CORRECT DEFINITION APPROVED National Convention
of American Newspaper Guild decides to stop using the word "Jap."
1980
JAPANESE ARE SWORN AS CITIZENS
Following translation of the
citizenship test into Japanese, 137 Issei (first generation Japanese Americans)
are sworn
in as US citizens in LA. Most had been residents for over 20 years.
National
Conference of the Asian/Pacific American Educational Equity Project
in Washington, D.C., to form national network of Asian and Pacific women's
organizations.
May
1980
Defense Language Institute dedicates buildings to three MIS Nisei:
Yukitaka "Terry" Mizutari, Frank Tadakazu Hachiya, and
George Ichiro Nakamura. They are each awarded the Silver Star posthumously.
July
1981
Public hearings involving more than 750 witnesses take place in
Washington, D.C. as part of an investigation of Japanese-American
internment during World War II. Some consider this event as a turning
point in the redress movement.
January
1983
Fred Korematsu, Minoru Yasui, and Gordon Hirabayashi file petitions
to overturn their World War II convictions for violating curfew
and evacuation orders.
October
1987
Smithsonian Institution opens "A More Perfect Union: Japanese
Americans and the U.S. Constitution." The special exhibit examines
the constitutional process through the Japanese-American internment
experience.
August
1988
U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act. The
act recognizes that the internment of Japanese Americans was "motivated
largely by prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political
leadership." It provides for individual payments of $20,000
to each surviving internee and a $1.25 billion education fund.
November
1989
U.S. President George Bush signs into law an entitlement program
so that redress payments can be automatically funded and all payments
made by the end of 1993. Prior to this law, no money had been appropriated
to make the payments.
October 1990
First redress money and a government apology are presented to the
oldest recipient at a ceremony in Washington, D.C.
August
1994
U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the 5 million dollar Civil Liberties
Public Education Fund. The program provides initial monies for the
development of public education activities about the Japanese-American
internment experience.
April
2000
U.S. military awards the Presidential Unit Citation to MIS members
who served during World War II—more than 50 years after the
war.
Click
HERE
to return to the beginning of the timeline
For MIS Background Info, Click HERE
Commission on Wartime Relocation
and Internment of Civilians (set up by Congress) holds hearings across
the country and concludes the internment was a "grave injustice" and that
Executive Order 9066 resulted from "race prejudice, war hysteria and a
failure of political leadership."
1981
MAYA LIN DESIGNS THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL
While still an architecture
student at Yale University, Lin entered a national design competition
for the proposed Vietnam Veterans Memorial to be built in Washington D.C.
Her entry was selected from 1400 others when she was only 21 years old.
The design featured two highly polished walls of black granite set in
a "V" shape inscribed with the names of almost 58,000 dead or missing
veterans of the Vietnam war. Lim's design was chosen from 1,420 entries.
The
Vietnam veteran sponsors set four major criteria for the design. It must:
(1) be reflective and contemplative in character, (2) harmonize with its
surroundings, especially the neighboring national memorials, (3) contain
the names of all who died or remain missing, and (4) make no political
statement about the war.
Ms. Lin accomplished all of this. She created a park within a park - a
quiet protected place that harmonized with the overall plan of Constitution
Gardens. She chose polished black granite for the walls -- its mirror-like
surface reflects the images of the surrounding trees, lawns, and monuments.
The walls point to the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial to bring
the memorial into historical context. The names are inscribed in chronological
order from the date of casualty in order to present the war as a series
of individual human sacrifices and give each name its own place in history.
Ms. Lin describes the wall: "Walking into this grassy site contained by
the walls of the memorial, we can barely make out the carved names upon
the memorial's walls. These names, seemingly infinite in number, convey
the sense of overwhelming numbers, while unifying these individuals into
a whole."
CHOL SOO LEE IS ACQUITTED After spending nine
years in prison for a killing he did not commit, Korean immigrant Chol
Soo Lee was acquitted by a San Francisco jury.
1982
VINCENT CHIN IS KILLED! A young draftsman
named Vincent
Chin was attending his bachelor party at a suburban Detroit strip
club called Fancy Pants. With the party well underway, Ronald Ebens, a
white auto worker, began yelling racial slurs across the bar. "It's because
of you little motherf*ckers that we're out of work," witnesses later remembered
Ebens yelling at Chin.
