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The Inter-War Years
The Jazz Age
The Roarin' Twenties
- Années folles
The
Golden Twenties
The Golden Age of Sports
The
Great Depression
The Jazz Age
The frst jazz recording was released in 1917
The Original Dixieland Jass Band
New Orleans
Livery Stable Blues
(1917)
also known as
Barnyard Blues (1917)
---------------------------
Felix The Cat
Feline
Follies
(Pilot
cartoon 1919)
Felix Saves The Day (1922)
False
Vases (1929)
----------------------
First Aerial Journey Across the Atlantic
From Trepassey, Newfoundland to Lisbon, Portugal via the Azores
From 16 May - 27 May 1919
A six-man crew
A journey of 10 days and 22 hours, with 26 hours and 46 minutes airborn, in a U. S. Navy Curtiss NC-4 seaplane.
From Trepassey to the Azores in 15 hours and 18 minutes.
Curtiss NC-4 Navy seaplane
Naval ships stationed every 50 miles along the way guided the flyers.
Three NCs took off together from Trepassey but only one made it
to the Azores.
Silent newsreel
Description of flight
Excerpt from a US Navy documentary film (1960):
Naval Aviation
A Personal Story
The Weapon Is Developed
The Great Flight
U. S. Navy documentary (1970) (14:36)
---------
Naval Aviation
A Personal Story
The Weapon Is Tested
US Navy documentary film (1960) (25:37)
or
----------------------------
First NON-STOP flight across the Atlantic
British pilots John Alcock and Arthur Brown flew non-stop across the Atlantic, from St. John's, Newfoundland
to Connemara, Ireland, in 15 hours and 57 minutes.
14 June 1919
The flight was made in a twin-engine Vickers Vimy bi-plane
bomber from the Great War. Photo of the take-off from Newfoundland.
Captain John Alcock, pilot, on the right in the above photo, and Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown, navigator.
Alcock
and Brown crash-landed in a field in Ireland.
Those Magnificen Men
Pathé Gazette
First Atlantic Flight
40th Anniversary
Pathé News
1959
Bogged!
How the Gallant Atlantic Airmen Landed on Irish Soil
Clifden, Ireland
Pathé Gazette
The take-off, landing and reception
Short documentary
New York Herald, front page, 19 June 1919
New York Times, front page, 16 June 1919
--------------------
Another NON-STOP flight across the Atlantic
2 July to 6 July 1919
The First Round-Trip across the Atlantic
A Royal Air Force rigid airship, the R-34, built for coastal
patrol during the Great War, flew non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean with a crew of 26 from 2 July to 6 July.
It flew back later in the month, making the first east-west aerial
crossing of the Atlantic.
It was the first aircraft to fly a round-trip across the Atlantic.
The R-34 departed from its base in East Fortune in Scotland
on 2 July 1919 and landed at Mineola on eastern Long Island in New York on 6 July.
A trip of 108 hours and 12 minutes in the air.
The return trip, from 10 July to 13 July, took 75 hours
and 3 minutes.
British Pathé newsreel
Airship That Made History
R 34
British Pathé newsreel
----------------------
-------------
Jess Willard
Jess Willard (1881 - 1968). world heavyweight boxing champion, nicknamed the
Pottawatomie Giant. was the most popular man in America. 1913 photo.
Willard won the championship title by knocking out Jack Johnson in 26 rounds in Havana,
Cuba in 1915.
Willard defended the title in 1916, beating Frank Moran.
Willard did not defend his title again until 1919. It would be improper to fight during
the war.
In 1919, Willard defended the title against the number one contender, Jack Dempsey.
Jack Dempsey
William Harrison Dempsey (1895 - 1983),
boxed as Kid Blackie and Jack
Dempsey; nicknamed the Manassa Mauler and Jack
the Giant Killer; world heavyweight
boxing champion from 1919 to 1926; won
65 fights, 51 by knockout, lost
6 fights, drew 11 times
and fought one no decision-no contest.
Dempsey was born and raised in Colorado, Utah and West Virginia. He was called Harry.
He was raised a Mormon.
Dempsey's older brother John fought as Jack Dempsey, recalling
the popular Irish world middleweight champion of the late 1800s, Jack "Nonpareil" Dempsey. Standing in for his brother
in one fight, Harry took the name of Jack Dempsey.
Dempsey knocks out Fred Fulton in 23 seconds of the first round
in Harrison, New Jersey on July 17, 1918
Dempsey fought 21 fights in 1918, winning 19, losing once and drawing once. He defeated
all the top contenders - Gunboat Smith, Fireman
Jim Flynn, Battling Levinsky and Bill Brennan.
Willard vs. Dempsey
Champion Jess Willard defends the title against challenger Jack Dempsey in Toledo, Ohio
on July 4, 1919
Scheduled for 12 rounds
Willard was a 6 to 5 favorite to win.
The Champion
Standing 6 ft., 6 3/4" tall, in 1919 Jess Willard was the biggest heavyweight
champion in history.
Jess Willard, left, sparring in
Toledo, Ohio in 1919.
The Challenger
Jack Dempsey (1919)
A ticket for a bleacher seat at the Willard - Dempsey fight
cost $15.
Pre-fight newspaper coverage
Pre-fight poster
Souvenir program and scorecard
Jack Dempsey sparring with Big Bill Tate in training for his
fight with the champion Jess Willard (June 1919).
The Fight
Jack Dempsey, the challenger, in his famous "Dempsey Crouch",
and the heavyweight champion Jess Willard, Toledo, Ohio, July 4, 1919.
Famous painting of the fight
Dempsey charges Willard
Dempsey hits Willard with a right
Willard had never been knocked down in his boxing xareer. Dempsey knocked Willard
down seven times in the first round.
In the photo above, the referee counts
Willard out. But the bell at the end of the round saved him.
There was bedlam. The crowd drowned out the bell. Nobody heard it. Everyone thought
the fight was over. Dempsey left the ring and had to be called back.
The fight continued. There were no more knockdowns but Willard
could not continue
after the third round and gave up the fight and the championship
to Dempsey.
Jack Dempsey vs Jess Willard
July 4, 1919
Front
page of the Daily Advance, Staten island, New York, July 4, 1919.
Kings of the Ring:
Jack
Dempsey
Jack Dempsey
From
ESPN Sports
Century
Documentary
Jack
Dempsey
Biography
Jack Dempsey
Boxing's Best
(HBO) (45:07)
Jack Dempsey
Newsreels from the 1920s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sn-EAh_iJag
The Manassa Mauler
Episode from the documentary series Colorado Experience
(28:19)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycAXu1pYqJA
Jack Dempsey
Episode from the documentary series The Champs on the
program Power Profiles (22:37)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtReETTwT0k
------------
Jack Dempsey's First Title Defense
Dempsey KO's Billy Miske in 3rd Round
Benton Harbor, Michigan, September 6, 1920
In his first title defense, Jack Dempsey knocked out Billy Miske in three rounds in Benton Harbor, Michigan
This was the first time Miske was knocked out in his boxing career.
This was their third fight. In 1918, Dempsey and Miske fought twice. The first fight
ended in a draw. Dempsey won the second fight.
This was the first time the results of a boxing fight were broadcast over radio.
This was not a blow by blow account but a relay of the latest news from ringsiders.
------------
Champion Jack Dempsey fights challenger Bill Brennan
New York City, December 11, 1920
This was a rematch. It was their second fight. In 1918,
Dempsey stopped Brennan in six rounds.
Dempsey wins by KO in 12
Champion Jack Dempsey knocks out challenger Bill Brennan in
the 12th round at Madison Square Garden in New York City on December 11, 1920
Dempsey defends title against Bill Brennan
1920
Dempsey wins by KO in 12
or
or
Excerpts
Silent film
-----------------------------
The Golden Age of Sports
The Million Dollar Gate
Heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey and his boxing manager Jack "Doc"
Kearns teamed up with sports promoter George Lewis "Tex" Rickard to make
boxing a glamorous big-money sport
Jack Dempsey, left, and Doc Kearns, right
Jack ("Doc") Kearns
Tex Rickard, left, and Jack Dempsey, right
Tex Rickard
New book on Tex Rickard captures
his larger than life accomplishments
Al Bernstein
or, the same:
The
First Million-Dollar Gate
Jack Dempsey - Georges Carpentier title fight poster
Georges Carpentier of France (1894 - 1975), won the French bantamweight
title at age 15 in 1909; won the French and European welterweight titles in 1911; won the European middlewight title in 1912;
won the European and world light-heavyweight titles and the European heavyweight title in 1913; won the world white
heavyweight championship title in 1914; an aviator with the French Air Force and a war hero in the Great War (1914 -
1918); on the champion French national rugby team in 1919; won again the European light-heavyweight and heavyweight titles
in 1919. He beat some of the best heavyweight boxers of the day, including Battling Levinsky.
For the first time in history, a single sporting event pulled in
more than one million dollars.
80,000 fans paid $1.8 million at the gate (ticket office) to see
a fight.
French champion George Carpentier challenged world champion
Jack Dempsey in New Jersey on July 2, 1921.
This was the first live radio broadcast from ringside of a boxing championship fight.
Dempsey won by a K. O. in four rounds.
Jack Dempsey & Georges Carpentier - Training
Footage 1921
Silent film in 2 parts
Part 1.
Part 2.
Jack Dempsey Vs Georges Carpentier
How it ended
Jack
Dempsey vs Georges Carpentier
Fight
film with commentary
or
Jack Dempsey vs Georges Carpentier
Silent film of entire fight
--------------------------------
Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955), German scientist, in photo taken in early 1900s
Albert Einstein
Episode from the 2005 documentary series Biography
Interview with Denis Brian, Einstein biographer, in 1996
Explaining Einstein
Einstein
Lecture # 10, Review and Einstein, from the course Physics
20B Cosmology by James Bullock at the University of California-Irvine Campus, Winter 2013
Go to the 00:29:12 mark
UC-Irvine website:
You Tube:
Old version
Einstein for the Masses
Lecture by Ramamurti Shankar
Yale U., May 2010
E = mc2
Lecture by Hitoshi Murayama
2005 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Summer Lecture Series
Discussion on the weekly Thursday BBC radio programme In Our
Time
Hosted by Melvyn Bragg
6 June 2013
Einstein and Eddington
2008
BBC documentary film about the correspondence between Albert Einstein, a German scientist, and British scientist
Sir Arthur Eddington during the Great War
The
Search for Vulcan
Ep. # 2 of the Universe Unleashed
Was Mercury's eccentric
orbit caused by the gravitational force of another planet between Mercury and the Sun? This planet, which astronomers could not find, was called Vulcan.
Einstein in 1921 photo, after winning
the Nobel Prize in physics.
Einstein greeted by crowds
in New York City, on his first visit to the United States, in April 1921
Going
to see Einstein's lecture
Edward Teller
As Time Goes By
Rudy Vallee (1931)
---------------------------
Barnstorming stunt pilots
Changing planes in mid-air in 1921
-------------------
SOUND ON FILM
1922, 1923, 1934
De Forest Phonofilms
Noble Sissle & Eubie Blake
Affectionate Dan
Lee De Forest Phonofilm
1922
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0cmC8Z4KgU
Documentary
Sound films produced in 1922, 1923
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_zbdYMC2Mw
Bard & Pearl
1923 Experimental Sound on film / phono film
By Lee De Forest
Played at the Rivioli theater in NYC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE2TxLwcvK8
EUBIE BLAKE
De Forest Phonofilm
1923
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxQLn-p0w84
---------------------
Al Jolson
Asa
Yoelson (1886 - 1950); born in
Lithuania; stage name: Al Jolson;
popular
singer and actor on stage
and
in moviesfrom 1911 to 1950
 
Al Jolson in blackface routine
Swanee (1920)
1945 movie with Jolson portrayed by actor and Jolson singing
A
PLANTATION ACT
1926 movie
Mammy
Excerpt from the silent movie The Jazz Singer
(1927)
Only part of film with direct on-set recording
THE IMMORTAL
JOLSON
Episode from the TV series Hollywood
and the Stars, narrated by Jospeh Cotton (1962)
(2 clips)
The Real Al Jolson Story
Presented by Melvyn Bragg (1986)
4 clips
Technicolor Sequence 1930
I Love to Singa
Al Jolson and Cab Calloway (1936)
Al Jolson and The Yacht Club Boys (1936)
--------------------
The Roaring Twenties
The Roaring 20's
Episode #32 of Crash Course US History with John Green
The Roaring 20s
The Charleston
How to do it:
James P. Johnson
Composed by Johnson in 1923
Player piano roll (1925)
Recording by Arthur Gibbs and His Gang (1923)
First sung by Elizabeth Welch in the 1923 broadway show Runnin'
Wild
Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra
1925
or
and
Ishan Jones Orchestra
1925
The 1926 Black Bottom Dance
Performed in 1956
Bix
Leon "Bix" Beiderbecke (1903 - 1931)
Royal Garden Blues (1927)
My Ohio Home
With the Paul Whiteman Orchestra
(1928)
I'm Coming Virginia
(1927)
King Oliver
Canal Street Blues (1923)
Camptown Meeting (1923)
Frankie and Johnny
(1929)
Louis Armstrong
Louis Armstrong and his Hot
Five
|
From left: Johnny St.
Cyr, Kid
Ory, Armstrong, Johnny Dodds, Lil Hardin-Armstrong |
Louis Armstrong & His Hot 5
Stardust
St. James Infirmary
(1928)
After You've Gone (1929)
St. James Infirmary (1928)
Dinah
Copenhagen (movie 1933)
I Cover the Waterfront,
Dinah and Tiger Rag
Copenhagen (movie 1933)
Sidney Bechet
Summertime
Maple Leaf Rag
Duke Ellington
Take It Easy (1928)
Creole Love Call
with Adelaide Hall (1927)
Black and Tan Fantasy (1929)
Duke Ellington & His Orchestra (1929
- 1943)
The Cotton Club in Harlem, Manhattan
Cotton Club
1923 - 1940
----------------------------
The Babe
George Herman ("Babe") Ruth, Jr.
(1895 - 1948) ("The Babe", "The
Bambino", "The Sultan of Swat")
In 1927, professional major league baseball in America was played by 16 teams from April to September.
There were two leagues - the American
League (AL) and the National League (NL) - with eight teams each. Every team played 154 games in a
season. Teams played within their league (there were no inter-league games).
The team winning the most games and finishing the season in
first place in each league met in the best-of-seven games World Series. The winner was the world champion.
In the 1919 baseball
season, Babe Ruth, a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox of the American League, hit 29 home runs, breaking the record of
24 home runs set in 1915.
Babe Ruth with the Boston Red Sox
Babe Ruth was a pitcher and outfielder with the Red Sox
The Red Sox traded Ruth to the New York Yankees after the 1919
season.
The Sultan of Swat
Babe Ruth in 1927
In the next season, 1920, Ruth, now with the Yankees, hit
54 home runs.
In the following season, 1921, Ruth hit 59 home runs.
Six years later, in the 1927 season, Ruth hit 60 home runs.
Babe Ruth hitting a home run in 1927
Babe Ruth hits 60th Home Run
60th homer, New York,
September 30, 1927
Babe Ruth
Episode from the Sports Greats documentary series
Babe Ruth
Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig comedy routine (1927)
Play Ball with Babe Ruth
Just Pals
Slide, Slide, Slide
Fancy Curves
George Herman (Babe) Ruth, Jr.
(1895 - 1948), The Great Bambino,
The Sultan of Swat, played major league baseball from 1914 to 1935.
Ruth hit 714 home runs in his major league career. Ruth's batting average was over .300 in almost every season, with his highest in 1924 with .378. Ruth retired with a .342 batting average.
Ruth played with the Boston Red Sox (AL) from 1914 to 1919,
the New York Yankees (AL) from 1920 to 1934 and the Boston Braves (NL) in 1935.
Ruth's home run record:
Boston Red Sox (AL) Ruth was a pitcher
1914 - 0
1915 - 4
1916 - 3
1917 - 2
1918 - 11
1919 - 29
New York
Yankees (AL)
1920
- 54
1921 - 59
1922 - 35
1923 - 41
1924 - 46
1925 - 25
1926 - 47
1927 - 60
1928 - 54
1929 - 46
1930 - 49
1931 - 46
1932 - 41
1933 - 34
1934 - 22
1935 - 6
Bold type = Most home runs in major leagues
Ruth's season home run record of 60 in 1927 was not equalled
for many decades.
