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Journal of Addictive Diseases - Volume 16-1 Editor - Barry Stimmel, MD
EDITORIAL
2. Six- and Twelve-Month Abstinence Rates in Inpatient Alcoholics Treated with Either Faradic Aversion or Chemical Aversion Compared with Matched Inpatients from a Treatment Registry - James W. Smith, P. Joseph Frawley and Nyak L. Polissar
ABSTRACT. Two hundred fortynine patients who were treated for alcoholism in an inpatient multimodal treatment program that included aversion therapy were matched post hoc on 17 baseline variables with patients from a national treatment outcome registry. The latter patients received inpatient treatment that emphasized individual and group counselling as the primary therapeutic elements but did not include aversion therapy for alcohol. Six and month abstinence rates from alcohol and all mood altering chemicals are reported. The patients treated with aversion therapy for alcohol had higher alcohol abstinence rates at 6 and 12 months (p < 0.01). The abstinence rates from all mood altering chemicals were higher in the aversion group at 6 months (p < 0.05) but not at 12 months. These comparisons pooled faradic aversion and chemical aversion results. In order to determine whether or not the faradic aversion gave comparable results to the chemical aversion, the two groups were separately analyzed. No significant differences in outcome were found. In fact, the faradic aversion group showed a slight (nonsignificant) increase in abstinence rate.
HONG KONG INFO SITE
Search under "FARADIC" on the page that you've opened and proceed to 1965 #10 Cause and effect. Once there hit RESEARCH IX. Hong Kong has the most extensive research programme and has collected considerable social data on addicts, has initiated some psychological (one of which found a sample of addicts to be more neurotic than the average) and follow-up studies, and is engaged in experimentation with nalorphine and with aversion (faradic) shock as methods of discouraging narcotic use.The picture in other countries is mainly one of limited anecdotal and superficial information on arrested addicts, collected by enforcement agencies.
Behavior Therapy
behavior therapy or behavior modification,in psychology, treatment of human behavioral disorders through the reinforcement of acceptable behavior and suppression of undesirable behavior. The technique had its roots in the work of Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who observed that animals could be taught to respond to stimuli that might otherwise have no effect on them. B. F. Skinner developed the technique in the United States, using positive or negative reinforcers to encourage desirable behavior and punishments to discourage undesirable behavior. Behavior therapists believe that, in many cases, behaviors can be learned or unlearned through basic conditioning techniques; unlike traditional psychoanalysis, the method has little regard for the unconscious processes underlying personality disorders. Behavior therapy uses such techniques as aversive conditioning, where unwanted habits are paired with unpleasant stimuli, and systematic desensitization, where a stimulus that causes anxiety is paired with a pleasant one.
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Prof. Hans Eysenck, Dr. Isaac Marks "Punishment and Treatment"
Prof. Hans Eysenck's advocacy of aversion therapy as a "cure" for homosexuality.
The London Medical Group held a symposium on Thursday November 2nd 1972. The subject was aversion therapy, a two-part course on Punishment and Treatment.
Professor Hans Eysenck and Dr. Isaac Marks two of Britain's leading psychologists were the speakers at the symposium on Aversion Therapy and Patients' Freedom, held at St. Thomas' Hospital.
Professor Eysenck is one of the world's leading psychologists, advocating theories on the nature and treatment of homosexuality. Much favoured in establishment and psychiatric circles, he is a leading exponent of aversion therapy and is author of numerous books on the subject. He has consistently advocated the use of aversion therapy to cure sexual perversion.
Dr. Marks is a Senior Lecturer and Consultant Psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital and is known for his research into and application of aversion therapy.
Interestingly, because of the subject's controversial nature, and perhaps because the organisers feared disruptions, the LMG took the unprecedented step of closing this particular lecture to members of the public.
During the symposium those who spoke in favour of its use being famous psychologists of high repute in the medical profession. The chair of the meeting repeatedly commended Eysenck and Marks, praising "these great men" and their outstanding contributions to psychology."
Professor Eysenck began by emphasising that there was "no relationship between aversion therapy and punishment....it does not involve sadistic motivations.....Neither does aversion therapy seek to act as a deterrent. The fact is that aversion therapy is used for the patients' own good.
Prof. Eysenck continued "Aversion therapy is only undertaken where it is of the patient's own choice and undergoing aversion therapy should be offered by the courts as an alternative to the network of "gladiator schools" we refer to as prisons. Those who voluntarily undergo treatment are moved to do so by the oppression of homosexuals by their families.
Prof. Eysenck outlined the principles of aversion therapy, which, he explained, were based on Pavlov's experiments on conditioned reflexes. He said it was "used to change the emotions, where the person cannot change them of his own free will.... By associating emotion with pain or fear, the emotional response can be re-conditioned."
Then he went on to explain how, in the case of homosexuals, nausea was induced by drugs, whilst the patient viewed films of homosexual acts. Thus the patient learns to associate homosexuality with pain and fear. He mentioned that, whilst photographs are used, the actual performance of the sex act would be preferable as in the case of faradic drug aversion therapy.
He stated that "There is a success rate of 50 percent, which justifies its use as much as any method."
Pedophiles who have undergone treatment have been totally cured and risking their becoming asexual "vegetables" is worth the risk.
Prof. Eysenck suggested that "50 percent success was better than no success at all."
To quieten any fears, he reassured his audience that the pain and discomfort is greatly exaggerated and, in fact "It is just like a visit to the dentist....It is no different from any other form of therapy." He went on to describe psychoanalysis as far worse than aversion therapy and entailing greater distress to the patient.
Prof. Eysenck finished by enthusiastically declaring that "there is no ethical principle involved in aversion therapy that is not involved in any psychological treatment."
(applause, applause).
The second speaker, Dr. Isaac Marks tried to dispel any doubts which might have been raised by citing the film "A Clockwork Orange". He asked how many people had seen "A Clockwork Orange"- most of the audience indicated that they had- and then he asked how many had actually seen aversion therapy- three people had. He said that "A Clockwork Orange" was a totally inaccurate, exaggerated portrayal of aversion therapy.
Outlining the circumstances under which the medical profession was entitled to use aversion therapy, he suggested that this should be when the "patient asks for help" or when "society asks to be relieved of the burden of an individual".
Dr. Marks drawing an analogy said "For instance no-one objects when people with smallpox are quarantined...or that sadists and murderers are removed from society." On the basis of this analogy he justified the use of aversion therapy on the individual where it was "in society's interest."
One member of the audience challenging his statement that aversion therapy was used "for the patients' own good", interrupted the lecture, citing cases of people who, since undergoing aversion therapy, have become depressives.
Apparently unaware of aversion therapies success rate for curing depression.
Prof. Hans Eysenck, Dr. Isaac Marks "Punishment and Treatment"
Doctored for accuracy. Roberto "like the wind" Carbajal 1-915-833-4602
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