Chin
struck Ebens and a fight ensued. Ebens' stepson, Michael Nitz - who had
been recently laid off from his job at an auto plant - jumped in. But
it was soon broken up by a parking attendant. Chin and his friends left
the bar and went their separate ways. Twenty minutes later, Ebens and
Nitz caught up with Chin
in front of a fast-food restaurant. Ebens grabbed a baseball bat and delivered
a blow to Chin's leg. Nitz held the wounded Chin while Ebens struck his
head with the bat, bashing in his skull.
IMPLICATIONS
In
1989, Jim Loo and his five friends were at a pool hall when two
Caucasian men, Robert and Lloyd Piche, started assaulting and making
racial slurs against them. The two men were brothers, who had lost
a third brother in the Vietnam War, and had mistaken Loo as being
Vietnamese.
the killing of Kao Kuan Chung in April of 1997. Kao was a Chinese-American
killed in Rohnert Park by San Francisco police. Due to Kao being
Chinese and holding a six-foot long wooden stick, Police Officer
Jack Shields presumed him to be a martial arts expert and thus shot
Kao to death.
Before
he slipped into a coma, Chin
murmured to a friend, "It's not fair." Four days later - and five days
before his wedding - Chin
died as a result of the injuries.
On
May 9, 1983, "a multi-racial crowd of about 350 people rallied in downtown
Detroit" and demanded that a circuit court judge review probationary sentences
imposed on two men for the baseball bat slaying of a Chinese American
last year." The ACJ organized this rally to show the support of the community
in getting tougher sentences for Ebens and Nitz. Carl Sayers, an Episcopal
priest, delivered the opening prayer to the hour-long rally saying, "It
was a very clear miscarriage of justice. I am here because I want them
to know that churches are with them." Following his opening speech more
than a dozen speakers also spoke on behalf of Vincent Chin. A petition
was then handed to a member of Judge Kauffman's staff at the Wayne County
courthouse. This initial rally would be the first of many the ACJ would
organize during the incident of Vincent Chin.
Two
days later, Judge Kauffman was quoted, "The Asian community owes
me some gratitude for bringing their community together under one
cause." Despite his bitterness, Judge Kauffman was correct in his
assessment that the protest of his lenient sentences in its unfairness
did unite the Asian community.
Asian
Americans for Justice and the Chinese American Citizens Alliance were
instrumental in this rally. Harold
Fong, president of the local chapter of the Chinese American Citizens
Alliance was quoted, "If the roles were reversed, and the victims were
white and the murderers were Asian, I ask you, would the punishments be
the same?" This quote was all over the papers and undoubtedly influential
at rallying Asian communities to the cause of Vincent Chin. In Los Angeles,
about 300 Asian Americans were joined by Mayor Tom Bradley at a City Hall
rally "to demand justice for Chin." Branching out, the ACJ coordinated
efforts nationally to have rallies to remember the death of Vincent
Chin.
Ebens
and Nitz were charged with and pleaded guilty to manslaughter. For this,
they each received a sentence of three years probation and a $3,000 fine.
Later, federal civil-rights cases brought against the two defendants were
appealed, and the juries acquitted each of them. Neither served a jail
sentence. For additional information, please visit our article on Vincent
Chin by clickingHERE.
1982
NAAAP IS FORMED
The National Association of
Asian American Professionals (NAAAP),
is a non-profit 501(c)(3), all-volunteer organization whose mission is
to promote the personal and professional development of the Asian American
community.
Fred Korematsu, Min Yasui, and Gordon Hirabayashi file petitions to overturn
their World War II convictions for violating the curfew and evacuation
orders.
On
Nov. 10, 1983, Patel ruled from the bench in the ceremonial courtroom
she had opened to accommodate the crowds. She exonerated Korematsu
and lambasted the government, which she said had based its decisions
on "unsubstantiated facts, distortions and the (opinions) of one military
commander whose views were seriously tainted by racism."