Ruth played in ten world series - three with the Boston Red
Sox and seven with the New York Yankees.
Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey in Yankee Stadium in 1933.
--------------------
Paul Whiteman
The King of Jazz
Paul Samuel Whiteman (1890 - 1967)
Arrangements (A selection)
Chicago (That Toddling Town) (1922)
Rhapsody in Blue (1924)
After You've Gone (1929)
Happy Feet (1930)
Smoke Gets in Your Eyes
(1933)
It's Only a Paper Moon (1933)
My Reverie (1938)
------------------
Big Bill Tilden
Bill Tilden
Bill Tilden's Tennis for Beginners
-----------------------
The Gershwin Brothers
George and Ira
George and Ira Gershwin
George Gershwin (1898 - 1937)
George Gershwin
Remembered
Episode
from the documentary series Biography on the History Channel
(87
min.)
Gershwin in Focus
Documentary with Ben Kingsley
(103 min.)
The Legend of George Gershwin
Documentary
Ira Gershwin talks about George Gershwin
Rhapsody
in Blue
Gershwin plays Rhapsody in Blue solo on piano
or
Original first recording by Gershwin on piano, with the Paul Whiteman Orchestra (1924)
Paul Whiteman talks about Gershwin and Rhapsody in Blue
Toscanini and Benny Goodman (1942)
The Man I Love (1924)
George Gershwin (1924
piano roll)
Janet Hall & Ken Christie (1924)
Vaughn De Leath with the Paul Whiteman Orchestra (1928)
Elisabeth Welch (1936)
or
Lena Horne (1939)
Somebody Loves Me (1924)
Bing Crosby (1939)
Helen Forrest (1944)
Piano roll
Fletcher Henderson (1930)
Benny Goodman
Benny Carter
Coleman Hawkins (1944)
With Jack Teagarden
Lester Young (1945)
With Nat King
Cole and Buddy Rich
or
Tex Beneke
Bud Powell
Erroll Garner
Summertime
From Porgy and Bess (1935)
Billie Holiday
John Coltrane
Sung by Harolyn Blackwell for Paula Blackwell
Simon Rattel conducting the Glyndebourne Chorus and the London Philharmonic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7-Qa92Rzbk
Kathleen Battle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYlIHI35oak
It Ain't Necessarely So
From Porgy
and Bess (1935)
Sung by Paul Robeson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sZaxEC1Vho
Bess, You Is My Woman Now
From Porgy and Bess (1935)
I Got Rhythm
George Gershwin on piano (1931)
So Am I
Gershwin on piano (1925)
Swanee
Gershwin on piano
Al Jolson (1920)
George Gershwin plays four songs
Gershwin on the piano (piano
rolls?)
1. Make Believe by Nathaniel Shilkret
2. Grieving for You by Joe Gibson, Joe Ribaud and Joe Gold
3. Land Where the Good Songs Go by Jerome Kern
4. Some Sunday Morning by Richard A. Whiting
Rhapsody in Blue
Hollywood movie about George Gershwin (1946)
Advertisement
------------------
Jack Dempsey
Jack Dempsey in 1922
Denpsey did not fight in the two years after his fight with George
Carpentier in 1921.
------------
Jack Dempsey in 1923
Champion
Jack Dempsey vs challenger Tommy Gibbons
Shelby, Montana, July 4, 1923
Dempsey won the 15-round decision
Dempsey, left, and Gibbons, right
Jack
Dempsey vs Tommy Gibbons
July
4, 1923
Excerpts
The Dempsey - Gibbons Fight Pictures
(45:02)
or in 5 clips:
-----------------------
Jack Dempsey
vs. Luis Firpo
New York
September 14, 1923
Front cover of Time Magazine,
September 10, 1923
Fight program
Luis Angel Firpo of Argentina in 1919 photo.
Firpo was the first Latin-American to fight for the heavyweight
championship title. Nicknamed The Wild Bull of the Pampas. He
beat all the top heavyweights and then challenged Jack Dempsey.
80,000 fans paid $1.2 million to see the fight in the Polo Grounds in New York
City.
Second million dollar gate in boxing history.
Dempsey knocked
Firpo down seven times in the first round. Firpo
knocked Dempsey down twice, the second time knocking him out of the ring.
Challenger Luis Firpo of Argentina knocks champion Jack Dempsey
out of the ring in the first round, New York, September 14, 1923
Famous painting in 1924 of Dempsey through the Ropes
by George W. Bellows (1882 – 1925)
Dempsey won by K. O. in 2 rounds.
The final knock down. Jack Dempsey knocks out Luis Firpo in the
second round.
Jack Dempsey vs Luis Angel Firpo
Sept. 14, 1923
and
------------------
Lenin Dies
21 January 1924
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) (born in
1870) died at age 53 at his home in Gorki
in Moscw on 21 January 1924.
Lenin was a Marxist-socialist revolutionary and a Communist.
Lenin led
the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Lenis headed the
governments of Soviet Russia from 1917 and the Soviet
Union from 1922 till his death.
Two bullet wounds from an attempted assassination in 1918 caused
a gradual decline of his heatlh. He was ill much of the time since late 1921. Two heart attacks in 1922 and one in 1923
led tto his evetual death.
Russia was in a civil war from 1917 to 1923. There were two
major sides. The anti-communists, called the Whites, or the White Army, fought the communists, the Red Army. The Whites
included rightists, monarchists and conservatives. The Red Army and the communists won. There were also armies of nations
fighting for independence from Russia. They formed the countries of Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland.
-----------------------
The First
Expeditions to Mount Everest
View of the north side of Mount Everest from the Rongbuk Valley in Tibet.
Photo by Carsten.nebel
View of the North Face of Mount Everest from the Rongbuk Valley in Tibet. The mountain before it is
Changste (Tibetan for "North Peak)".
Mount Everest is the highest
mountain in the world at the generally agreed
height of 8,848 metres (29,029 feet) altitude above sea level.
Mount Everest is on the
border of Tibet and Nepal. To its north is Tibet and to its south is Nepal.
The mountain is called Chomolungma
in Tibetan, which means Holy Mother or Mother Goddess of Snows.
The
mountain in called Sagarmatha in Nepali, which means Mother
of the Universe.
The
mountain was first registered in 1841 by Colonel George Everest, the British Surveyor-General
of India from 1830 to 1843. The mountain was listed as Peak XV.
The
mountain, Peak XV, was declared the tallest in the world by a British surveyor, Andrew Waugh, in 1856.
Waugh
gave the mountain its official name, Everest, in honour of Sir George Everest, in 1865.
Sir George Everest (Everest pronounced his name with a long "e": "ee'
- ve - rest".)
pic
Note the brown layer below the summit of Everest.
This is a layer of limestone and marble called the Yellow Band.
Until the late 1940s Nepal
was a "forbidden kingdom", and foreigners were not allowed to enter the country, so Mount Everest had to be approached from
the north, in Tibet.
Tibet was closed to most westerners until a British military
campaign, led by Col. Francis Younghusband, in 1904 forced Tibet to open.
British plans for expeditions to Everest were delayed by
the Great War (1914 - 1918).
Tibet allowed a British expedition to Everest in 1921.
1921
The First Expedition
Reconnaissance
Some of the members of the first expedition to Mount Everest, a British reconnaissance expedition, led by Charles Howard-Bury.
Seated on the left is George Leigh Mallory, considered the best rock
climber of the day. Mallory's name
would be forever linked to Everest. Beside Mallory is Oliver Wheeler, a Canadian climber. Charles Howard-Bury is standing, second from left.
Charles Howard-Bury
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWO3YoCS5ks
The Rongbuk Monastery
Photo taken in 1922 of the north side of Mount Everest from Rongbuk Monastery in Tibet.
Expeditions to Everest established their Base
Camp about one kilometre beyond the monastery.
Farther up is the Rongbuk Glacier.
The Rongbuk Glacier
The Rongbuk Glacier (also known
as the West Rongbuk Glacier and the Main Rongbuk Glacier) in a 1921 photo. The view is from the north.
Immediately below and to the
left of the summit of Everest is the Northeast Ridge.
The smaller mountain immediately
below and to the north of Everest is Changste (Tibetan for "North Peak").
The Rongbuk Glacier leads to
the bottom of the North Face of Everst.
Chang
La (North Col)
Chang La - North Col
A Canadian
member of the 1921 expedition, Oliver Wheeler, discovered the best route to the summit of Everest.
Instead of
approaching Everest by the Main (West) Rongbuk Glacier, an expedition could set out from Base Camp and march up the East Rongbuk Glacier to its head at
a vertical ice wall about 1,000 feet high.
This point,
at the bottom of the North Face of Everest, is called the Chang La Pass. Chang means "north" in Tibetan. La means
"hill". The North Hill Pass. The expedition called Chang La the North Col. (A col is a gap.)
Chang La
(North Col) separates the West (or Main) Rongbuk Glacier from the East Rongbuk Glacier.
Photo
by Chris Seart (2005)
The two above photos of the North Col are recent photos, taken in different seasons, from the northeast,
of the steep, nearly vertical 1,000-ft.-high ice wall at
the head of the East Rongbuk Glacier.
The ice wall connects
the North Ridge of Everest, on the left in the photo, to
Changste (North Peak), the mountain immediately to the north of Everest
(the snowy mountain, partially obscured by a cloud), on the right in the photo.
The
North Ridge
The North Face of Everest
Recent photo of the North Col, foreground, and the North
Ridge beyond.
1922 photo of the head of the East Rongbuk Glacier at Chang La,
or North Col. On the left in the photo is the eastern half of Northeast Ridge of Everest.
The North Ridge of Everest, to the left of the North Col,
leads directly up the middle of the North Face of Everest to the middle of the Northeast Ridge at the Northeast Shoulder,
which appears as the high point in the photo.
The summit pyramid appears above and beyond the Northeast Shoulder in the photo.
Dead centre in this satellite
photo is the summit of Changste (North Peak). The ridge down from Changste (going toward the top of the photo) leads to the North
Col (Chang La) at its low point.
The North Col separates the head
of the West (Main) Rongbuk Glacier (on the right in the photo) from the East Rongbuk Glacier (on the left in the
photo).
From the North Col, the ridge
continues up the North Face of Everest (at centre in the top half of the photo) as the North Ridge. The North Ridge leads
up to the Northeast Shoulder at the middle of the Northeast Ridge (at the top of the photo).
Unfortunately, the above photo
does not include the Northeast Ridge.
From North Col climbers could climb up the North Ridge to the Northeast Ridge and continue to the summit.
The
Unsung Hero of Mount Everest
Edward Oliver Wheeler
Excerpt
from a lecture by Wade Davis
National Geographic (2012)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vLkfilK7NA
The
Northeast Ridge
Photo by Alexander (Sandy) Woolaston in 1921.
View from the east or northeast of the south side of the Northeast
Ridge of Everest (on the left in the photo) in Tibet. This is the 11,000-ft. steep South Face -
sometimes called the East Face and Kangshung Face - of Everest.
The Northeast Ridge is in the foreground in the photo. It leads
to the Northeast Shoulder.
Beyond the Northeast Shoulder, the Northeast Ridge leads up to the
summit.
Below and to the right (north) of the Northeast Shoulder is the
North Ridge.
The North Ridge leads up from North Col to the Northeast Ridge
at the Northeast Shoulder.
At the snow-top of the ice
wall of Chang La, climbers pitched camp. This was Camp IV, also called the North Col Camp.
The 1921 expedition climbed to the top of the North Col.
The most apparent way of reaching
the summit was from Camp IV on the Nortth Col, all the way up the North Ridge to the Northeast Ridge at the Northeast Shoulder.
The Northeast Ridge led up to the summit.
On the way up to the Northeast Shoulder, Camp
V could be pitched about half-way up the North Ridge.
From Camp V, climbers could go farther
up the North Ridge and pitch the highest camp, Camp VI, just below the Northeast Shoulder.
From Camp VI, climbers could continue up the
North Ridge to the Northeast Shoulder and then follow the Northeast Ridge to the summit.
Instead of going all the way up to the Northeast
Shoulder, climbers could also set out from Camp VI on the North Ridge and climb up and diagonally across ta corner of the North Face to the Northeast Ridge.
The main obstacles on the Northeast Ridge are
the extreme cold, the sudden fierce winds, the loose rocks and snow, and three difficult high rock steps, which would
have to be climbed. The second of the three steps, called the Second Step, looked particularly difficult if not impossible
to climb.
Another possible way to the summit was not by
the Northeast Ridge but from the North Ridge, either at Camp V or Camp VI, diagonally up and across the entire North
Face to the steep and snowy Grand Couloir.
The
Grand Couloir would have to be scaled up to the Northeast Ridge or summit pyramid.
1922
The Second Expedition
The First Summit Assault
The second expedition to Everest,
a British expedition in 1922, led by Charles Bruce, attempted the first climb to the summit.
In the photo, George Mallory is on the left in the front row; George Finch, an Australian climber,
is beside him; Charles Bruce, the expedition leader, is
in the centre.
In the back row, Edward Norton is on the right; Howard Somervell is third from the right; film maker
John Noel is fifth from the right; and Geoffrey Bruce, a cousin of George Bruce, is second from left.
The names of Mallory and Norton would be forever linked to Everest.
Finch would lead the first assault on the summit of Everest with Geoffrey Bruce as his partner.
George Mallory, on the right, on the 1922 expedition
to Everest. The three men have just crossed a stream. They undressed before crossing.
Three attempts to reach the summit
were made in 1922.
On the first attempt Mallory,
Norton and Somervell climbed up the North Ridge from Camp V to within 150 metres of the Northeast Shoulder and the Northeast
Ridge (altitude: 8,225 metres/26,985 feet).
They intended to pitch the highest
camp, Camp VI, but were turned back by snowing.
The climbers were roped together on the descent down the North
Ridge. At one point, the snow and ice collapsed, taking Norton and Somervell. As the two climbers fell from the
North Ridge, the lead climber, Mallory, thrust his ice axe into the snow and wrapped his rope around it. The ice axe
held and saved Norton and Somervell from a long fall to the East Rongbuk Glacier.
George Mallory and Edward Norton climbing Everest in 1922.
The First Assault on
the Summit
Finch and Bruce
The second attempt
launched the first assault on the summit.
George
Finch, the lead climber, and Geoffrey Bruce set out directly from Camp V on the North Ridge and headed
for the Grand Couloir by traversing up and diagonally across the North Face.
Finch and Bruce used oxygen,
the first time oxygen was tried in an assault on the summit.
They reached the bottom
of the Yellow Band (the thick layer of marble) and an altitude of 8,326 metres/27,316 feet.
Finch aborted the climb
when Bruce's oxygen set failed and Bruce became ill.
Finch and Bruce were the
first to launch a final assault on the summit of Everest. It was the only assault of the expedition.
On the third attempt, led by Mallory, seven Sherpa porters were killed in an avalanche half-way up the ice wall at the head of the East Rongbuk Glacier at Chang La
(North Col). They were the first men to die on Everest. The attempt was halted. The expedition headed home.
1924
The
Third Expedition
Two
summit assaults
The third British expedition to Everest, in 1924.
In the photo, standing, from left to right, are Andrew ("Sandy") Irvine, George Leigh Mallory, Edward ("Teddy") Norton
and Noel Odell.
Seated, second from left, is Geoffrey Bruce, a cousin of the expedition's original leader, Charles Bruce. Beside him, immediately to the right in the photo, is Howard Somervell.
Photo taken on 29 April 1924.
Norton took over leadership of the expedition
when Charles Bruce was incapacitated by malaria on the expedition's march from Darjeeling through Tibet.
Three
attempts to reach the summit were made in 1924.
The
first attempt, by George Mallory and Geoffrey Bruce, was abandoned without pitching the last (highest) camp, Camp VI,
on the North Ridge.
The Second Attempt (The
First Assault)
4 June 1924
Norton
Edward Felix ("Teddy") Norton (1884 - 1954)
Edward Norton at base camp in 1924.
Howard Somervell (1890 - 1975)
The
Grand (Great) Couloir
On
the second attempt, two climbers, Edward Norton and Howard Somervell, pitched the highest camp, Camp VI, on the North
Ridge about 300 metres below the Northeast Shoulder.
For
the assault on the summit, Norton preferred to avoid the windy Northeast Ridge with its particularly difficult Second Step.
