goods as by establishing a manufacturing power of its own.'"
From that 1905 convention onward, Sinn Fein's policy, through its United Irishmen newspaper, was List's "American System" of great projects of national infrastructure, tariff protection to national manufacturing interests, and rapid development of the most modern industry, with the renowned shipyards of Belfast as a model.
In this and other striking initiatives, Arthur Griffith showed that the deeper root of his nationalist policy was based on a universal power of ideas--not confined to "Irish nationalist ideas"--and on the power of the individual's mind to be moved by these ideas and hold to them even as a solitary leader. At the founding of Sinn Fein in 1902, Griffith said,
" I am not concerned about today. Tomorrow will be ours. Our idea has backers already among the intellectuals and among men and women of faith and wisdom. Their opinions will infilter the masses of the nation in time.... If we realize the duties and responsibilities of a citizen and discharge them, we shall win. It is the duty of a free citizen to live so that his country may be the better for his existence.... No man can offer Ireland a speedy and comfortable road to freedom."
Speaking to the same convention of no more than 100 people, Griffith's co-founder William Rooney said:
" History has never been made by the millions; the few who sacrificed did all the world is proud of. The silent, earnest thinker moves the mass.... It is necessary that [we] be men whom no danger shall deter and no indifferentism shall discourage; that [we] be men whose love of right and truth alone shall be sufficient to make them persevere and rise superior to all the disillusions which unselfish effort has to face."
Taken all together, these ideas and policy conceptions of Renaissance for the nation-state, accessed by Griffith and his collaborators to achieve their partial but durable defeat of British geopolitics, represent the ideas and policy-conceptions developed today by Lyndon LaRouche and his political movement and collaborators.
The century just before Sinn Fein's launching had been dominated by the 1840s British genocide of more than 2 million out of 8 million Irish subjects; and then by branches of the Young Ireland movement--a part of the Young Europe of British agent Giuseppe Mazzini. Though Arthur Griffith greatly respected the two leaders associated with the "Young Ireland" period--Charles Stewart Parnell and Michael Davitt--he specifically rejected that method of "Irish obstructionist" leadership and referred back beyond it to the Irish independence movement associated with the American War of Independence.
For 350 years from the 1570s, British brutality to Ireland had been unique even in British imperialism: many observers over those centuries compared it to the immiseration of African slaves in America and the West Indies, always finding the slaves' conditions superior to those of the Irish. Ireland, always a French ally, was the punching bag for savage British geopolitical hatred of France and the Vatican, reflecting in turn the British patrimony of Venice's geopolitical hatreds.
As the British slaughtered, starved, and drove out the Irish, they confiscated their land and replaced them with Scottish and English landlords, most heavily in Northern Ulster. Eventually, 80 percent of all Irish land was confiscated; nearly 30 percent wound up completely unused by 1800.
Only one Irish national independence movement overcame the "religious" and regional antagonisms fostered by British policy: the United Irishmen of the 1780s and 1790s period of the American Revolution. Thomas Paine's The Rights of Man was called "the Koran of the United Irishmen." During the period of French military support of America's War of Independence, decisive French support of the United Irishmen would have had the same successful results, but Louis XVI's Minister Vergennes backed away. However, the combined force of the American War of Independence and the United Irishmen's efforts, won Ireland the Constitution of 1783, which Britain was forced to recognize by the "Act of Renunciation": the Irish people were then to be bound only by their own Constitution and by laws enacted "by His Majesty and Parliament of that Kingdom."
Arthur Griffith based Sinn Fein's political organizing on the idea that "the objective of all national effort must be the restoration of Ireland to the status of a sovereign state." He sought complete unity for the restoration of the Constitution of 1783: to make Ireland a completely constitutional monarchy, sovereign from England, with full fiscal/economic powers, its own army, national legislature, and sovereign diplomatic relations--but retaining the British monarchy to bring the Royalist sentiment of Ulster into the national fold. To start the process, Sinn Fein called on the Irish-elected members of the British Parliament to withdraw from Westminster, to form the basis of an Irish National Assembly with Constitutional legitimacy--and to avoid insurrection and "class struggle."