In her written opinion the following spring, Patel
said: "As a historical precedent, it stands as a constant caution
that in times of war or declared military necessity, our institutions
must be vigilant in protecting our constitutional guarantees...that
in times of distress, the shield of military necessity and national
security must not be used to protect governmental actions from close
scrutiny and accountability."
The ruling
helped win a presidential apology and monetary redress for former internees.
But Patel's decision didn't take Korematsu
vs. United States off the books, where, as dissenting Justice Robert
Jackson had written in the original case, the court's validation of
military orders "...lies about like a loaded weapon."
1983
KOREAN AMERICAN COALITION IS FORMED The Korean American
Coalition (KAC)
is a non-profit, non-partisan community advocacy organization. Established
in 1983, KAC's mission is to facilitate the Korean American community's
participation in civic, legislative, and community affairs, and encourage
the Korean American community to contribute and become an integral part
of the broader American society.
The Wah
Mee massacre was an incident on February 18, 1983, in which Kwan Fai
(Willie) Mak, Wai-Chiu (Tony) Ng, and Benjamin Ng gunned down 14 people
in the Wah Mee gambling club on Maynard Alley S. just south of S. King
Street in Seattle's Chinatown/International District ("the I.D.").
Thirteen of their victims lost their lives, but one survived to testify
against the three in some of Seattle's highest-profile trials ever. It
remains the worst
mass murder in the city's history, challenged only by the March 25,
2006, Capitol Hill massacre.
The Wah
Mee club (exclusive gambling and social club with high security)
operated illegally in a basement space in a predominantly Chinese neighborhood;
despite some street drug dealing and a bit of prostitution, the area
generally had a reputation for a low rate of violent crime. The club's
regulars included many wealthy restaurant-owners, several of whom were
among the victims. Security at the club
was based in part on a system of passing through multiple successive
doors, which had been used in similar International District gambling
dens for generations, and had usually been quite effective. Mak
and his accomplices defeated the system only because they were known
and trusted by the people at the club. Their presumed intent was to
leave no witnesses, since club patrons could readily identify them,
as, in fact, the one survivor did.
Aftermath On
February 24, 1983
Benjamin Ng and Willie Mak were charged with 13 counts of aggravated
first-degree murder. Wai-Chiu (Tony) Ng became the third suspect, charged
in absentia on March 30, 1983 with 13 counts of aggravated first-degree
murder. In August
1983 - Benjamin Ng was convicted of murder and sentenced to life
in prison. In October 1983, Willie Mak was convicted of murder and sentenced
to die.
On
June 15, 1984
- Tony Ng became the 387th Ten Most Wanted Fugitive to be listed by the
United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was arrested October
4, 1984 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Tony Ng was acquitted in April 1985 of murder, but convicted of 13 counts
of first-degree robbery and a single count of assault with a deadly weapon.
Each robbery charge brought a minimum sentence of five years, to be served
consecutively. Under the state's old sentencing guidelines, as Ng completed
sentences for each count, he began serving time for the next. In 2006
- Ng is now serving time for the next-to-last count and the state's Indeterminate
Sentence Review Board is considering granting Ng parole, which would allow
him to begin serving time for the final count. He could then be eligible
for release from prison in 2010.
On
February 17, 1987 - the Washington State Supreme Court issued a
stay of execution a month before Willie Mak's scheduled execution, but
on May 2, 1988 the state Supreme Court let Mak's murder conviction stand.
However, then on November 10, 1988 Willie Mak's execution was delayed
indefinitely by a federal judge. On January 8, 1991 U.S. District Judge
William Dwyer overturned Willie Mak's death sentence, saying Mak's attorneys
failed to present evidence on their client's background that could have
saved his life. On July 16, 1992 The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
refused to reinstate Mak's death sentence. On November 9, 1994 a King
County Superior Court judge denied Mak's bid for a new trial but allowed
prosecutors to hold a new sentencing hearing.
On
February 15, 2002, a King County Superior Court judge scheduled
a sentencing hearing for September 2002. On April 29, 2002 a King County
Superior Court judge (Judge Laura Inveen) ruled that Mak will not face
the death penalty because the 1983 jury wasn't asked to determine how
much of a role he had in the crime (i.e. A recent state Supreme Court
ruling of December 2000 about aggravated-murder accomplices meant that
he cannot be executed because the jurors weren’t asked whether
two factors made the case a capital crime – killing in the course
of a robbery and killing to conceal the robbers’ identities –
along with deciding if Mak was a “major participant” in
the murders.). On September 6, 2006, a parole board met to determine
whether Tony Ng should receive parole on his 12th robbery term. If given
parole, he would begin serving his 13th term, and be eligible for parole
and potentially freed in 2010.