On
4 June, Norton and Somervell set out from the high camp, Camp VI, on the North Ridge and climbed
up and diagonally across the North Face, over the Yellow Band (marble), and traversed
along the top of the Yellow Band to the Grand Couloir.
Norton and Somervell climbed without oxygen.
Somervell
was too ill to continue and stopped below the First Step, at the top of the Yellow Band.
Norton
continued alone, crossed the 50-foot- wide snow gully of the Grand Couloir and scaled up the west wall of the Grand
Couloir until he was forced to turn back by snow and ice, the extreme cold, lack of oxygen and lack of time.
Norton
reached a height of 8,570 metres (28,126 feet) and came to within 280 metres (920 feet) of the summit, a height and altitude
record not surpassed for the next 28 years, until 1952.
Recent photo of the North Ridge and Northeast Shoulder above it (on the left); the North Face and the Northeast
Ridge above it (centre); and the Grand Couloir (in dark shadow) and the summit pyramid above it (right). The west wall of
the Grand Couloir is in shadow.
uncropped
photo goes here
Photo by Howard Somervell of Edward Norton traversing
the North Face along the top of the Yellow Band on his way to the Grand Couloir.
Somervell's photo of Norton
and other photos, taken at 28,000 feet, were celebrated as photos taken at the highest altitude ever.
Somervell's photo of Edward Norton (in
the red box) on his way to the Grand Couloir. Norton has stopped to rest.
To note the highest point reached by Norton,
draw a straight horizontal line from the top of the red box across the photo. Sixth-tenths of the way to the right
margin is the point.
This point is on the near-vertical west wall
of the Grand Couloir.
To the right of that point is a long
vertical stretch of snow called the Subsidiary Couloir, which leads
tp from the Grand Couloir onto the top of the huge rock wall below the summit pyramid. If it could be reached and climbed,
to the top of the wall, Norton thought it might offer a quicker route to the summit.
The small black "X" in the photo, taken in 1938
by Frank Smythe, marks the approximate highest point of Norton's climb. It is about half-way up (or down) the photo and about
one-third of the way across from the right margin.
Highest point of Norton's climb. (Zoom in to
see.)
As can be seen, Norton was not far from the
summit pyramid when he stopped.
The Grand Couloir was subsequently called the
Norton Couloir.
Norton rejoined Somervell at the top of the
Yellow Band below and slightly west of the First Step.
As the two climbers set out on their return to Camp VI, Somervell dropped his
ice axe. Norton recalled that the ice axe cartwheeled noisily down the North Face and out of view.
Norton and Somervell returned to Camp VI.
They descended to Camp V and reached Camp IV on the North Col after dark.
Theodore Howard Somervell after the summit attempt.
Norton suffered frostbite and snow blindness and had to be carried by Sherpas from the North Col to camp on the East Rongbuk
Glacier two days later.
The Third Attempt (The Second Assault)
8 June 1924
Mallory and Irvine
For
the third and last attempt of the expedition to reach the summit, two climbers, George Mallory and Andrew Irvine,
were to set out from their high camp, Camp VI, on the North Ridge for the Northeast Ridge and follow it to the summit
pyramid.
George Herbert Leigh Mallory (1886 - 1924).
Mallory was the only climber to go on all three expeditions - 1921, 1922 and 1924. He had the most
experience on Everest. He was considered the best rock climber of the day. Mallory was a graduate of Cambridge, where
he had been an oarsman, and a school teacher and headmaster in England. Mallory left a wife and three children in England.
Mallory's surname sometimes appears as Leigh-Mallory.
Mallory's father, Herbert Leigh Mallory, changed his surname to Leigh-Mallory in 1914. (Leigh is pronounced "Lee", with a
long e.)
Andrew Comyn ("Sandy") Irvine (1902 - 1924),
an oarsman and chemistry student at Oxford. (Irvine is pronunced "Er - vin", with a short i.)
British climbers Andrew Irvine, left, and George
Mallory, right, in Tibet in 1924. Mallory was age 37 and Irvine 22.
The last photo of Mallory and Irvine, taken
by Noel Odell, as they set out from camp on the North Col on 6 June 1924.
Mallory and Irvine carried oxygen bottles, the
only time oxygen was used on an assault on the summit in 1924 and the first time oxygen was tried on a final summit assault since Finch and Bruce in 1922.
Mallory and Irvine were to carry two oxygen bottles each, a heavy
load at high altitude and not enough to climb to the summit and return to camp. However, Sherpas brought additional oxygen
bottles to the high camp for Mallory's and Irvine's assault.
Mallory's and Irvine's planned
route to the summit.
The
Northeast Ridge or Grand Couloir?
Mallory intended
to follow the Northeast Ridge all the way to the summit. If not, there might be another way.
Mallory could forego
the ridge route if it took up too much time. Instead, he could traverse below the First Step and the Second Step and try to
regain the Northeast Ridge at some point before or below the Third Step or climb up to the summit pyramid from the Grand Couloir,
like Norton, or try to climb the Sunsidiary Couloir to the big rock wall below the summit pyramid.
On 5 June, before
setting out from camp on the East Rongbuk Glacier for the North Col, Mallory suggested to John Noel, the expedition's film-maker,
that he focus his lens on the summit pyramid.
On 6 June, Mallory
and Irvine set out from Camp IV on the North Col (Chang La), atop the head of the East Rongbuk
Glacier, climbed up the North Ridge and spent the night at Camp V, half-way up the North Ridge.
The next day, 7
June, they climbed farther up the North Ridge and spent the night about 300 metres below the Northeast Shoulder at the
highest camp, Camp VI.
No climber had been to the Northeast Ridge before.
Mallory sent a note from the high camp, Camp VI, carried down by descending Sherpa porters, to John
Noel on 7 June:
Dear Noel,
We'll probably start early to-morrow (8th) in order to have clear weather. It won't be too
early to start looking out for us either crossing the rockband under the pyramid or going up skyline at 8.0 p.m.
Yours ever
G Mallory
rockband under the pyramid = the 100-metre-thick Yellow Band of marble below the summit
pyramid.
The rockband immediately above the Yellow Band and below the Northeast Ridge is a layer of dark grey limestone slabs
called the Black Band.
skyline = the Northeast Ridge
A climb following the ridge line up to the summit pyramid (or perhaps a climb
up the north ridge of the summit pyramid itself).
pyramid = summit pyramid
8.0 p.m. = 8:00 a. m. Mallory actually meant a. m.
Many
have wondered about the meaning of Mallory's note.
Most have assumed Mallory meant that by 8:00 a. m. he would be approaching
the summit pyramid by a traverse along the crest of the Northeast Ridge ("skyline')
or climbing up the Yellow Band ("rockband") to the ridge.
That would be the most logical expectation of climbers setting out at dawn.
But Mallory wrote "rockband under the pyramid".
Perhaps Mallory meant he might try climbing up the Yellow Band to
the summit pyramid from the Grand Couloir or the big rock wall below the summit pyramid.
Setting out at dawn, climbers might reacch the Grand
Couloir by 8:00 a. m.
If Mallory chose the Grand Couloir, he might try
to reach the Subsidiary Couloir, which Norton indicated might offer another way up to the summit pyramid.
Mallory and Irvine
set out from the highest camp, Camp VI, to attempt the summit on the morning of 8 June 1924. The exact time is not known.
- John Noel trained his camera with a telescopic
lens on the summit pyramid, as shown in the above frame from Noel's film, but he did not spot the climbers. He did not
see them on the Northeast Ridge near the summit pyramid or on the rock bands below the summit pyramid. He did not see them
on the summit pyramid. He did not see them on the north ridge of the pyramid.
- Noel Odell was the only expedition member to see
Mallory and Irvine on their final assault on the summit.
Odell set out from Camp V for Camp VI
to wait for Mallory and Irvine to return. On his way up the North Ridge to Camp VI, he saw the pair on the Northeast Ridge.
(Odell was actually on the North Face, a short distance to the west from the North Ridge.)
In his first recollection, Odell wrote, in his diary:
At 12.50 saw M&I on ridge nearing base of final pyramid.
Many assume that the "final pyramid" meant the summit pyramid.
This could mean that Mallory and Irvine were approaching the base
of the summit pyramid.
But the Second Step was also called a pyramid.
This could mean also that the pair were approaching the base of the Second Step.
In the Alpine Journal, on 14 June 1924, Odell wrote:
"At 12.50, just after I had emerged from a state
of jubilation at finding the first definite fossils on Everest, there was a sudden clearing of the atmosphere, and the entire
summit ridge and final peak of Everest were unveiled. My eyes became fixed on one tiny black spot silhouetted on a small snow-crest
beneath a rock-step in the ridge; the black spot moved. Another black spot became apparent and
moved up the snow to join the other on the crest. The first then approached the great rock-step and shortly
emerged at the top; the second did likewise. Then the whole fascinating vision vanished, enveloped in cloud once more."
Odell saw the pair on the Northeast Ridge, climbing one of the three rock steps -
the First Step, Second Step or Third Step - at 12:50 p. m., just before clouds covered the mountain. It was
a ten-minute sighting.
The "great rock-step" should mean the
Second Step, the biggest and most difficult step to climb.
Thus, Odell saw them on the Second Step.
Mallory
and Irvine were never seen again.
The North Face and
Northeast Ridge of Mount Everest in Tibet.
The notes on the photo above indicate that Noel
Odell saw Mallory and Irvine on the Second Step.
The most experienced climbers on Everest question Odell's recollection of two figures reaching the base of the Second Step and then quickly climbing
it. The Second Step is forty metres high. The last five metres are vertical. Thus, Odell saw the climbers reaching the top of something else. Others were
certain that Odell saw them at the First Step or the Third Step.
The Second Step has been climbed, as Mallory would
have had to climb it, by
modern climbers only
four times.
In 1960, four members of a Chinese expedition to Everest, including a Tibetan climber, successfully confronted
the Second Step. They took five hours to climb it. They required three hours to climb the last five metres. One
climber, standing in bare socks on the shoulders of another, was able to fix ice picks and ropes at the top
of the step. His feet suffered frostbite and the three other climbers had to continue without him.
The next Chinese expedition, in 1975, installed
a metal ladder over the last five metres up the Second Step. Later expeditions fixed guide-ropes up the entire step.
A Spanish
climber soloed up the Second Step in 1985 without the use of the installed artificial climbing aids. (Today, this is called
free-climbing.)
An Austrian climber soloed the Second Step
without prior first-hand
knowledge of it, without use of the artificial climbing aids and without climbing gear in 2001. He took about an hour
to do it.
An American climber free-climbed the Second
Step and belayed his British partner up in 2007. They took about an hour to climb it.
Descending the Second Step can be more difficult
and more dangerous than ascending it.
Recent photo of the Second Step from the First Step (Northeast Ridge). The Summit Pyramid, covered with snow, appears beyond. Seen from the east, the Second Step
appears to be a pyramid.
The photo below was taken
in recent years from Odell's approximate vantage point.
Odell's view, from the North Ridge, between Camp V and Camp VI, of
the Northeast Ridge. On the left is part of the First Step, barely distinguishable. To its right is the Second Step (or the Great Rock Step). Just before
the summit pyramid, or at its base, is the Third Step.
Note the Grand Couloir on the right in the photo. Note the long streak
of snow leading up from the couloir to the top of the rock wall, the west wall of the couloir, to the top of the wall. This
is the Subsidiary Couloir.
Another photo taken from Odell's vantage point. The First Step, on
the left, is clearly distinguishable. The Second Step is at centre on the ridge in the photo. The Third Step appears at the
base of the summit pyramid, projecting out from it. The summit pyramid above the Third Step is in shadow.
Note again,
on the right in the photo, the Grand Couloir and the long near-vertical streak of snow leading up the west wall of the couloir
to the top of the wall. This is the Subsidiary Couloir.
Many thought it more
likely that Odell saw Mallory and Irvine climbing the First Step. His description of his sighting fit the First Step or Third
Step rather than the Second Step.
According to Mallory's schedule, the climbers were many hours late. By 12:50 p. m. they should have
been high up on the summit pyramid. Thus, some assumed Odell saw the pair on the Third Step.
Odell was concerned that the climbers were far behind schedule.
Odell reached
the high camp, Camp VI, in the early afternoon to wait for Mallory and Irvine. He found possible indiciations of difficulties
with the oxygen sets.
Odell climbed
farther up. He was caught in a snow squall between 2:00 and 4:00 p. m. and took shelter behind a rock for an hour. To leave
the two-man tent to
the climbers, he headed back to the North Col at 4:30 p. m.
Odell returned two days later, on 10 June, and climbed higher up. He saw no trace of the climbers.
A sketch of Mallory and Irvine climbing the Second Step for a lecture
by Noel Odell in 1924
A. Camp VI.: 26,000
feet.
B. The point reached by Somervell in 1924.
C. The point reached by
Norton in 1924.
D. "The Second Step" where
Mallory and Irvine were last seen alive.
E. "The First Step."
F. The point reached by
Mallory, Norton and Somervell in 1922.
G. The Summit: 29.002 feet.
From Fifty Great Disasters and Tragedies
that Shocked the World by A. F. Russell (1939)
For an interactive 3-D view of Everest, visit
the following site:
http://www.everest3d.de/
Yet, some do not believe that Mallory and Irvine
followed the Northeast Ridge to the summit pyramid. They believe it more likely that, at some point, probably the First
Step, Mallory decided not to bother with the approach along the rest of the ridge and instead tried to reach the summit pyramid from the Grand Couloir.
25 June 1924
issue of the Daily News
Photo of John Noel on
the North Col in 1922. Noel filmed the 1922 and 1924 expeditions to Everest.
The
Epic of Everest
The official film record by John Noel of
the 1924 expedition to Mount Everest.
Advertisement for the copy of the film restored by the British Film Institute.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MwuPmg68mKU
Introduction to a showing of the British Film Institute
restoration (2013):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCQlCgV7ARw
Short sections of the film footage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M--qF0Fm5I8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ufccF5B3Kg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y66u31A7_5w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIs7JzoJpmw
Colour
sketch by Edward Norton on 26 June 1924.
View
of Everest from the Northeast of the Northeast Ridge (sometimes called the East Ridge), the Northeast Shoulder and the North
Ridge, the Northeast Ridge, the summit and the West Ridge far beyond. Below the North Face is the East Rongbuk Glacier and
the North Col (or Chang La).
The Affair of the Dancing Lamas
The 1924 British expedition returned to England with a group of Tibetan
monks and a lama. They performed dances before showings of John Noel's film, The Epic of Everest.
This offended some Tibetans and Tibet banned expeditions for the next eight years, until 1933.
British Pathé
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLYay9d6Fcw
------------
1933
The Everest Air Expedition
Members of the Houston-Westland Expedition
in India in 1933
The first aerial photos of Everest, taken by British airmen in April 1933.
Approaching the summit of Everest.
Advertisement
for the Westland Wallace
Everest Air Expedition
British Pathé
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0NMGv0d5GU
Wings over Everest
The Story of the Houston-Mt. Everest Flight
Gaumont-British Picture Corporation (32:39)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zK4WblHxkI
-----------
1933
The Fourth Expedition
Members of the 1933 British espedition to Mount Everest, led by Hugh Ruttledge,
at their base camp in June 1933. Ruttledge is at centre in the second row.
The next expedition to Everest,
the fourth, led by the British in 1933, made two attempts to climb to the summit.
1933 Everest Expedition
Percy Wyn-Harris, Hugh Ruttledge, W. McClean, Tony Brocklebank, Lawrence Wager
Silent film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy2AgCYd8kw
Expedition leaves Darjeeling for Everest
Silent film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FXgu4PvjF4
Highest town in the World
Phari in Tibet in 1933
Silent film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyEai8hTUZg
The attempt to climb Mount Everest
Silent film (14:52)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNiqAbyCLOI
The First Attempt (The First Assault)
Wyn-Harris and Wager
29 May 1933
The Northeast Ridge and the Grand Couloir
Two assaults on the summit were launched by the Grand Couloir.
Percy Wyn-Harris
(1903 - 1979)
Lawrence
Wager (1904 - 1965)
Wyn-Harris
and Wager climbing Mount Everest in 1933.
Two
members of the expedition, Percy Wyn-Harris and Lawrence Wager, set out from their high camp, Camp VI, at 5:40 a. m. on 29
May 1933.