Twenty years later, over the 1919-21 period, Griffith's constitutional goal was realized as he had laid it out, beginning when the Irish Nationalist MPs withdrew from Westminster after the British announced conscription of the Irish for World War I in 1917. Sinn Fein had, by that time, effectively organized much of the Irish citizenry for neutrality, on the basis of no war without sovereignty ("Germany is not our enemy. Our blood and our miseries are not on her head.") In addition, it had organized 2,000 local Sinn Fein branches, organized the elected Local Councils to carry out some judicial and fiscal functions, formed an industrial planning commission under Griffith's personal direction--and was ready to organize election of a Dail, field a small army to defend it (the Irish Volunteers), and to raise a national loan for government functions.
Excepting the very brief 1916 uprising, this had been done without insurrection and with a minimum of fighting (most initiated by the huge British and Royal Irish Constabulary forces), and with Sinn Fein and its publications suppressed, during World War I.
The pamphlet described Hungary's 1849 military defeat and loss of sovereignty to the Hapsburg Empire; its 1861 refusal to send its representatives to the Council of the Empire; the long resistance led by Francis Deak, who, for years of martial law, went on telling everyone that the Hungarian Constitution was still in force. In 1876, Hungarian sovereignty was again recognized in a "dual monarchy"--Griffith's goal for Ireland.
This appeal to Irish citizens' sense of universal history exercised a very wide and completely unexpected influence in the preparations for Irish independence by Sinn Fein. The "dual monarchy" idea had, in the first place, been taken from Leibniz's collaborator, Jonathan Swift.
Second, Griffith directly attacked William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, pet ministers of that Lord Shelburne who deployed Hume, Smith, Malthus, Bentham, Gibbon et al. against the American Revolution and its influence.
The Irish MPs were sitting in Westminister, said Griffith, only because the Irish Constitution of 1783 was torn up by Prime Minister Pitt's monstrous 1801 Act of Union, which designated Ireland part of Britain. This completely illegitimate act was passed only when Pitt and Castlereagh blackmailed, threatened, and purchased nearly all members of the Irish Parliament in Dublin. Griffith quoted the letter of Lord Cornwallis, who in 1801 had gone from surrendering in America to Lord Lieutenant of Ireland--"I despise and hate myself every hour for engaging in such corrupt work." He denounced "the British Parliament--that deadly institution ... into whose partnership Pitt bribed you and dragged you by force of arms."
This powerful historical exposé upset the Irish popular idea that they were an oppressed or neglected "part of Great Britain." Pitt's infamous "Union" was overcome by Sinn Fein, as it had not been by Parnell, Davitt's Land League, and Disraeli's "Home Rule" games in the nineteenth century.
In the 1921 treaty event, Ireland became a sovereign republic, not a constitutional "dual monarchy," because Sinn Fein ultimately failed to save the six Northern counties of Ulster from a British Tory--Scottish Rite--campaign of violence and terror.
The Protestant-Catholic unity and harmony forged by the United Irishmen in the 1780s lasted a century, across "class lines" of Protestant "Scotch-Irish" landlords and Catholic tenants in Ulster. Then, in the 1880s, when Arthur Griffith was a teenager, Tory leaders Lord Randolph Churchill (father of Winston) and Lord Balfour, decided to "play the Orange card" against Irish Home Rule (in Churchill's phrase). British King William of Orange's 1691 invasion of Ulster had established the Grand Orange Lodge of Scottish Rite Freemasonry among the Scottish-descended landlord and commercial classes of Ulster. First Churchill in 1886, then Balfour in 1888, travelled personally to Belfast with money to organize Orange Protestant (landlord) violence against Catholics. They "signed up" 73,000 Orange Volunteers under Churchill's slogan, worthy of today's Jesse Jackson: "Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right." Churchill and Balfour set off repeated attempts at "pogroms" to drive Catholics from Belfast, deploying the Orange Masonic lodges as a paramilitary terror force. "Bloody Balfour" had 24 Irish MPs arrested and held as common criminals.
This was the launching of the Protestant-Catholic violence in Ulster which continued for a century under London's control, which the current ceasefire seeks to end through economic development.
"The Orange card" of Churchill was played over and over from 1876 to 1918, until by World War I even the British government command in Ireland--"Dublin Castle"--was dominated by the Orange Order. Finally, in 1915, desperate to stop the ongoing Irish "government-building" by Sinn Fein, and having felt the insufficiency of her 80,000 regular soldiers in Ireland, her 20,000 whiskey-loaded "Black-and-Tans" special forces killers, her thousands of Royal Irish Constabulary--Britain began to openly arm the Ulster Volunteers. This time Winston Churchill, that keen "historian" of Ireland, was directly involved.