TIMELINE
Feb.
19, 1983
Thirteen
people are shot to death by gunmen at the Wah Mee Club, a gambling
club in Seattle's International District. One man survives. Benjamin
Ng, 20, and Kwan Fai "Willie" Mak, 22, are arrested the
following day.
Feb.
24, 1983
Ng
and Mak are charged with 13 counts of aggravated first-degree murder
March
30, 1983
A
third suspect, Wai-Chiu "Tony" Ng, 26, is charged in absentia
with 13 counts of aggravated first-degree murder. Ng is arrested
a year and a half later in Calgary
August
1983
Benjamin
Ng is convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison
October
1983
Mak
is convicted of murder and sentenced to die
April
1985
Tony
Ng is acquitted of murder but convicted of 13 counts of first-degree
robbery and is sentenced to seven consecutive life terms
Feb.
17, 1987
The
Washington State Supreme Court issues a stay of execution a month
before Mak's scheduled execution
May
2, 1988
The
state Supreme Court lets Mak's murder conviction stand
Nov.
10, 1988
Mak's
execution is delayed indefinitely by a federal judge
Jan.
8, 1991
U.S.
District Judge William Dwyer overturns Mak's death sentence, saying
Mak's attorneys failed to present evidence on their client's background
that could have saved his life
July
16, 1992
The
9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals refuses to reinstate Mak's death
sentence. The ruling entitles Mak to a new penalty hearing if King
County prosecutors decide to seek another death sentence
Nov.
9, 1994
A
King County Superior Court judge denies Mak's bid for a new trial
but allows prosecutors to hold a new sentencing hearing
Feb.
15, 2002
A
King County Superior Court judge schedules a sentencing hearing
for September
April
29, 2002
A
King County Superior Court judge rules that Mak will not face the
death penalty because the 1983 jury wasn't asked to determine how
much of a role he had in the crime
BACKGROUND OF WAH MEE CLUB The
Wah Mee Club was once a romantic, classy enclave where patrons --
the bulk of whom consisted of semi-affluent restaurant owners and businessmen
and -women in the Chinese community -- danced to music played on a nickelodeon.
It was a place where hard-working Chinese Americans spent their off-hours
drinking and sharing stories. And it was undoubtedly a place where a lot
of money changed hands because it was host to some of the highest-stakes
gambling that could be found in Seattle and, for that matter, the entire
Pacific Northwest. The exclusive, Chinese-only members of the Wah
Mee Club were allowed to preserve an integral part of their culture
-- gambling -- all the while profiting police officers on the side.
The more popular bottle clubs in
Chinatown
were the New Chinatown, Congo Club, Blue Rose, 411 Club, the Ubangi,
and the Wah Mee. All were hot spots for dancing, music, gambling, and
booze. Many of these clubs dated back to the early-1920s.
Entrepreneur and Asian legend Danny
Woo owned the New Chinatown, located less than a block from the
Wah Mee. In
1940 the Congo Club opened in Chinatown, at Maynard and Sixth Avenues.
The
Blue Rose, located near Chinatown, on Yesler Way and Thirteenth
Avenue, was a small, two-room house that doubled as a club. The
411 Club was located on Maynard Avenue, around the corner from the
Wah Mee and was a hot spot for some of the biggest names in jazz such
as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong. The
Ubangi Club was a black-owned nightclub hosting some of the nation's
best jazz performers where Cab Calloway played mainly to a white clientele.
Another Chinatown club -- formally named the Hong
Kong Chinese Society Club -- locals aptly nicknamed the Club the
"Bucket of Blood" because of its recognition as a rowdy joint,
as well as the locale of a grisly murder after a police raid.