This
camp was well out on the North Face, 250 to 300 feet below the Northeast Ridge and 600 feet higher than the 1924 Camp
VI.
Wyn-Harris
and Wager climbed without oxygen.
They
climbed up to the Northeast
Ridge and traversed along it,
About
an hour after setting out from camp, and about half-way from their camp to the First Step, the lead climber, Wyn-Harris, found
one of the Swiss ice axes used by the 1924 expedition. (See below.)
Wyn-Harris
and Wager reached the First Step at 7:00 a. m.
Looking
beyond the First Step at the Second Step, they decided to search for a way around the two steps by traversing below them along
the top of the Yellow Band and regaining the ridge beyond the Second Step by climbing up the Black Band of dark loose rocks.
They
descended from the Northeast Ridge to the top of the Yellow Band and traversed below the First Step to the Second Step.
Finding
the Second Step unclimbable from that point, or requiring too much time, they traversed along Edward Norton's 1924 route below
the Second Step.
But
they could not regain the ridge beyond the Second Step.
They
continued to traverse by Norton's route to the Grand Couloir and crossed the 50-ft.-wide gully of snow to its west wall.
Wyn-Harris
and Wager climbed up the west wall of the Grand Couloir to about Norton's high point. There, they decided not to continue.
Though tired, they might push on for an hour or more but they were uncertain of making much progress towards the summit
or doing so in time to return to camp safely.
They
reconsidered the possibility of climbing the Second Step.
They
turned back at 12:30 p. m.
They
returned to the Second Step but they were too exhausted to try climbing it.
On the way back to camp
- from the point of the 1924 ice axe - Wager climbed up to the crest of the ridge
to look down the steep 11,000-ft. South Face of Everest (also called the Kangshung Face and sometimes called the East Face
of Everest).
The
climbers returned to their camp.
The Second Attempt (The Second Assault)
Smythe
1 June 1933
The Grand Couloir
Frank
Smythe (1900 - 1949)
Eric
Shipton (1907 - 1977)
Upon
their return to Camp VI, Wyn-Harris and Wager met two climbers, Frank Smythe and Eric Shipton, who had climbed up to make
the next assault on the summit.
Smythe
and Shipton were concerned about the approaching monsoon.
After
receiving an account from Wyn-Harris and Wager of their climb, they decided to head directly to the Grand Couloir.
Smythe
and Shipton set out from Camp VI on the North Ridge two days later, at 7:30
a. m. on 1 June.
Smythe and
Shipton climbed without oxygen.
Smythe
and Shipton climbed up and across the North Face and followed Wyn-Harris's and Wager's
route to the Grand Couloir.
Shipton
became too ill to continue and stopped at the Yellow Band, below the First Step, and returned to Camp VI.
Smythe
climbed up the west wall of the Grand Couloir to about the same high point as Norton in 1924 and Wyn-Harris and Wager two
days earlier.
Smythe
turned back between 10:00 and 11:00 a. m.
Smythe
returned to Camp VI. An hour later, Shipton descended alone to Camp V.
The
following day, Smythe thought he might examine the Second Step. But the monsoon had arrived and he had to descend the mountain.
He was nearly blown off his feet several times by strong winds.
Mallory and Irvine
The Ice Axe
On the traverse along
the Northeast Ridge, about one hour after setting out from Camp, Wyn-Harris, the lead climber, found one
of the Swiss
ice axes of the 1924 expedition.
The ice axe was
about 60 feet below the crest of the Northeast Ridge and 230 metres before the First Step.
It was assumed that the ice axe marked the point of accident - a fall down the
mountain.
But a climber
is most unlikely to fall from that point, which is in a flat and almost level area along the
30-degree slope.
For a climber to fall from that point he would have to be blown off
by a very strong wind or pulled off by a falling partner to whom he is roped.
The ice axe lay atop a rock, as
if it had been deliberately set down, as shown in the above photo of the ice axe on display in a museum.
No climber wants to be without his ice axe.
The ice axe could
indicate that one climber descended alone, without the other.
Was the ice axe set down to indicate the point of an accident? Or
was it abandoned there?
It
has been pointed out that a climber disoriented by the high altitude and lack of oxygen could discard an
indispensable ice axe.
It was not known whether the ice axe was Mallory's
or Irvine's.
Most assumed it was Mallory's
axe.
Later, three straight
notches across one side of the wooden handle of the ice axe were noticed. Because
Irvine cut notches on his walking stick it was assumed the
ice axe was his.
In an interview with
the Sunday Times in 1971, Wyn-Harris recalled that he found the ice axe without notches and instructed his
Sherpa assistant, Kusang Pugla, to cut the three marks on the handle to distinguish it
from the other axes.
How the
ice axe wound up there has long been a subject of discussion.
Was it
dropped on the ascent or the descent?
No other
evidence of Mallory and Irvine was found on the North Face or the Northeast Ridge.
It was thought more
likely that the axe was dropped on the ascent because it was assumed that Mallory and Irvine would have descended from a point
higher up the ridge and traversed farther below the ridge on their return to camp.
After attempting to
climb the Grand Couloir, Wyn-Harris and Wager returned to their path along Northeast Ridge. Wyn-Harris picked up the
1924 ice axe and left his own in its place.
What happened to Wyn-Harris's
ice axe? As far as is known, no one reached the ridge until the 1960 Chinese expedition 27 years later.
For an account of the
1933 Mount Everest Expedition by its leader, Hugh Ruttledge, see The Himalayan Journal, Vol. 6, 1934:
https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/06/2/the-mount-everest-expedition-of-1933/
Also
by Ruttledge, the Alpine Journal, 31 October 1933:
https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1933_files/AJ45%201933%20216-231%20Ruttledge%20Everest%201933.pdf
Photo of the North Face of Everest. The notes on the photo indicate the routes
and most important points of the 1933 expedition and related points of Mallory's and Irvine's climb on the 1924 expedition.
Aerial photo of the Northeast Ridge
and the summit taken in 1933.
In the two photos above, note the
Grand Couloir. Note the long steep Subsidiary Couloir that leads up and to the right from the Grand Couloir. An "X" marks
the highest point reached by the 1933 expedition.
Expeditions
in 1935, 1936, 1938
The British led three more expeditions to Everest from Tibet
- a reconnaissance expedition in 1935 and two expeditions to attempt
the summit in 1936 and 1938.
The 1935 reconnaissance expedition was led by Eric Shipton.
The 1936 expedition was led by Hugh Rutledge. Early snowfalls
prevented the expedition from getting farther than the North Col.
The 1938 expedition was led by William Tilman. Conditions
prevented the expedition from climbing much beyond the highest camp, Camp VI, on the North Ridge. Climbers did not reach the
Northeast Ridge.
The 1938 expedition
climbed
the North Col from the Main (or West) Rongbuk Glacier for the first time. This climb up to the North Col was led by Sherpas.
Mallory and Irvine
Below is an excerpt from a letter in 1937 from
Frank Smythe, who was a member of the 1936 British expedition, to Edward Norton, leader of the 1924 expedition. The excerpt
begins with a reference to one of the 1924 expedition's ice axes found in 1933 on the Northeast Ridge.
The letter was made public in 2013.
. . . I feel convinced that it marks the scene of
an accident to Mallory and Irvine. There is something else, which I mention with reserve – it’s not to be written
about, as the press would make an unpleasant sensation.
I
was scanning the face from base camp through a high-powered telescope last year when I saw something queer in a gully below
the scree shelf. Of course it was a long way away and very small, but I’ve a six/six eyesight and do not believe it
was a rock. This object was at precisely the point where Mallory and Irvine would have fallen had they rolled on over the
scree slopes.
The spot Smythe referred to is uncertain but believed to be at the bottom of the big
snow field in the middle of the North Face about 300 metres below the Northeast Ridge.
Tenzing Norgay
Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese Sherpa from Khumbu in Nepal and Darjeeling in India,
was a high-altitude porter with the three British climbing expeditions to Everest - 1935,
1936 and 1938. Known as Sherpa Tenzing.
On the 1938 expedition, Sherpas led the first climb of the North Col from the Main (West)
Rongbuk Glacier.
Plans for further British expeditions to Everest were cancelled by the Second World War (1939 -
1945).
Tibet did not respond to British requests for permission to climb Everest after the Second World
War. There were no more British expeditions to Tibet.
In 1947, a Canadian climber and Tenzing Norgay entered Tibet
and tried to climb up the North Col. They reached 6,700 metres (22,000 feet) before a storm forced them back.
The Chinese communists gradually took over China from 1946 to
1950.
Invading Tibet in 1950 and 1951, the Chinese closed Tibet to
most western foreigners.
Nepal opened to foreigners in the late 1940s and allowed
mountain climbing expeditions in 1949.
1950 Trekking Party
In 1950, a small British trekking party
led by William Tillman, with two American climbers, Oscar
Houston and his son Charles Houston, reached the Khumbu
Icefall and looked at possible routes to the summit of Mount Everest.
The party found an area suitable on
the Khumbu Glacier for a base camp.
The 1951 British Reconnaissance Expedition
A British expedition led by Eric Shipton the next year,
in 1951, searched for the best way to the summit from the Nepalese side.
The expedition decided that the best route to the summit was by the Khumbu
Icefall, the Western Cwm and the South Col.
On the expedition was a climber from New Zealand, Edmund Hillary.
The 1952 Swiss Everest Expeditions
In 1952, the Swiss led the first expedition
to Mount Everest to attempt the summit since the 1938 British expedition. All the Swiss climbers were from Geneva.
The Swiss climbed from the south side of the mountain, in
Nepal.
Two climbers, Raymond Lambert of Geneva, Switzerland, on
the left in the photo, and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese
Sherpa from Darjeeling, on the right, climbed
to within 250 metres of the summit before they were forced to turn back. They climbed higher and closer to the peak than anyone had before.
For
more about the 1952 Swiss Everest Expedition see Page 30. Averting Nuclear War and Page 31a. End of Empire - Decolonisation.
1952
British Expedition to Cho Oyu
Eric Shipton led an expedition in 1952 to Cho Oyu,
a mountain 30 kilometres northwest of Mount Everest, in preparation for an expedition to Everest in 1953.
On the 1952 expedition were Edmund Hillary and
George Lowe of New Zealand. Hillary, Lowe and several Sherpas clmbed into Tibet
undetected and reached the head of the East Rongbuk Glacier. They attempted to climb to the summit of Changste by its east
ridge but were turned back by the loose snow.
------------
The Conquest of Everest
29 May 1953
In the following
year, 1953, on a British expedition in Nepal, led by John Hunt, two climbers, Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing
Norgay of Nepal, followed the Swiss route of the previous year and reached the summit.
Tenzing
Norgay of Nepal on the summit of Mount Everest in the late morning of 29
May 1953, photographed by his climbing partner, Edmund Hillary of New Zealand.
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay on their descent from the summit.
Edmund Hillary
and Tenzing Norgay at their camp on Mount Everest. The summit is the taller peak on the left.
The Conquest of Everest
Documentary film of the 1953 expedition to
the summit (1:12:00)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7oHpdYSAv4
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUBBTepUdto
French version
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKSCIubXddg
The Race for Everest
BBC documentary film recounts the 1953 expedition (58:55)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDbE00gV20k
For more about
Hillary and Tenzing see Page 30. Averting Nuclear War and Page 31a. End of Empire - Decolonisation.
--------------
Mallory and Irvine
Tibet
After the 1938 British expedition to Everest, there were no official climbs from the Tibetan side until
1960, when three members of a Chinese expedition attempted the summit.
Chinese
find Mallory and Irvine
1960 and 1975
- In 1965, at a meeting of climbers in
Moscow, a Chinese climber, Xu Jing, reported finding the body of an European climber five years earlier, during the 1960
Chinese expedition to Everest, close to his camp, high up on the North Face. This could only have been Mallory or Irvine.
Xu Jing added
that the dead climber wore braces (suspenders). Irvine wore braces. Mallory did not.
The next expedition to the North Face of
Everest was in 1975, also led by the Chinese.
- A member of the 1975 Chinese expedition,
Wang Hongbao, reported finding
the body of an English climber not far from his high camp, 300 metres lower down the North Face than the 1960 high camp. This could only have been Mallory or Irvine.
Two different camps at two different locations.
A body near each camp.
-
In 1991, an American climber spotted one of Mallory's and Irvine's oxygen bottles, No. 9, displayed in the photo above, along
the ridge route 200 yards before the First Step, fifty metres higher up
the ascent from the spot where the 1924 expedition ice axe was found in 1933.
The
oxygen bottle was recovered by a later expedition, in 1999.
This
would indicate that Mallory and Irvine climbed 50 metres farther up along the ridge than the ice axe recovered in
1933.
However,
there was some question about the bottle's actual location when abandoned in 1924 and spotted in 1991 (and recovered
in 1999). It could have been moved.
- In 1999, an
international team of American, British and German climbers, searching an area of the North Face about the 1975 Chinese high
camp, the exact location of which was not yet known, found
Mallory's body.
In the bove photo, an American climber, Conrad Anker,
finds George Mallory. The view is from the snow field in the middle of the North Face. In the distance below is Changste.
Anker finds the body of George Mallory on the North Face in 1999.
The Northeast Ridge and the summit pyramid appear above the North Face in the above photo.
Mallory was found
at an altitude of 8,300 metres, about 300 meters below the Northeast Ridge and the spot where the ice axe was
recovered in 1933.
Mallory's
body was mummified and bleached white. Goraks had pecked large holes into his buttocks and right leg and eaten most of his
entrails.
Mallory had several broken ribs; a split thumb; a broken or dislocated right
elbow; cuts and bruises up the right side; and a 1.7 inch (43 cm) hole in the forehead above the left eye. His right ankle
was snapped and twisted.
Aside from the snapped ankle, Mallory's
body was intact and his injuries limited, indicating a short fall.
The climbers who found Mallory
did not believe he fell all the way down from the Northeast Ridge - or from the point where
the ice axe was recovered in 1933 - a distance of 300 metres (984 feet). The bodies of climbers falling
that distance in that area are mangled, twisted and broken. They believe Mallory fell a much shorter distance
while on his way back to camp, from some point low on the Yellow Band or high on the snow field -
perhaps 100 metres. But that is still a long distance.
The braided cotton rope in the above photo of the oxygen bottle was wrapped about Mallory's waist when his
body was found.
Mallory's rib cage was compressed, indicating a severe jerk on the rope.
The ends of the rope were frayed, indicating a cut.
The cotton and hemp ropes in use in Mallory's day cut too easily and were replaced by sturdier
nylon rope in the 1940s.
In
the following weeks the search team returned to Mallory's body several times to remove his clothing and search for personal
items. They covered the area with a metal detector. They covered his body with rocks.
For an account by Anker,
the climber who found Mallory in 1999, see The Lost Explorer by Conrad Anker, published in 1999.
The first chapter:
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/a/anker-lost.html
No oxygen bottles were
found with the body or nearby.
The search team did not
find Mallory's camera, which he borrowed from Somervell.
They did not find his ice
axe. The Chinese climber, Wang Hongbao, who came across Mallory's body in 1975, claimed that he found Mallory's ice axe
nearby and took it home as a souvenir.
Mallory's dark goggles were found in a trouser pocket. Some assumed this indicated that Mallory was descending at
night. But Mallory was known to carry two pairs of dark goggles. Climbers complain that goggles are useless during a storm.
They ice up and obscure vision. Mallory
could have been descending during the snow-squall Odell encountered about Camp VI between 2:00 p. m. and 4:00 p. m.
- The 1975 Chinese high camp, Camp VI, was found in 2001.
- In 2001, the mitten in the
photo above, of the type worn by Sherpas in Mallory's and Irvine's day, was found on the Northeast Ridge, at the top of the path used today
through the Yellow Band.
However, it is not clear that the mitten was one worn by
Mallory or Irvine in 1924.
-
Mallory's and Irvine's last camp, Camp VI, was found in 2001.
In the above photos are indicated
the locations of
- the 1924 expedition's ice
axe (found in 1933)
- Mallory's and Irvine's No.
9 oxygen bottle (found in 1991 and recovered in 1999)
- Mallory's body (found in
1999)
- Mallory's and Irvine's Camp VI
(found in 2001)
- Chinese 1975 high camp, Camp
VI (found in 2001)
- a Sherpa's mitten (found
in 2001)
According to the notes on the
above photo, Mallory was found well below the Yellow Band - and below the large snow field. This point is about
300 metres below the Northeast Ridge.