It was to this that Sinn Fein and the Dail Eireann responded by calling for the expansion and arming of the Irish Volunteers, attempting to associate the Irish Volunteers with the Ulster Volunteers as a national defense force. But in 1918 London, through the Orange Order, organized a new pogrom driving thousands of Catholic refugees from Belfast. Arthur Griffith realized that "the chief promoters of Orange intolerance are the heads of the distributing trade throughout Ireland"--bankers and large merchants--and Sinn Fein responded with a boycott of the Belfast banks. But in 1921 Griffith and his Dail Eireann delegation had to agree to a treaty establishing Irish sovereignty without Ulster and the modern industries of Belfast.
Ireland having in 1904 no fiscal powers, Griffith called for Local Councils to spend tax money only on goods made in Ireland, and for the harbour boards to make port dues fall heavily on imported manufactures, not food. (At that time as still today, Ulster was not industrialized outside Belfast, Ireland's main port and industrial center.) Griffith also spelled out the necessity of creating an Irish merchant marine (destroyed by the English Navy in the sixteenth century); a national civil service, arbitration courts and a National Council to coordinate the Local Councils' actions; reforestation of Ireland's once-extensive hardwood forests (cut down en masse by English landlords in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries). The idea of boycotting British industrial goods was raised by placing on the masthead of The United Irishmen the slogan of Jonathan Swift in the 1720s: "Burn everything English except their coal."
At Sinn Fein's 1907 convention, after its first candidates had stood for Parliament (pledging not to attend) and gained about 20 percent of the votes, Griffith developed a fuller Listian program. Sinn Fein now called for infrastructure development: canals for cheap freight, roads, electrical power, and the urgent development of fisheries and harbours. The boycott of British goods was now seriously demanded by this still-tiny political force.
In 1908, Griffith brought out The Irish Year Book (Leabhar na h-Eireann), published by Sinn Fein's National Council with 400 pages on Irish resources, skills, inventions, educational institutions, and interests. This, he wrote, was to build the Harmony of Interests:
"Unionist and anti-Unionist, Catholic, Protestant, Presbyterian, Methodist, Quaker, the northern manufacturer and the southern agriculturalist, workman and employer, artisan and farmer, landowner and tenant--all are here offering the result of their study of their experience to help the country."
Jawaharlal Nehru later said that his policy for Indian independence of swodeshi (boycott of British goods and development of Indian production) was based on his observation of Sinn Fein in this period, when Nehru lived in London as a graduate student.
During the 1913 strike/lockout of the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union, led by socialists James Larkin and James Connolly (the latter a friend and collaborator of Arthur Griffith), Griffith wrote in The United Irishmen the virtual words of Franklin, Lincoln, or Pope Leo XIII:
"I deny that Capital and Labour are in their nature antagonistic--I assert that they are essential and complementary to each other. The incentive and right of both is the profit of production, and the security of one and the efficiency of the other are essential to national prosperity.... It is the duty of the organized nation to protect Labour, and to secure for it the profits of production, not a mere competitive wage.... The free nation I desire to see rise again on the soil of Ireland is no offspring of despair--no neo-feudalism with Marx and Lassalle and Proudhon its prophets."Finally, in 1919, Griffith's pursuit of List's Zollverein became the Dail Eireann's "Select Commission to inquire into the National Resources and present conditions of Manufacturing and Productive Industries in Ireland, and ... by what means those Industries may be encouraged and extended and those Natural Resources more fully developed." Arthur Griffith, of course, headed the Commission, with special committees on power, textiles, minerals and food.
Under Griffith, this became a permanent institution of Irish government, independent of party. Indeed, Griffith wrote that "Sinn Fein is not a party. It is a national composition.... We must sink ourselves, that the nation may gain from our unity." He published continuously, even journals from prison when The United Irishmen was suppressed. His newspapers were devoted
"to the disciplining of the mind and the training of the forces of the nation ... nothing but the weapons of the free man. If we realize this conception of citizenship in Ireland--if we place our duty to our country before our personal interests, and live not each for himself but each for all, the might of England cannot prevent our ultimate victory."
If the Irish today wish to prevail over the collapsing House of Windsor and, more importantly, over its policies of usury and destabilization across Eurasia, they should support the greatest economist of the American System--Lyndon LaRouche.
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Friedrich List: Outlines of American Political Economy -- $19.20.
The Political Economy of the American Revolution -- $25.00.
EIR issue January 3, 1992,
200 Years Since Hamilton's
'Report on Manufactures' -- 88 pp, $10.00