In many of these
Chinatown
clubs -- the New Chinatown, Congo Club, Blue Rose, the 411 Club,
the Ubangi, and the Wah Mee – patrons enjoyed booze, jazz, dancing,
Opium dens, prostitutes, casinos, and the daily lottery. And the Tokiwa
Hotel, located at Maynard Avenue South and South King Street, was a
residential nexus for starving jazz musicians who played the Chinatown
clubs.
In its early years, during the late-1920s, the Wah
Mee Club was called the Blue Heaven. As its name implied, it was a
place for dancing, drinking, gambling, and partying. The Wah Mee Club's
roster of members had always been a "who's who" of the Asian
community. The late John
Okada, a Japanese American writer who wrote the classic novel No-No
Boy, frequented the Club. His novel brilliantly explores the difficulties
of a young Asian American trying to find his place in the United States.
Okada based his novel's key gambling club on the Wah Mee -- a place he
frequented during the 1940s. In No-No Boy, the Wah Mee is renamed "Club
Oriental" and Okada's description of the Club is based on the Wah
Mee. Okada died of a heart attack in 1971. Another
Wah
Mee notable, a pillar in Seattle's Chinese community, was domineering
entrepreneur Ruby Chow. Ruby Chow was both praised and reviled. Chow opened
the first Chinese restaurant outside of the Chinese community -- an area
largely labeled African American. Her restaurant was popular with white
customers, most of whom were opera fans and knew that Chow was married
to Ping Chow, a celebrated opera singer and head cook at her restaurant.
1983
HATE CRIME VS. VIETNAMESE STUDENT!
Vietnamese high school student
Thong Huynh is stabbed to death in Davis, Calif., by a white student
after being taunted by a group of whites. The defendant, a minor, is convicted
of manslaughter.
1984
FIRST PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE IN NYC'S CHINATOWN Jesse
Jackson becomes the 1st presidential candidate to visit New York City's
Chinatown.
FYI - "CORAM NOBIS - In our presence; before us. The office of "writ of
coram nobis" is to bring attention of court to, and obtain relief from
errors of fact, such as a valid defense existing in facts of case, but
which, without negligence on defendant's part, was not made, either through
duress or fraud or excusable mistake, where facts did not appear on face
of record, and were such as, if known in season, would have prevented
rendition of the judgment questioned. The essence of coram nobis is that
it is addressed to the very court which renders the judgment in which
injustice is alleged to have been done, in contrast to appeals or review
directed to another court; the words "coram nobis", meaning "our court,"
as compared to the common-law writ of coram vobis," meaning "your court,"
clearly point this up."
1985
ELLISON ONIZUKA: THE 1ST ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN ASTRONAUT
As an Air Force officer
on detached duty with NASA, Onizuka was chosen to serve on the first dedicated
Department of Defense classified space shuttle mission. He served as the
mission specialist on STS-51-C from January 24-27, 1985 on the Discovery
orbiter. The Challenger flight was his second Shuttle mission.
He (along with Christa McAuliffe, Greg Jarvis, and Judy Resnik died
on January 28, 1986 when NASA's Challenger exploded 1 min. 13 sec. after
launch. It was the United States' first in-flight tragedy.
The
STS-51L was the 25th mission of the Space Shuttle Program, and the tenth
of Space Shuttle Orbiter Challenger. Challenger, and her crew of seven,
was launched at 11:38am EST from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex
39 Pad B. Approximately 73 seconds later, Challenger was destroyed as
a result of aerodynamic stress, killing all onboard. The cause was rooted
in the history of the Space Shuttle Program: The o-rings on the solid
rocket boosters could not properly seal at cold temperatures.
Ellison Shoji Onizuka (June 24, 1946-January 28, 1986) was born and raised
on Kona, Hawaii. He received a BS degree in Aeronautical Engineering in
1968 and a Masters Degree in 1969 from the University of Colorado. The
following year, he joined the U.S. Air Force and became a flight engineer.
Onizuka later attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air
Force Base in California and was a test pilot. He has flown over 1700
hours on 43 different aircraft.
In 1978, he was selected by NASA for the astronaut program in 1978. He
has spent over 72 hours in space on two spaceflights. Onizuka became the
first Asian-American in space aboard Mission 51-C in 1985. This was a
Department of Defense mission. Onizuka was killed in the explosion of
the Space Shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986.