The two dotted red lines indicate
the two likely paths from Mallory's and Irvine's highest camp to the Northeast Ridge.
Mallory's body was found near the 1975 Chinese high camp VI.
According to the above sketch, Mallory's
body was found well
below the Yellow Band and towards the bottom of the large snow field. The distance from this spot to the northeast ridge is
about 300 metres.
Notes on the above photo give all the relevant
indications.
Different photos place Mallory's body in different
locations, hundreds of feet apart horizontally and vertically.
Source: Mark Horrell
- website: Footsteps Up the Mountain
According to the above photo, Mallory's body (indicated by an "X") was
found less than one-third of the way down the Yellow Band and almost directly below the First Step. This is about 100 metres
below the ridge.
Did George
Mallory reach the summit of Everest in 1924?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=0nBH6NeyFpw&feature=endscreen
Mallory
and Irvine
Episode # 25 from the documentary series Vanishings! (2001 - 2005) (21:18)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jI60RAmi9gw
Removed from You Tube
In Spanish:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bc27PtUce1U
Lost on Everest
The
Search for Mallory & Irvine
BBC documentary (2000) (49:05)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quj0FEt3U-U
This upload repeats at the end
Or in 5 clips:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7KyVKop3sc
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlRJjWycCWs&feature=relmfu
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhgpOMY6LeU&feature=relmfu
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQ3SrO2cbHM&feature=relmfu
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S85AmIyGgEQ&feature=relmfu
The Wildest Dream
National Geographic
tribute to Mallory and Irvine assumes they reached the summit. This movie describes also the search for Mallory and Irvine.
2010
(94 min.)
With
Conrad Anker and Leo Houlding
Includes
a "free-climb" of the Second Step
Ad for the movie:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vvTPeQSEl8
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyR8WdYIceg&feature=plcp
Excerpt
about Sandy Irvine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCb_s1g7Igo
First half of the movie (45:12)
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3daqgd
Second half of movie (48:23)
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3db1hm
The Wildest Dream
A Biography of George Mallory
Lecture by Peter Gillman in California on 21 October 2000 (1:08:19)
C-SPAN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nsQmqfOlHE
Three
lectures by Wade Davis
Into the Silence
National Geographic Live
13 December 2011 (27:39)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naXQQ6YTy8A
The Great War, Mallory and
the Conquest of Everest
2012 (1:05:48)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYIhpBbnrEg
February 2012 (1:31:47)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ3m5dh-vak
Sketch of the North Face with notes indicating
routes taken by 1922 and 1924 expeditions;
- Norton's route and high point in
1924;
- Mallory's and Irvine's planned route
and their known high point in 1924 (the oxygen bottle);
- the site of Mallory's body.
The Norton Couloir, also known as the Grand or Great Couloir, is named after Edward Norton, who scaled it on the second attempt of the 1924 expedition to reach the summit, on 4
June 1924, four days before Mallory and Irvine set out on their attempt.
In
his initial dispatch, Norton, the expedition leader, reported that Odell saw Mallory and Irvine at the Third Step.
---------------
Many scenarios have been proposed in attempts to account for the last hours of Mallory and Irvine.
One can only speculate about what happened or how far up the mountain Mallory and Irvine got on the
day of their assualt on 8 June 1924.
Noel Odell saw them somewhere on the Northeast Ridge in the early afternoon. Where is uncertain. The ice axe and the oxygen bottle are the only
traces of Mallory and Irvine on the ridge. The oxygen bottle marks the highest known point of their climb. At some point they headed back to camp. When and where is not known. On the way an ice axe
was dropped or discarded. The ice axe could mark the site of a fall.
One climber fell at that point and his partner left the ice axe there. Or one climber may have descended without
an ice axe.
Mallory was found 300 metres directly below the ixe axe. The condition of his body, however, indicates a fall of
a much shorter distance. Thus, he fell from a point farther down, along the path closer to camp, at the bottom of the Yellow Band or top of the snow field.
One or both climbers fell, perhaps during the snow-squall. One may have pulled the other down with him.
In 1960, a Chinese climber found
a body that could be Irvine's near the site of the 1933 British high camp - about 140 yards east of
the site of the ice axe and 250 to 300 feet below the crest of the Northeast Ridge. Mallory was found 200 yards (180 metres) lower down at the bottom of the snow field
The
1924 expedition ice axe was found about 60 feet below the crest of the Northeast Ridge on
the path that is traversed along the ridge, about 230 metres from the First Step.
The
1924 oxygen bottle recovered 50 metres farther up along the ridge in 1999 should indicate that the ice axe was dropped on the descent to camp rather than on the ascent.
Initially,
Noel Odell saw Mallroy and Irvine on the Northeast Ridge "nearing base of final pyramid".Eventually, Odell
maintained that it was the Second Step. But many pointed out that Odell's description of his sighting fit the First Step or
the Third Step rather than the Second Step. Norton reported that Odell saw the climbers at the Third Step. Where
exactly on the ridge Odell saw them has long been questioned.
Climbers
with experience on the North Face of Everest point out that Mallory and Irvine could have climbed the First Step. They
point out also that certain stretches of the path along the ridge from the First Step to the Second Step are very difficult
and dangerous. There were no artificial climbing aids installed at the time. Mallory
had the ability to climb the Second Step. But it is unlikely that anyone could have climbed the Second Step in 1924 with the
clothing and equipment then available.
In
any case, Mallory and Irvine could have surveyed the Second Step from the First Step or below it from the top of the Black
Band or the top of the Yellow Band.
Some
believe it is likely that Mallory and Irvine decided to descend from the ridge route at the First Step.
This is what Wyn-Harris and Wager did nine years later, in 1933. Reaching the First
Step they descended from the ridge to the top of the Yellow Band. They hoped to find a way around the Second Step. But
they could not regain the ridge beyond the Second Step. Nor could they climb up to the Second Step
directly from the Yellow Band. They continued to the Grand Couloir.
Reaching Norton's high point on the west wall of the Couloir, Wyn-Harris and Wager decided to reexamine the possibility of climbing the Second Step. But they were too exhausted to continue.
Could Mallory and Irvine, even with oxygen, have done otherwise?
Before setting out on the climb up to the North Col and up the North Ridge, Mallory asked
John Noel, the expedition's film-maker, to train his telescopic lens on the summit pyramid.
In his note to John Noel later, from his high camp, on 7 June - the day before
setting out for the summit - Mallory suggested Noel look for the climbers "crossing
the rockband under the pyramid or going up skyline" by 8:00 a. m.
This should mean Mallory would be climbing up the Yellow Band towards the Northeast Ridge
or traversing alomg the ridge towards the summit pyramid.
However, it could indicate another approach.
If John Noel was to watch the summit pyramid, Mallory expected to be climbing up to it from
the Yellow Band directly below it or approaching it along the crest of the Northeast Ridge.
This could mean that Mallory would attempt to climb along the Northeast Ridge ("skyline")
or attempt to climb up the Grand Couloir ("rockband below the pyramid"). It could mean that Mallory would try to climb the
Subsidiary Couloir up to the big rock wall below the summit pyramid.
"Skyline" could mean also that Mallory could be climbing up the north ridge
of the summit pyramid itself.
Odell was concerned that the climbers were far behind Mallory's schedule.
If they were at the First Step at 12:50
p. m. this would indicate a very late departure from camp, around 10:00 or 10:30 a. m., or, more likely, delays encountered along the way. They were too far from the summit to try
for it and return safely to camp.
It
has been suggested that Odell's sighting of the climbers on the Northeast Ridge at 12:50 p. m. could indicate that they
were descending rather than ascending. Perhaps they were returning along
the ridge route after an examination of the Second Step from
the top of the Black Band. Or perhaps they were regaining the ridge after an examination of the Second Step from the
top of the Yellow Band and an exploration of the Grand Couloir.
Wager did that in 1933.
It
has been pointed out that if Mallory and Irvine actually reached the top of the Second Step by 1:00 p. m., they
were just three to four hours from the summit. But it was late. The best route to the summit was still unknown. The
usual fierce afternoon winds and snows could appear any moment. The
return to camp would be without oxygen and in darkness. Would Mallory go for it?
The
climbers who found Mallory in 1999 believe that the condition of his body ruled out a long fall. Thus, Mallory slid a short distance down the snow and rock surface of the snow field.
One might ask if the North Face was blanketed with a thick layer of snow on that day. If so,
could a body slide 300 metres and sustain limited injuries?
Mallory's
body was found near a route taken by two climbers of the previous British expedition to Everest, George Finch and Geoffrey
Bruce, in 1922. This route leads from the lower camp, Camp V, on the North Ridge, up and across the North Face to the Grand
Couloir. Finch and Bruce reached the Yellow Band before turning back. This route was much lower than the route taken by Norton
and Somervell, from the high camp, Camp VI, in 1924.
The
location of Mallory's body could suggest that he was climbing down to Camp VI or Camp V from the Grand Couloir.
How
then to explain the ice axe on the ridge?
It
is possible also that Mallory was descending directly from the Northeast Ridge by the snow field.
How
then to explain the rope jerk around his waist? A self-rappel?
Mallory
came to rest not far from the edge of a steep vertical cliff and a drop of 7,000 feet to the Main (West) Rongbuk Glacier.
He lay conscious or unconscious a while and died.
The
climbers who found Mallory in 1999 believe he died where he lay. The snows did not move his body over time.
What
of Irvine's fate?
Many believe that, in all likelihood, Irvine fell all the way down
the mountain to the (Main) (West) Rongbuk Glacier.
Others
maintain that Irvine should not be too far from Mallory.
It appears that the Chinese actually found two bodies -
Irvine in 1960 and Mallory in 1975.
In 1965, the deputy leader of the 1960 Chinese expedition climbing team,
Xu Jing, recalled finding the body of an English climber about ten minutes from the expedition's high camp in 1960.
In 1975, a Chinese
climber, Wang Hongbao, reported finding the body of an European climber near the Chinese high camp. An international search
team found Mallory near the Chinese high camp in 1999.
The 1960 and 1975 Chinese high camps were in two different locations far apart.
The 1960 Chinese high camp was about 300 metres (1,000 ft.) higher than the 1975 Chinese high camp.
The 1960 Chinese high camp
was at an altitude of 8,500 metres (27,887 ft.), several metres below the crest of the Northeast Ridge and 200 yards east
of the First Step.
The 1960 Chinese high camp was actually several (?) metres from
the spot where the 1924 No. 9 oxygen bottle was recovered in 1999.
Later, Xu Jing indicated that the body found in 1960 was near
the site of the 1933 British high camp, Camp VI, which was 200 yards to the east of the 1960 Chinese high camp and 250 to
300 feet below the Northeast Ridge.
Xu Jing recalled that the dead climber found in 1960 wore braces (suspenders). Irvine
wore braces. Mallory did not.
Xu Jing recalled that the body found in 1960 lay on its back. Mallory
was found face down.
Thus, the Chinese found two bodies, one in 1960 near the 1933 British
high camp, on its back and wearing braces, and the other in 1975 near the 1975 Chinese high camp, face down
and without braces.
The area about the 1933 British high camp has been searched. No trace of Irvine has
been found.
There were rumours from the 1930s
to the 1950s of Soviet expeditions to Everest through Tibet. It was assumed the Soviets would try to climb Everest.
There were reports of Soviet expeditions to Everest in 1952 and 1958.
Six Russian climbers on the Soviet expedition in late 1952 were said to have reached
8,200 metres (approximate height of the 1924 high camp) before they disappeared, probably in an avalanche. Searches by Russian
climbers in 1952 and 1953 failed to find them.
Did Xu Jing see the body of a Russian climber from the 1952 expedition instead of a
British climber? Xu Jing did not think so.
There was a joint Sino-Soviet reconnaissance expedition to Everest in 1958
in preparation for a joint summit expedition in 1959. The Sino-Soviet politcal split compelled the Soviets to withdraw from
the planned 1959 expedition. The Chinese went on their own, without the Soviets, in the following year, 1960.
A British aviator tried to climb Everest on his own and
died on the East Rongbuk Glacier near Chang La in 1934.
Did Xu Jing find the body of an unknown adventurer?
If a climbing party is roped together and one climber falls he can pull the others
down with him. Thus, climbers are often unroped. Finch and Bruce, Norton and Somervell, Wyn-Harris and Wager, and Smythe and
Shipton were not roped together most of the time.
Climbers, especially inexperienced ones, should be roped to their
partners over the more dangerous parts of a climb. However, Finch, an experienced climber, and Bruce, an inexperienced climber,
were not roped together throughout much of their climb in 1922. They were roped together descending the North Ridge.
It is believed that Irvine, an inexperienced climber, would
have been roped to Mallory all or much of the way and certainly over the more dangerous parts of the climb.
The climbers who found Mallory’s body in 1999 reported that the rope around his waist had pulled up and tightly around his
rib cage, indicating a severe jerk. This could mean that Mallory was roped to Irvine when one or the other fell.
The
rope was frayed at the short front end, indicating that it was cut at Mallory's end. The cut could mean that the rope
was cut by a rock as one climber belayed the other. A rock could have caught the rope and cut it as the two climbers fell
together.
Otherwise, Mallory fell while rappeiling himself from a rock.
Irvine was a strong athlete and demonstrated his ability on the expedition. But Irvine was
an inexperienced climber and, if roped to Mallory, he might delay the climb. Mallory might have a better chance going alone.
It has been
suggested that Mallory continued the climb at some point without his partner, as did Norton in 1924 and Smythe in 1933. Norton’s
partner, Somervell, waited for him at the top of the Yellow Band, not far from the Grand Couloir. Smythe’s partner,
Shipton, turned back on the Yellow Band, below the First Step and Second Step, and returned to Camp VI.
It has been suggested that Irvine could have waited at some point, perhaps below the First
Step or Second Step, or headed back to camp as Mallory continued the climb alone. Weather and snow and ice conditions permitting,
the way back down to Camp VI might not be all that difficult, even for a lone and inexperienced climber.
Mallory chose Irvine as his partner because Irvine was particularly adept
with the oxygen sets.
Mallory and Irvine were to carry two oxygen bottles each. This would not
be enough to reach the summit and return to camp.
Indications are that Mallory and Irvine could have carried five bottles
between them. Some have suggested that Irvine carried a third bottle or each carried three bottles on the day of their summit
assault.
At the time, oxygen sets worked at lower altitudes but often malfunctioned
at higher altitudes. Odell found possible signs of problems with the oxygen sets at Camp VI. It is possible that Mallory and Irvine encountered problems with their oxygen sets on the Northeast Ridge that they
could not repair.
Both could continue without oxygen. But for how long? A malfunction at high
altitude can have a severe effect on a climber who has used oxygen all day. Some suspect this is what happened. One or
more oxygen bottles malfunctioned on the ridge, leaving not enough
oxygen for the climb, and compelled the climbers to return to camp.
It has been suggested that when the oxygen system ran low or malfunctioned
Irvine could have given Mallory his remaining supply and returned to camp as Mallory continued the summit attempt alone.
This is not an uncommon practice among climbers. When the oxygen supply
is too low for two climbers to reach the summit together, the strongest and most capable is given the remaining oxygen supply
by the other.
But Mallory was not known to leave another climber alone on a mountain.
He was unlikely to leave an inexperienced climber alone, especially at high altitude without oxygen. Mallory would have aborted
the climb and the two would have descended together to camp.
Some believe this is what happened.
The consensus among climbers with experience on Everest is that Mallory and Irvine could not
have reached the summit. They might have climbed the First Step and reached the Second Step. They might have scaled up the
Grand Couloir to Norton's high point. But it is most unlikely that anyone could have gotten much farther up the mountain in
1924.
The clothing worn by climbers then did not offer sufficient protection against the extreme cold encountered high on Everest. The hobnail boot is considered inadequate for climbing
on Everest.
As
far as is known the Second Step was attempted for the first time in 1960 and climbed for the first time in 1960 (disputed)
or 1975 (confirmed) - by the Chinese and a Tibetan.
The
summit was reached for the first time by the Northeast Ridge in 1960 (disputed) or 1975 (confirmed) -
by the Chinese and a Tibetan.
The
summit was reached for the first time from the Grand Couloir in 1980 - by a climber from Italy,
Reinhold Messner, climbing solo and without oxygen.
Reinhold Messner
Everest was climbed for the first time without
oxygen by Messner and an Austrian climbing partner, Peter Habeler, both from
the Tyrol, in 1978, They climbed from the south
side of the mountain in Nepal.
Messner's summit by the Great (Norton) Couloir in 1980 was the first summit solo of Everest and the first summit solo of Everest without oxygen.
Messner accomplished that which Norton in 1924 and Smythe in 1933, alone and without oxygen, set out to
do before him.
Interview by Wade Davis (2000)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIDuS4FNvko
The first successful attempt to climb the summit of Everest from Tibet was claimed by a team of
two Chinese climbers and a Tibetan climber in 1960. However, their claim was disputed because they did not provide photographs
of the summit.
In 1963, two American climbers, starting out from Nepal with an American expedition, climbed up the West Ridge and up to the summit by a couloir on the North
Face, on the west side of the big rock wall below the summit pyramid. This couloir was named the Hornbein Couloir after the
climber who led the climb up it, Thomas Hornbein.
Route of the 1963 American
expedition and the Hornbein Couloir on the North Face.
For more about the
1963 American expedition see Page 31a. End of Empire - Decolonisation.
The next expedition to the North Face of Everest was led again
by the Chinese, following the Northeast Ridge, in 1975. The summit was reached.
The Tibetan route from base camp to the summit by the northeast ridge
By Google
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSEEitbGYeY
Follow an international team of Everest climbers up the North Ridge
and the Northeast Ridge to the summit
Tibet
May 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeSqJK2Rais
For more about
Mallory and Irvine see Page 31a. End of Empire - Decolonisation.
--------------------------------
Mt.
Everest
How it was made
---------
Ethel Waters
Ethel Waters (1896 - 1977)
St. Louis Blues
Sweet Georgia Brown
1925
Down Home Blues
1925
Am I Blue?
1929
Birmingham Bertha
1929
With Duke Ellington
1932
Stormy Weather
1933
Heat Wave
1933
Come Up and See Me Some Time
1933
Miss Otis Regrets
1934
Memories of You
Georgia on My Mind
1939
---------------------
Johnny Weissmuller
Greatest Swimmer of first half-century
Winner of Five Olympic Gold Medals
Holder of world records
1924 Olympic Games, Paris
Gold - 100-metre freestyle
Gold - 400 -metre freestyle
Gold - 4 x 200-metre team freestyle relay
Bronze - water polo team
Team-mates Weissmuller with Duke Kahanamoku
Weissmuller took the gold and The Duke took the silver in the 100-metre
freestyle in the Olympic Games in Paris in 1920.
1927
World record - 100-metre freestyle (not broken for 17 years)
1928 Olympic Games, Amsterdam
Gold - 100-metre freestyle
Gold - 4 x 200-metre team freestyle relay
1940
World record - 100-metre freestyle
As Tarzan in 1932 Hollywood movie
Tarzan the Ape Man
1932
Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan
Preview
Movie (1932) (1:40:10)
Tarzan and His Mate
1934
Excerpt:
Maureen O'Sullivan
---------------------
The Milky Way and the Great Andromeda Nebula
Photo of the band called
the Milky Way, which consists of stars, gas and dust, in the night sky above the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.
(Galaxias - Greek for "milky"; thus, Kyklos galaxias - Greek for "milky circle"; in Latin, Via
lactea, for "Milky Way".)
It was generally assumed that the Milky Way and all the stars
that could be seen from Earth formed a galaxy containing the entire universe.
Photo
of the Great Andromeda Nebula, c. 1900, generally believed to be a great spiral cloud of dust and gas.
Some believed Andromeda was another galaxy - made of stars,
gas, and dust - another "island universe" distant from the Milky Way. Other spiral nebulae could
be galaxies too, beyond the Milky Way.
Edwin Powell Hubble,
American astronomer
(1889 - 1953)
Hooker Observatory, Mount Wilson, near Pasadena,
California, completed in 1917, with the 100-inch aperture Hooker telescope, the largest in the world until 1949.
Edwin Hubble at the Hooker Observatory on Mt. Wilson in California in 1924.
Negative (plate) of a 1923 photo of the Great Andromeda Nebula
taken with the Hooker telescope.
In 1923, Edwin Hubble studied the photos and discovered pulsating
stars, known as Cepheid variables, in Andromeda. Calculating their
distance by their luminosity, Hubble determined that Andromeda was another galaxy, with stars, distant from the Milky Way.
rather than a spiral cloud of gas and dust within the
Milky Way.
The New York Times reported Hubble's findings in November
1924.
Hubble calculated that Andromeda was about 900,000 light
years from the Milky Way. Modern astronomers estimate Andromeda is about 2.5 million light years away.
Does the brightness of
a star really indicate its distance? Later astronomers found that Cepheid Variable stars are not all
that reliable in measuring distances.
Discovering the Galaxy
Lecture 12 of 18 by James Bullock from the course Physics 20B
Cosmology at UC- Irvine, (Winter 2013) (58 min.)
or
Discovering the Milky
Way
Lecture 15 by James Bullock (2015) (48 min.)
Understanding Galaxies
Lecture 14 by James Bullock (2013) (1 hr. 4 min.)
Hubble proved also that other spiral nebulae
were galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
Andromeda is the largest and closest major
galaxy to the Milky Way.
Andromeda and the Local Group
Episode 11 of the 2013 series How Far Away Is It? with David Butler
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhP1GnAvm0w
The Milky Way and Andromeda
will collide in four billion years.
Galaxies
Discussion on the Thursday BBC radio programme In Our Time with Melvyn
Bragg
2006
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c1cn
Hubble's Law and the Big Bang
Lecture # 16 of the course
Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics (Astr 160), at Yale U., Spring 2007, with
Charles Bailyn
1. Introduction to Cosmology
2. Spiral Nebulae and Hubble's Redshift Diagram
3. Measuring the Distance of a Star: The Parallax Method
4. Measuring Brightness:
The Standard Candle Method
5. Absolute and Apparent Magnitude
6. Conclusion
Yale U.:
https://oyc.yale.edu/astronomy/astr-160/lecture-16
You Tube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jsr_24D6Eo
The Mystery of
the Milky Way
Part 2 of the 2010 Nova documentary series Hunting the Edge of Space (51:30)
Recounts the
history of astronomy to the discovery that Andromeda is another galaxy distant from the Milky Way.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbeiZ3ei6Is
-----------------------
Josephine Baker
Freda Josephine McDonald (Josephine Baker) - The
Black Pearl, The Bronze Venus, The Creole Goddess, La Baker (1906 - 1975)
The Josephine Baker Story
1991 Hollywod movie with Lynn Whitfield (2:09:28)
opening scene
Josephine Baker - Banana Dance
1927
Banana dance
Josephine Baker's Banana Dance
Josephine
Baker
1927
Josephine Baker at the Casino de Paris
1931
Haiti
Josephine
Baker sings in 1934 film ZOU ZOU
or
Josephine Baker in dance routine
The Life of Joséphine Baker
Documentary narrated by Olivier Todd
Josephine Baker
Documentary on the Intimate Portrait series
Josephine Baker with the Folies Bergere in Paris
in 1925
Joséphine Baker
The First Black Superstar
2006 BBC documentary
Josephine Baker
Documentary on the Living St. Louis series
KETC
L'autre Joséphine
Documentaire sur Toute L'Histoire
Josephine Baker Postage Stamp
Excerpt from a documentary on the series Living
St. Louis
KETC
Esto
Es Felicidad (1966)
Havana, Cuba
The Josephine Baker Story
Lynn Whitfield
sings Esto
Es Felicidad (1991)
Josephine Baker in St.
Louis in 1951
---------------------------
Barnstorming stunt pilots
Daredevils play tennis at 1,000 feet over Los Angeles in 1925
Stunt pilots Charles Lindbergh and Harlan Gurney in St. Louis in 1925
1926
---------------
First attempt to fly from California to Hawaii
31 August 1925
PN-9 piloted by US Navy Commander John
Rodgers.
Rodgers led a flight of two Navy patrol flying boats, each with a five-man crew, in the
first attempt to fly the 2,500 nautical miles from California to Hawaii non-stop.
The planes took off from San Pablo
Bay (north San Francisco Bay) on 31 August 1935. One plane had engine problems and turned back after five hours.
Rodgers' plane exhausted its fuel
the following day, 1 September, and landed on the sea, some 450 miles from Hawaii.
The crew sailed the plane to Hawaii,
reaching the island of Kauai nine days later.
New York Times, September
11, 1925
Commander John Rodgers
Hawaii Calls
The
flight
Newsreel
Pathe News
Documentary about Hawaii and aviation goes here
----------------
Bobby Jones
Bobby Jones (1902 - 1971), amateur golfer, never a professional,
he beat the best professionals of the day. Retired at age 28 in 1930.
Front cover of Time Magazine, August 31, 1925
-------------------------
Billy Mitchell
1925
Billy Mitchell
Biography
by Mike Wallace
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asohcn_mcbU
Billy Mitchell
Legends of Air Power
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_QkIRY01n8
Aerial Bombardment Demonstration by General Billy Mitchell
1921
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLmQ_sIxge4
The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell
Movie 1955
Gary Cooper, Charles Bickford/ Drama
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4MaXs1dijQ
A Question of Loyalty
Lecture by author Douglas Waller
C-SPAN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wMhWD83JWc
---------------
Harry Wills
Harry Wills, the best black boxer of the day, was a leading heavyweight contender from 1920 to 1926.
Jack Dempsey agreed to defend the heavyweight championship title against Wills.
Promoter Tex Rickard set the fight for September 6, 1924
pic
Champion Jack Dempsey, left, and
Harry Wills, a leading contender,
right, sign a contract in New York
City in March 1924 for a title fight on
September 6.
pic
Ticket to the Dempsey-Wills fight
scheduled for September 6, 1924.
The fight didn't come off.
Instead, Wills fought Luis Firpo in New York on September 11 and bested him over
12 rounds.
Dempsey and Wills signed another contract in New York in September 1925.
Dempsey, left, and Wills, right, sign
a contract in September 1925.
Again, the fight didn't come off.
-----------------
After the Firpo fight Dempsey did not defend his title again for
three years.
Dempsey married the Hollywood movie star Estelle Taylor.
Estelle Taylor
Jack Dempsey with Estelle Taylor in 1925
Southhampton
Jack Dempsey on honeymoon trip -
arrives in Cunardier "Berengaria"
British Pathé
Dempsey acted in movies and on stage. He traveled about the U. S., staging exhibitions, and
visited Europe.
Lobby card for a 1925 stage play with Jack Dempsey
and Estelle Taylor
Jack Dempsey gives the legendary
Hollywood idol Rudolph Valentino a
few pointers in 1925.
Jack Denpsey is widely regarded as one of the best-dresssed athletes
in history.
-------
Jack Dempsey vs Gene Tunney
Philadelphia
September 23, 1926
Gene Tunney (1897 -
1978).
Tunney won the American
light-
heavyweight championship
title
in 1922 and again in
1923. Tunney
beat Harry Greb and
Battling
Levinsky. Tommy Gibbons
and
Georges Carpentier.
Newsreels
or
Gene Tunney & James J. Corbett Sparring
New
York 1925
Gene Tunney preparing for fight with Carpentier
British Pathe newsreel
1924
Tunney vs Carpentier
Fight poster
Ringside ticket
121,000 (to 140,000) fans in Philadelphia paid $1.9 million to see
Jack Dempsey defend his championship title, for in the first time in three years, against challenger Gene Tunney in 1926. This fight was the third million dollar gate in sports history.
Dempsey was rusty after the long lay-off. Tunney,
the underdog, outboxed him and won the ten-round decision and the title.
New York Times, September 24, 1926
Jack
Dempsey vs Gene Tunney
1926
With
narration
Full fight (silent film)
Gene Tunney
------------------
SOUND ON FILM
1926
Edward B. Craft, executive vice president OF Bell Laboratories
explains the Vitaphone recording system a film of vaudevillian duo Witt and Berg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1ONEdascKQ
---------------------------------
Charles Lindbergh's solo
flight across the Atlantic
First Atlantic Solo Non-Stop
New York to Paris
20 - 21 May 1927
Lucky Lindy
The Lone Eagle
Charles A. Lindbergh (1902 - 1974)
Charles Lindbergh flew non-stop solo from Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York to Le Bourget in Paris, France.
Lindbergh was the first to fly solo non-stop across the Atlantic
Ocean.
Lindbergh flew his single-engine monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis. over the distance -
3,600 statute miles (5,800 km.) - in 33 1⁄2-hours.
Lindbergh took off from New York on the early morning of Friday, 20 May 1927 and landed in Paris at 10:22 p. m. in
the night of Saturday, 21 May.
Charles
Lindbergh in the Spirit of St. Louis taking off from Long Island, New York in 1927.
The Spirit of St. Louis
Cross-Atlantic route flown by Charles Lindbergh in 1927
Lindbergh
landed at Le Bourget airport in Paris.
First Pictures of Lindbergh as he reaches Paris in Flight from New York
Pathe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3cCY6nNtyU
Film short
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIUL_qUJUOo
Film short
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSvA9oz9LA4&feature=related
Fox News silent newsreel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDxOyhLQ1Oc
British Pathe newsreel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0X8iQeB4nTE
Short video by a blogger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTwiu6wnpqw&feature=related
Lindbergh arrives at Le Bourget in Paris
Lindbergh at Le Bourget in Paris
New York Times, May 22, 1927
Le Figaro, Paris
New York Herald, May 22, 1927
Lindbergh's triumphal return to
the U. S.
Silent
film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGuImrMagHY
Lindbergh's Journey
Heaven and Earth
Episode from ABC-TV documentary series The Century with Peter Jennings
(43:29)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrVyLFp5mhw
or (45:43)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVUwlsaQNTE
The Story of Charles A. Lindbergh
Episode
from the 1991 documentary series Famous Americans of the 20th Century (54:26)
Charles
Lindbergh
Les
enigmes de l'histoire
Documentaire (45:05)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvOu2t8EGxc
Lindbergh
L'aigle Solitaire
Documentaire (2008)
In
4 clips:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjEWAzMK-kE
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIcudHzGgVY
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLJlIdsYl_8
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gomY-gvN8JE
First
several minutes in English:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md0E-F_zLWo
The Spirit of St. Louis
Hollywood movie with James Stewart
1957
(2:14:59)
https://ok.ru/video/43596057154
or (2:15:09)
https://ok.ru/video/286839343779
------------------------
The Lindy Hop
The Lindy Hop, a popular dance in the late 1920s, named after Lindbergh.
The Lindy Hop
Perfomed by the
Duke Ellington
Orchestra, 1930
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqTmPivsRso
Lindy Hop: Dean Collins et Jewel Mc Gowan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wznL6MVp4ok
Lindy
Hop "Boy! What a girl!"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwsRoPvYF9g
Lindy
Hoppers from the movie Hellzapoppin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahoJReiCaPk
Whitey's Lindy
Hoppers performing the Big Apple (1939)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49ocW71YPfs
------------------
My Blue Heaven
Don Voorhees Orchestra (1927)
or
After You've Gone
Miff Mole and his Little Molers (1928)
You're the Cream in My Coffee
Jack Hylton and the Orchestra (1928)
Ted Weems and his Orchestra (1929)
Happy Days are Here Again
Jack Hylton and the Orchestra (1929)
Happy Feet
Jack Hylton and the Orchestra (1930)
-----------------
Jack Dempsey comes back
Jack
Dempsey vs. Jack Sharkey
Heavyweight
title elimination bout
New York, July 21, 1927
Winner to fight Gene Tunney for the championship
Jack Dempsey
Jack Sharkey
Heavyweight elimination bout
80,000 fans in New York paid $1.1 million to see Jack Dempsey and
Jack Sharkey fight to decide who would challenge Tunney for the
title. This fight was the fourth million gate in sports history.
Sharkey was a 6-5 favorite at fight-time.
Sharkey was ahead in the fight when Dempsey knocked him out in round
7.
Round 7
In round 7, fighting at close quarters, coming out a clinch, Sharkey turned to the referee
to complain about low punhes. Dempsey landed a left hook to the
jaw that knocked Sharkey down and out.