Out of the seven astronauts' families, Colonel Onizuka's widow, Lorna
Onizuka, was the only survivor who did not file a lawsuit against Morton
Thiokol, the company which built the solid rocket booster (the one that
caused the explosion) for the death of her husband. Her explanation was
short and simple when the press querried her motive. Her husband chose
a career as a pilot. He piloted an experimental spacecraft (the Challenger)
and he died in the line of duty. It was not Morton Thiokol's fault, in
her opinion and she was sure her late husband would not want her to blame
anyone. He chose to live by the sword and he proudly died by the sword.
On June
2, 1985, an Asian man later identified as Charles
Ng was seen shoplifting in San Francisco. He
fled by the time police arrived, but Leonard Lake, who was with him, was
arrested when his car was searched and found to contain a pistol that
was illegally equipped with a silencer.
Charles
Ng, with his buddy Leonard Lake, tortured, raped and murdered an
unknown number of men, women and children at Lake's Wilseyville, California
rural home that had been equipped with a fortified bunker which apparently
was used solely as a holding cell for their victims.
Law enforcement authorities believe that up to twenty-five
people were murdered by the pair, but only officially recovered twelve
bodies. Detectives found videotapes of these two people torturing and
sexually abusing their victims among the evidence found on the property.
In true "he-man" fashion, Ng
ran away to Canada to avoid prosecution, and attempted to delay his
trial proceedings when he
was finally extradited back to the U.S. Convicted of eleven murders
in 1999.
1985
IRENE NATIVIDAD - 1ST ASIAN PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL ORG.
Irene
Natividad became the first Asian to be voted as president of a national
political organization in the US - the National Women's Political Caucus
(NWPC). She was also chosen as one of the "100 Most Powerful Women in
America" by Ladies Home Journal. Her editorials have appeared in USA Today,
Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune and many other publications.
1986
1ST SURBURBAN CHINATOWN IN THE US
Monterey
Park, a small city east of Los Angeles, is identified as the first
suburban Chinatown in the U.S.. Center of activity for Chinese moves to
San Gabriel Valley. It's the start of the immigration eastward of the
Chinese communities as it starts in Monterey Park, proceeded to San Gabriel
and has extended to areas such as City of Industry, West Covina, Hacienda
Heights, Roland Heights and Puente Hills.
The first recorded meeting of a United
States President with a national Asian American organization. The Asian
American Voters Coalition met with President Reagan on January 9, 1986.
1986
PROTESTS IN BOSTON
200 Asian garment workers and their
supporters rally to demand training benefits to which they were entitled
after being displaced from their jobs at P&L Garment in Boston.
The U.S. House of Representatives
votes 243 to 141 to make an official apology to Japanese Americans and
to pay each surviving internee $20,000 in reparations.
100 Latino and SE Asian parents
protest against crowded, substandard schools, and sued for unconstitutional
segregation and denial of equal education opportunity.
1987
IVY LEAGUE ASU FORMED First Ivy League Asian
American Studies program established at Cornell U, with $100,000 budget
and staff of three.
1987
ANTI-ASIAN HATE ATTACKS IN NEW JERSEY
South Asian Navroze
Mody is murdered in Hoboken, N.J. by "dotbusters," as part of a series
of organized hate attacks designed to drive South Asians out of the area.
On
August 10, 1988 - the House Resolution 442 was signed into law by
President Ronald Reagan. It provides for a payment of $20,000 to each
surviving
Japanese American internee and a $1.25 billion education fund, among
other provisions. It sought to address the sense of betrayal felt by Japanese
Americans when FDR signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942.
It forced 110,000
Japanese Americans to liquidate their assets on 3-day notice and relocate
to remote prison camps.
The campaign to seek reparations was begun on July
10, 1970 by the western branch of the Japanese American Citizen's
League. The campaign's emotional turning point came when 750 Japanese
American witnesses recounted their experiences before the Commission
on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. The first $20,000
redress payments were made on October
9, 1990 to 107-year-old Mamoru Eto and eight other elderly survivors.