Jack Dempsey knocks out Jack Sharkey in round 7 of the title elimination
bout, New York, 1927
The knock-out
-----------------
The Battle of the Long Count
The Dempsey-Tunney Rematch
Soldier Field, Chicago
September 22, 1927
125,000 fans paid $2.66 million to see the fight, the fifth million
gate in sports history. The gate was the highest for any event to date and not equaled for decades to come.
Jack Dempsey & Gene Tunney
1927
Pre-Fight Footage
As in their first fight the year before, Tunney outboxed Dempsey
for much of their second fight.
But Dempsey caught Tunney in the seventh round, battered him
a with a flurry of hard punches and knocked him down.
There was a new rule in boxing. In the past a boxer could stand
over a fallen opponent and club him as he tried to get up. By the new rule a boxer had to go to a neutral corner when his
opponent was down. Dempsey forgot the new rule and stood
nearby, ready to pounce on Tunney if he tried to get up.
The referee instructs Jack Dempsey to go to a neutral corner
after he knocked down Gene Tunney in the seventh round.
The referee delayed the count for five seconds, until Dempsey was in a neutral corner.
Dempsey waits in a neutral corner as the referee tolls over Tunney
Jack Dempsey vs Gene Tunney
Rematch (1927)
The Long Count
Fight Highlights
Silent film
or
Gene Tunney vs Jack Dempsey II
All ten rounds
Tunney got up at the count of nine, but was down for fourteen
seconds.
Tunney came back, even knocking Dempsey down in the eighth round.
Dempsey got up at once.
The fight went the limit, ten rounds, and Tunney won a unanimous
decision and kept the championship.
Front page of The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, Louisiana,
September 23, 1927
Dempsey retired after the fight.
Newsreels
1930s
Jack Dempsey referees Amateur Boxing
Flint, Michigan,
1936
Jack Dempsey on TV in 1965
Dempsey owned a popular restaurant in Manhattan,
called
Jack Dempsey's, from 1935 to 1973
Dempsey
Hollywood movie (1983) (2 hrs. 23 min. 32 sec)
Sam Waterston portrays Doc Kearns
Jack Dempsey (1895
- 1983) World heavyweight boxing champion from 1919 to 1926. Brought boxing into prominence Made boxing the biggest and most popular sport of the day Turned boxing
into a glamorous sport Made sports a big business, with the first million-dollar gate, in 1921, and four
more, in 1923, 1926, and twice in 1927.
----------------------
The man who outboxed Jack Dempsey.
Not once, but twice!
Gene Tunney
Gene Tunney, world
heavyweight champion
(1926 - 1928)
Jack Dempsey retired from boxing after losing his rematch with
Gene Tunney in 1927.
The top contenders to challenge the champion Tunney were Jack Sharkey
and Tom Heeney, of New Zealand.
Jack Sharkey, top
contender
vs
Tom Heeney, top
contender
New York
12 rounds
January 13, 1928
The winner to fight Tunney.
Sharkey was a 3 to 1 favorite
to win.
The fight was a draw. One judge called the fight
Sharkey's. The other judge called it a draw. The referee gave the fight to Heeney.
Heeney won his next fight, two months later, a 15-round decision over Jack
Delaney.
Several
days later, Sharkey lost his next fight, by a split decision, to Johnny Risko. But two months later, Sharkey knocked
out Jack Delaney in the first round. Sharkey won his next fight also.
Gene Tunney chose to defend his title against Tom Henney.
Gene Tunney, champion
vs
Tom Heeney, challenger
Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York
or
Gene Tunney
--------------
Cole Porter
Cole
Albert Porter, born in Peru, Indiana in 1891; died in Santa Monica, California in 1964
Episode 4 of of the BBC documentary series Howard
Goodall's Twentieth Century Greats
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2htSTN1crU
The Cole Porter Story
Episode from the documentary series
American Masters
In two clips:
or in four clips
Part 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JrgCcAkFLI
Part 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCqofOSfyaY
Let's
Misbehave (1928)
Irene
Bordoni with Irving Aaronson and His Commanders (1928)
Irving Aaronson and His Commanders (1928)
Tom Sacks with Harry
Reser and the Cliquot Club Eskimos (1928)
Ethan Uslan, piano (2011)
Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love) (1928)
Bing Crosby with the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra (1928)
Rudy Vallee (1928)
Mary Martin (1944)
Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman (1941 - 3)
What Is This Thing Called Love?
(1929)
Elsie Carlisle (1929)
Ben Bennie and his Orchestra (1930)
The Rollickers with Fred Rich and his Orchestra (1930)
James P. Johnson (1930)
Lillie Holman (1930)
Artie Shaw (1938)
Billie Holiday (1945)
Charlie Parker (1952)
Bill Evans (1959)
Wynton Marsalis (1991)
You've Got That Thing (1929)
Ted Lewis (1929) (instrumental)
Frank Luther with the Leo Reisman Orchestra (1930)
You do Something to Me (1929)
Player Piano Roll
Leo Reisman Orchestra (1929)
Love for Sale
(1930)
Libbey Holman (1930)
Kitty Kallen with the Jack Teagarden Orchestra (1940)
Benny Carter (1943)
(This particular recording is found on You Tube also as a 1946 recording
by Carter and also as a 1946 recording by Artie Shaw.)
or
Sidney Bechet (1947)
Abbey Lincoln with the Max Roach Qunitet, Paris, January 1964
Elisabeth Welch (1986)
Ethan Uslan
Night and Day (1932)
Fred Astaire
1932
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoHBeGlRLvE
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WX_fKVWX2s
1933
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoR2uCi8d_k
1934
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydxcHACwX4Y
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV5e7mWcQJE
Ray Ventura Orchestra (1933)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFFNVz6_aU0
Billie Holiday (1939)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Huejqu5qgE0
Benny Goodman (c. 1940)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R_ttc_DlGQ
Frank Sinatra
1942
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUs-QT6a2gA
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLnii5rNcBE
c. 1945?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1G2VnjWtJ2s
Deanna Durbin (1945)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wI8RIoKJk2Y
Charlie Parker (1952)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJRdwloCaeo
You're the
Top (1934)
Cole Porter on piano and singing
(26 October 1934)
Ethel Merman in the 1934 stage musical Anything Goes!
Skinnay Ennis with Hal Kemp & His Orchestra & Skinnay Ennis (1934)
Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra with Peggy Healy and John
Hauser (1935)
I Get a
Kick Out of You (1934)
Ethel Merman (1934)
Sally Singer with the Leo Reisman Orchestra(1934)
Ramona Davies with the Paul Whiteman Orchestra (1935)
Jeanne Aubert (1935)
Billie Currie with the Harry Roy Orchestra (1935)
Anything Goes (1934)
Cole Porter singing and playing piano (1934)
Dorsey Brothers (1934)
Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra (1935)
Lew Stone and his Band (1935)
All Through the Night (1934)
Bob Lawrence with Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra (1934)
or
Bert Ambrose and his Orchestra
May Fair Hotel, London (1934)
Don't Fence Me In (1934)
Roy Rogers in the
movie Hollywood Canteen (1944)
From the movie Don't Fence Me In (1945)
Gene Autry (1945)
Miss Otis Regrets (1934)
Ethel Waters with the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra (1934)
Alberta Hunter with Jack Jackson and his Orchestra (1934)
Cab Calloway (1935)
Begin the Beguine
(1935)
Xavier Cougat (1935)
or
Artie Shaw and his Orchestra (1938)
Joe Loss & Chick Henderson (1939)
The
Andrews Sisters with Glenn Miller (1940?) (02:58)
Fred
Astair and Eleanor Powell in Broadway Melody (1940) (11:03)
Jo Stafford (c. 1945)
Ginny Simms (1946)
Charlie Parker with Machito (1948)
I've Got
You Under My Skin (1936)
From the musical Born to Dance
Virginia Bruce (1936)
From the Hollywood movie Born to Dance (1936)
Al Bowly with the Ray Noble Orchestra (1936)
1946 Hollywood movie with Cary
Grant portraying Cole Porter
Advertisement:
Excerpts:
Begin the Beguine
Sung by Carlos Ramirez
I Get a Kick Out of You
Sung by Ginny Simms
You're the Top
Sung by Cary Grant and Ginny Simms
Night and Day (Chorus) (Ending)
Ginny Simms
An Hour of Cole Porter Songs
With the Royale Orchestra
Radio broadcast in the late 1940s
The Words & Music of Cole Porter
An album
1. Billie
Holiday - Let's Do It
2. Bing Crosby - Don't
Fence Me In
3. Frances Day - It's De-Lovely
4.
Al Bowlly - How Could We be Wrong?
5. Gertrude Lawrence - Experiment
6. Jay
Wilbur - Miss Otis Regrets
7. Marlene Dietrich -
You Do Something to Me
8. Nat Gonella - Blow,
Gabriel, Blow
9. Frances Langford - Easy to Love
10.
Fred Astaire - I've Got You On My Mind
11. Cole Porter - Anything Goes
12. Billie
Holiday - Night and Day
13. Artie Shaw - What
is This Thing Called Love?
14. Billy Cotton - My
Heart Belongs to Daddy
15. Noel Coward - You'd Be
So Nice to Come Home To
16. Frances Langford
- Rap Tap On Wood
17. Chick Henderson - Begin
the Beguine
18. Gertrude Lawrence - The Physician
19.
Irving Aaronson - Let's Misbehave
20. Virginia Bruce - I've Got You Under My Skin
21. Sam Browne - Just One of Those Things
22. Cole
Porter - You're the Top
-------------
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
by Walt Disney
Trolley Troubles
(1927)
Great
Guns! (1927)
Rival Romeos
(1928)
Mickey
Moouse
by Walt Disney
Steamboat Willie (1928)
Plane Crazy (1928)
The Gallopin' Gaucho (1928)
First Mickey cartoon in color
Barn Dance (1929)
Jungle Rhythm (1929)
Mickey's Follies (1929)
When the Cat's Away (1929)
Wild Waves (1929)
The Karnival Kid (1929)
Walt Disney (c. 1929)
-------------------
Hoagy Carmichael
Hoagland Howland (Hoagy) Carmichael
(1899 - 1981)
Riverboat Shuffle
Bix Beiderbicke and the Wolverines (1924)
Washboard Blues
Curtis Hitch (1925)
Paul Whiteman (1927)
Stardust
With Bix Beiderbicke (1927)
Ushlan Jones (1930)
Bing Crosby (1931)
Rockin' Chair
Louis Armstrong (1929)
With Bix Beiderbicke (1930)
Georgia on My Mind
With Beiderbicke (1930)
Up a Lazy River
1930
Louis Prima (1937)
Lazy Bones
1933
Moonburn
Bing Crosby (1935)
Old Man Moon (1937)
Heart and Soul
Beatrice Wayne (Bea Wain) with the Larry Clinton Orchestra (1938)
Ethan Uslan
---------------
Sound on film
The Movies
Learn to Talk
Episode from the documentary series The Twentieth Century
(1959)
With Walter Cronkite
Dinner Time (October
1928)
by Paul
Terry
One of
the very first sound movies
-------------
Lights of New York (1928)
First full-length talking feature film in history, released by Warner Bros. in
1928
---------------------
Red Nichols
Troublesome Trumpet
---------------------
Maurice Chevalier
Louise
1929
You've
Got That Thing (Cole Porter)
1930
Mimi
1932
Excerpt from the 1932 Hollywood movie Love Me Tonight with
Jeanette MacDonald
Ma Pomme
1936
Paris Sera Toujours Paris
1939
------
Carlos Gardel
Charles Romuald Gardes (1890 - 1935) Photo
taken in the U. S. in 1934
Mi Buenos Aires querido (Tango)
Colorized
Black and white
Volver
Tomo
y Obligo
Rosas de Otoño
Cuando tú no estás
(1933)
Tango Bar (1935)
Muerte de Carlos Gardel y relato de su fallecimiento
La
vida de Carlos Gardel
Tango - Natacha Poberaj and Jesus Velasquez
------------------
Prohibition and the American Gangster
Episode 15 of the documentary series
Al Capone ("Scarface")
Time Magazine cover of Mar 24, 1930
The Capone Brothers
Vincenzo Capone (Richard James Hart) (1892 - 1952)
Raffaele ("James") Capone
(Ralph ("Bottles")
Capone)
(1894 – 1974)
Salvatore ("Frank") Capone
(1895 - 1924)
Alphonse Gabriel (“Al”) Capone
(1899 -1947)
Erminio
(John/"Mimi")
Capone (John
Martin) (1901 - ?), before microphones
Albert Umberto Capone (Albert
Rayola) (1906 - 1980)
----------------------
Fats Waller
Thomas Wright "Fats" Waller (1904 – 1943)
The Joint is Jumpin'
Thomas "Fats" Waller
Documentary (4 clips)
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwxWYyTlmIo
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91kj5zp5IrA
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSZUZ6rpleA
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stHswJ3L98U
Excerpts from movies
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7kKYJH-B14
I´m gonna sit right down and write myself a letter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZZRAU3DeOo
Excerpt from 1935 movie Hooray For Love
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnGd6Gns4Is
Your feet's too big
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=in1eK3x1PBI
The Joint Is Jumping
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKe6yH3ZwGo
Lulu's Back In Town (1935)
Stardust (1937)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPs4excR-ck
I've Got My Fingers Crossed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upKXARXcsWg
Honeysuckle
Rose
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5JiD9yxL4U
Handful
of Keys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIFoAwJPtm4
Played by Stephanie Trick
When Somebody Thinks Your Wonderful
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuJKNwWpspo
Tea for Two
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9C83jtfOcI
I
Can't Give You Anything But Love
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxiOL75ASaE
I'm Crazy 'Bout My Baby
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfYzlEhocGM
It's
a Sin to Tell a Lie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw9462hZGBc
Christopher Columbus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4T3NtEB_4qA
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NH_saJAKYhY
----------------------------
Penicillin
Discovered in England in 1928
Alexander Fleming's Discovery of Penicillin
How Alexander Fleming Discovered Penicillin
A Miracle From A Mould
Alexander
Fleming & Penicillin Discovery
British
Pathé newsreel
(1944)
Discovery of Penicillin
Short documentary (1964)
or
St.Mary's Hospital Honours Sir Alexander Fleming
St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London (1954)
British Pathé newsreel silent and sound film footage
The History of Penicillin
Excerpt from 2006 documentary The Last Antibiotics
Penicillin
Documentary
Medicine
Episode from 100 Greatest Discoveries
. . . Anesthesia, X-rays, Vitamins, Penicillin . . .
Documentary uploaded twice
Top Ten
Discoveries
Episode from the documentary series 100 Greatest Discoveries
Penicillin # 8 greatest of top ten discoveries in history
Penicillin
Discussion on the weekly BBC radio programme In Our Time
hosted by Melvyn Bragg, 9 June 2016
Flash Player required to listen; otherwise download the programme
from the webpage
-------------------
Lehua
Flower Lei
Hula Girl
Iniki Malie (Waikapu)
Pidgon English Hula
Honolulu Harbor
Die Dreigroschenoper / The Threepenny Opera
by Bertolt Brecht
Berlin
1928
1931 Musical film adaptation directed by G. W. Pabst (1:50:56)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P32z8Quvfeg
Music by
Kurt Weill
1900 - 1950
Lyrics by
Bertolt Brecht
1896 - 1956
Die Moritat von Mackie Messer / The Ballad of Mack the Knife
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QXJ3OXWaOY
The famous ballad is at the beginning
L'opéra de quat'sous
Version française
1931
(1:39:25)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GA5T9s0YmSI
Louis Armstrong
London
1956
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nk2YpWo2_Zs
New York
1955
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7n6V8Y04FJo
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgce0bg3LDY
Liberace
C. 1960
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wZ-nbU76rk
-----------------
The first woman passenger on a NON-STOP
flight across the Atlantic.
Amelia Earhart
Amelia Earhart, American aviatrix,
born in Kansas on
24 July 1897.
1928
Amelia Earhart was the first woman passenger on a non-stop
flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
Amelia Earhart accompanied a pilot and co-pilot on a non-stop flight
across the Atlantic Ocean in June 1928. She kept the flight log.
The plane took off from Trepassey Harbor in Newfoundland on 17 June
1928 and landed in Wales 20 hours and 40 minutes later on 18 June 1928.
Photo of the single-engine Fokker F-VIIA-3m
(Fokker Trimoter) mono-plane aitliner (refitted with pontoons), flown non-stop across the Atlantic by pilot Wilmer Stultz and co-pilot/mechanic Louis Gordon, at Burry Port, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire in Wales on 18 June 1928.