The American Army, fearing a Japanese invasion, gained
permission under the War Relocation Authority to forcefully move 120,000
people to internment camps. Most of these prisoners were American
citizens. Some were released after July of 1943 after proving their
loyalty to the United States, but most were detained
until December of 1944. The last camp closed in 1946. Over two centuries
later, (through the " Reparations
Bill" that was passed through Congress and signed into law by President
Bush) the government issued $20,000 and a formal apology to each of
the surviving WWII internees of all the camps. Read also about the
National Japanese American Memorial in Hawaii that is being built
in honor/memory of this tragic time in IS history. U.S. reaches agreement
with Vietnam to allow political prisoners to emigrate to the U.S.
1988
AMERICAN HOMECOMING ACT
The U.S. Senate votes 69% to 27 to
support redress
for Japanese Americans. American Homecoming Act allows children in Vietnam
born of American fathers to emigrate to the U.S.
On August 10, 1988, President Reagan
signed a measure providing $20,000 payments to Japanese-Americans interned
during World War II.
1989
COALITION OF ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICANS IS FOUNDED
The Coalition of Asian Pacific Americans was organized to: promote
cooperation and understanding among people of Asian Pacific American descent
and among their representative organizations; foster friendship among
Americans of Asian Pacific descent and others in the community; promote,
represent, and advocate the interests of Asian Pacific American communities;
and promote education and awareness of Asian Pacific American heritage.
Now in its 20th year, CAPA still celebrates the cultural richness and
diversity of the Asian Pacific American community and its contributions
to the community at large.
JULIA CHANG BLOCH - 1ST ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN AMBASSADOR
Julia Chang Bloch's extensive
international political career began with the Peace Corps in 1964 where
she taught English as a second language in Manila. Some of her most important
work came when she worked for the Agency for International Development
(AID). At AID, she reviewed the Somalia refugee program and worked with
the State Department. From 1989-1993 Bloch was appointed by George Bush
to serve as the US Ambassador to Nepal where she oversaw Nepal's transition
to democracy and initiated and directed the Democracy Program and Initiative
in support of the consolidation of democracy in Nepal.
On June 13, 1989 - Chinese
American Michael Chang become the youngest male to win a Grand Slam (17
years, 3 1/2 months, a record that still stands) and the first American
man in 34 years to win the French Open. The grueling five-set final against
3rd-ranked Stefan Edberg lasted 3 hours and 41 minutes. When it was over,
Chang had pulled off the year's second biggest upset by a score of 6-1,
3-6, 4-6, 6-4, 6-2. Just a week earlier Chang had flabbergasted the tennis
world by pulling off the biggest: a 5-set 4th-round win over top-ranked
Ivan Lendl. Michael Chang's 1989 French Open exploits made him the first
Asian American to attain the status of a global sports superstar. The
Hoboken, New Jersey native began his pro career at the age of 15 and went
on to win 34 ATP career titles with earnings totaling over $18 million
before retiring on September 4, 2003.
1989
ANTI ASIAN AMERICAN VIOLENCE
Five Southeast Asian grammar school children are killed in a Stockton
schoolyard. 300 Samoans march in Carson to protest
the brutal beating of members of the Dole family by fifty Cerritos deputies.
Thirty-five people were taken into custody and booked on "suspicion of
unlawful assembly, failure to disperse and battery on peace officers".
1989
ANTI ASIAN AMERICAN LAWS
Vietnamese Fishermen's Association of America brought a suit to stop
the Coast Guard from selective enforcement of the Jones Act which prohibits
non-citizens from owning or operating large boats in US waters.
1989
SOUTHEAST ASIAN CHILDREN ARE KILLED BY WHITE GUNMAN!
Patrick
Purdy fires 105 rounds from an assault rifle at students in an elementary
schoolyard in Stockton, Calif. in January, killing five Southeast Asian
children before shooting himself. Purdy reportedly blamed all minorities
for his failings.
1989
HATE CRIME SHOOTING! Ming
Hai Jim Loo, a Chinese American, is shot outside a pool hall in Raleigh,
N.C. on July 29. His two white assailants, Lloyd and Robert Piche, allegedly
shouted: We shouldn't put up with Vietnamese in our country. Robert Piche
is sentenced to 37 years behind bars; Lloyd's sentence is 4 years.