From left: Pilot Wilmer Stultz, co-pilot Louis Gordon and
Amelia Earhart after their flight. In Burry Port or Southampton.
New York Times, 19 June 1928
In Burry Port, Wales and Southampton
18 and 19 June 1928
British Pathé
and
Amelia Earhart in
1929 or 1930.
Amelia Earhart
Earhart learned to
fly at the age of 23, in Long Beach, California in 1921. In 1923, at age 25, she became the 16th woman in the U. S. licensed
to fly.
George Palmer Putnam
(1887 - 1950)
New York City book
publisher and publicist, George P. Putnam, published a best-selling autobiography by Charles Lindbergh in 1927.
Putnam met Earhart
in Massachusetts in 1928 and suggested she join two pilots who were about to fly non-stop across the Atlantic. She would go
along just as a passenger but she would keep the flight log. Earhart, vice-president of a flying organisation in Boston, accepted
the offer.
Women had flown across
the Atlantic as passengers before. But none had been on a non-stop flight across the Atlantic.
Putnam played up the
flight and made Earhart a celebrity.
Earhart was celebrated
as the first woman passenger on a non-stop flight across the Atlantic.
The press called
her "Lady Lindy" (after Charles Lindbergh) and "Queen of the Air".
Earhart and Putnam
were married in 1931.
Putnam managed Earhart's public relations.
-------------
LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin
Around the World in 20 days
August - September 1929
Departed from Lakehurst, New Jersey on 15 August 1929 and returned
to Lakehurst on 4 September.
Around the World
by Zeppelin
Documentary
List newsreels here:
Round the World Flight
1929
Documentary (15 min. 30 sec.)
Lakehurst to Friedrichshafen
-------------------
The Primeval Atom, Expanding
Universe and Infinity
Albert Einstein, left, and Georges Lemaitre (1894 - 1966), a Belgian
Jesuit priest and physicist, at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in January 1933.
Einstein:
The "Universe" is finite.
Hubble:
Doppler shift - Red Shift - Galaxies are receding
from us - the velocity of the recession is accelerating - the farther away, the faster.
Lemaitre:
The Universe is expanding.
Einstein:
Time and space are infinite. The Universe is infinite.
Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble
at the Hooker Telescope at the
Mount Wilson Observatory in
California in January 1931.
The Static Universe The Steady State The Hubble Constnnt
The Cosmic Egg The Big Bang The Expanding Universe
Edwin Hubble and the Expanding
Universe
Episode from the series Great Moments in Science and Technology
(14 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7knav5DvEL0
The Expanding Universe
Lecture 16 of 18 of the course Physics 20B. Cosmology by James Bullock at the University of California-Irvine campus in 2013
Hubble's Law and the Big Bang (cont.)
Lecture 17 of
the course Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics (Astr 160), at Yale U., Spring 2007, with
Charles Bailyn
1. Review of Magnitudes
2. Implications of Hubble's Discoveries
on the Aging Universe
3. Conceptualizing a Three-Dimensional Universe
4. Q&A: The Big Bang, the Expansion and the Big Crunch
Yale:
You Tube:
Lecture 18.
1. The Expanding Universe – Big Bang and Steady State Theories
2.
Quasars and the Rejection of the Steady State Theory
3. Calculating the Duration of the Big Bang
4. Calculating the
Potential Future of the Universe
Yale:
You Tube:
-----------------
Germany 1929
Adolf Hitler
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)
National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party)
Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, visits Munich in Bavaria
in 1929
Germans opposed war reparations imposed on Germany by
the victorious powers of the Great War (1914 - 1918) by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
A plan was proposed by the victors in 1929 to adjust the terms to reduce the economic burden on Germany. The stock market crash in
America, which had a devasting effect on Germany, made it all the more necessary.
Nationalist political parties campaigned against the plan because
accepting it would also accept guilt for the war. The campaign made the Nazi Party leader, Adolf Hitler, a political figure
since 1919, a more prominent figure.
The proposal was passed in a national referendum, with a low voter
turn-out of 14.9%, in December 1929. The plan was passed by the Reichstag (lower house of parliament) in 1930.
1919 - Hitler joins party
1921 - Hitler leader of party
NSDAP in national parliamentary elections (Lower House/Reichstag):
May 1924 - 6th - 1.9 million (6.5 %), 32 of 472 seats
Dec. 1924 - 8th - 0.9 m. (3 %), 14 of 493 seats
May 1928 - 9th - 0.8 m. (2.6 %), 12 of 491
Sept. 1930 - 2nd - 6.4
m. (18.3 %), 107 of 577
Presidential elections
March and April 1932
Hitler finished 2nd to President Von Hindenberg, with 13.4 miliion
votes (36.8 %) in the second round.
NSDAP in
parliamentary elections:
July 1932 - 1st - 13.7 m. (37.3 %), 230 of 608
Nov. 1932 - 1st - 11.7 m. (33.1 %), 196 of 584
Hindenberg appoints Hitler chancellor in Jan. 1933
NSDAP in
parliamentary elections:
March 1933 - 1st - 17.3 m. (43.9 %), 288 of 647
March 1933 - Enabling Act passed by the Lower House (Reichstag)
Hitler dictator
----------------------
Sky scrapers
The Chrysler
Building
Manhattan, New York City
1930
Until the Chrysler Building was built, the Eiffel Tower in Paris,
built in 1889, was the tallest building in the world.
The Chrysler Building
Episode from the documentary series Great Moments in Science and Technology
The Empire State
Building
New York City
1931
The 380-metre tall, 86-story Empire
State Building was constructed in
1930 and 1931.
Building construction workers included
many American Indians.
The Empire State Building was taller than the Chrysler Building.
It remained the tallest building in the world until the World Trade Center in New York in 1970.
The Empire State Building, at left, and the Chrysler Building,
at right.
The Empire State Building
The Empire State Building
Episode from the documentary series Great Moments in Science and Technology
The
Empire State Building
Episode from the documentary series Modern Marvels
Comparing the height of the Eiffel Tower, second from left,
with the Chrysler Building, second from right, and the Empire State Building, at right.
--------------------
THE THIRTIES IN COLOUR
Documentary with colour film footage recorded in the 1930s by home video enthusiasts.
Part 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yHdVLrUFi4
Part 2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owblLh16fvc
---------------------
I am from Siam
British film
1930
Siam
The Land of the White Elephants and the Land of the Free
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFowT6u6xU8
--------------------
M
Movie by Fritz Lang
Germany, 1931
Starring Peter Lorre
Lang's first sound film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pptm7xnanaM
Fritz Lang
Discussion om the weekly Thursday BBC radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
With guests Stella Bruzzi, Joe McElhaney and Iris Luppa
30 December 2021
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0012s94
---------------
La Paloma
Screen Songs
Cartoon by Max Fleischer
1930
-----------------
Harry Richman
Harry Richman
Puttin' on the Ritz
--------------
Barnstorming stunt pilots
Paul Mantz
Paul Mantz, legendary Hollywood stunt pilot and air race winner
Ecerpt from Air Mail (1932)
Brief Bio
-------------------
Jimmy Doolittle
Jimmy Doolittle, winner of many air races
He Had No Fear
----------
Claire Chennault and The Flying Trapeeze
Stunt
pilots from the U. S. Army Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field in Alabama, flying P-12 pursuit planes, called The Flying
Trapeeze, led by Captain Claire Lee Chennault from 1932 - 1936.
Lieutenant W. C. (Billy) McDonald (left),
Captain Claire L. Chennault (centre) and Sergant J. H. (Luke) Wiliamson (right)
--------------------------
Jack Sharkey
1928
Joseph Paul Zukauskas (Jack Sharkey), from Boston, Massachusetts,
a top world heavyweight boxing contender since 1926.
After Jack Dempsey's loss of the title by a decision to Gene Tunney in
1926, Dempsey and Sharkey were the top contenders for a shot at the title.
Dempsey and Sharkey met in 1927 to decide Tunney's challenger. Sharkey was
ahead in the fight when Dempsey knocked him out in the seventh
round.
Dempsey fought Tunney for the title later in the year. Tunney won the rematch
by a decision. Dempsey retired from boxing after the fight.
Sharkey was considered the most likely next opponent for Tunney.
Sharkey and a top contender from New Zealand, Tom Heeney, met to decide Tunney's
next challenger. Sharkey was a 3 - 1 favorite to win.
Sharkey and Heeney fought a 12-round draw in 1928.
Sharkey then lost a split-decision to another top contender while Heeney won
a split decision over another top contender, Jack Delaney. Two months later, Sharkey knocked our Delaney in the first round.
Tunney chose to defend the title against Tom Heeney.
Tunney knocked Heeney out in 11 rounds and retired from boxing.
Heeney's career was all downhill after the fight.
Jack Sharkey was considered the top
heavyweight.
Jack Sharkey
vs
Young Stribling
Miami Beach, Florida
February 27, 1929
This fight was promoted by Jack Dempsey and drew 40,000
fans and a gate of $405,000.
Sharkey outboxed Stribling over ten rounds and was declared
the winner.
With narration
Silent film with titles
Jack Sharkey
beat world light-heavyweight champion Tommy Loughran to win the American heavyweight championship in 1929.
Jack Sharkey
# 1 heavyweight
contender for the vacant world title
vs.
Tommy Loughran
World light-heavyweight champion
New York, September 26, 1929
Sharkey knocked out Loughran in the third round.
or
The Fight for the Vacant Championship Title
Jack Sharkey
American heavyweight champion and # 1 contender for the vacant
world title
vs
Max Schmeling
German heavyweight champion
Max Schmeling
The two top contenders, Jack Sharkey, from Boston, and
Max Schmeling, from Hamburg in Germany, fought for the vacant world heavyweight championship title.
New York
June 12, 1930
Schmeling won the German light-heavyweight championship in 1926 and the European
light-heavyweight championship in 1927. He won the German heavyweight championship in 1928.
Schmeling went to the U. S. in late 1929 and defeated five top heavyweights in
seven months.
Schmeiling was dubbed The German Dempsey.
By 1930, Schmeling and Sharkey were considered the top heavyweight fighters. Sharkey
was rated # 1 and Schmeling # 2.
Das Herz Eines Boxer
Song (January 1930)
Sharkey and Schmeling met in 1930 for the championship title, left vacant by Tunney
in 1928.
Sharkey was favored to beat Schmeling.
New York Times article on fight night
Sharkey was a 2 - 1 favorite by fight time
Jack Sharkey in training
1930
Sharkey outboxed and outpunched Schmeling in the first three
rounds.
The same in the fourth.
Sharkey knocked Schmeling out with a body punch in the
fourth round.
The referee ruled the punch a foul - below the belt line
- and disqualified Sharkey.
Schmeling was declared the winner and champion.
Schmeling down in the fourth round
or
or
or
or
or
Max Schmeling
Black Uhlan of the Rhine
Maximillian Adolph Otto
Siegfried Schmeling
(1905 - 2005), of
Germany, world heavyweight boxing champion from 1930 to
1932; won 56 fights, lost 10 and drew in 4.
Max Schmeling, centre, with the heavyweight championship belt. On the left in the
photo is Schmeling's manager, an American, Joe Jacobs of New York. On the right is Nat Fleischer, editor of RING
magazine.
Schmeling defended his championship title in 1931 against the world light-heavyweight
champion, Young Stribling.
Max Schmeling vs. Young Stribling
Championship Fight
Cleveland, Ohio
March 7, 1931
Schmeling and Stribling boxed an even fight for ten rounds. But after that it was
all Schmeling. Schmeling took the 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th rounds and knocked Stribling down in the 15th and final round.
The referee stopped the fight.
or
------------------------
After his loss by disqualifiaction against Schmeling in 1930, Sharkey fought
twice, drawing against one opponent and defeating an Italian contender, Primo Carnera, on points.
Jack Sharkey vs Primo Carnera
Brooklyn, New York
October 12, 1931
Rounds 14 and 15
1932
The Schmeling-Sharkey Rematch
Max Schmeling, champion
vs
Jack Sharkey, challenger
New York
June 21, 1932
Two years after their first fight, Schmeling, the champion (on
the left in the photo), met Sharkey, the
challenger (right), again, in a rematch, in New York.
This time, Sharkey won a
controversial 15-round split decision and the championship.
Most thought Schmeling won the fight.
One judge scored the fight 10 rounds for Schemeling and five rounds for Sharkey.
The other judge scored the fight 8 rounds for Sharkey and seven for Schmeling. The referee, the ex-heavyweight boxer
Gunboat Smith, scored the fight seven rounds for Sharkey, three rounds for Schmeling and five rounds even.
or
or
or
After the loss
of the title, Schmeling knocked out his next opponent and, in 1933, met an up-coming top boxer, Max Baer, in a fight
promoted by Jack Dempsey.
Max
Schmeling vs Max Baer
New York
June 8, 1933
The fight was all Baer. Baer outpunched Schmeling
throughout and knocked him about the ring. Baer knocked Schmeling down in the tenth round. Schmeling was defenseless as Baer battered him and the referee stopped the fight.
or
Schmeling knocked down by Max Baer
Jack
Sharkey
The Boston Sailor
Jack Sharkey, world heavyweight boxing champion (1932 - 1933)
Several days after the Baer-Schmeling fight,
Sharkey lost the title to the Italian contender, Primo Carnera.
---------------
1933
Primo Carnera
One year after taking the title from Schmeling, Sharkey
lost the title, in his first defense, to Primo Carnera. He was knocked out in the sixth round.
Sharkey beat Carnera in their earlier fight,
in 1931, and it was widely believed that Sharkey threw the second fight for money from the gangster Owney Maddon.
Sharkey did not fight for the title again. After his loss
to Carnera, his boxing career went into decline.
Sharkey vs Carnera
New York
June 29, 1933
Entire fight:
Primo Carnera
Carnera defended the title three times. He defeated Paulino
Uzcudun and Tommy Loughran by decisions.
The Walking Mountain
Movie
And then Carnera met Max Baer. Baer earned a shot at the
title by defeating Max Schmeling in 1933.
----------------------
1934
Max Baer
One year after winning the title, Carnera lost it
in his third defense, to Max Baer, in 1934.
Baer knocked Carnera down 11 times before the fight
was stopped in the 11th round.
Primo Carnera vs Max Baer
New York
June 14, 1934
Max Baer
Max Baer
----------------------
1935
James J. Braddock
Baer defended the title only once. The following year, 1935,
Baer lost an unanimous 15-round decision and
the title to James J. Braddock.
Max Baer
vs
James J. Braddock
New York
June 13, 1935
or
or
Highlights:
James J. Braddock
James J. Braddock
Cinderella
Man
A 2005 Hollywood movie about James J. Braddock's comeback to win the championship from Max Baer in 1935
Russell Crowe portrays Braddock
Advetisement:
The movie:
Braddock did not defend the title until two years later, in
1937.
Jimmy Braddock
Documentary
------------------------
British Dance Bands
1931
It's A Great Life If You Don't Weaken
Share My Umbrella
Whistling In The Dark
Smile, Darn Ya, Smile
Who Am I?
Sing A Little Jingle
-------------------
Trader Horn
1931 Hollywood movie with Harry Carey (Trader Horn), Edwina Booth
(The White Goddess) and Duncan Renaldo.
Preview:
Excerpts:
Full movie (2 hrs. 2 min.)
Filmed in East
Africa, the Sudan, the Congo, Culver City, California and Tecate, Baja California, Mexico.
Edwina Booth
-----------------------
Around the World in 8 Days
In 1931 Wiley Post and his navigator, Harold Gatty, flew around
the world in 8 days, 15 hours and 51 minutes, beating the record set by the Graf Zeppelin of 21 days in 1929. Gatty was considered
the best navigator in the world.
Post and Gatty took off from Long Island, New York on 23 June
in Post's single-engine Lockheed Vega monoplane, called the Winnie Mae. They flew to Newfoundland, Berlin,
Moscow, Siberia, Alaska, Canada and arrived back on Long Island on 1 July.
The Milwaukee Sentinel,
Around
the World Solo in Seven Days
In July 1933, Wiley Post flew solo around the world
in seven days. Post took off from New York, flew to Berlin, Siberia, Alaska, Canada and back to New York, setting a new round-the-world
record. Post was the first to circumnavigate the wrold solo.
In 1934, Post designed and built and a high-altitude pressure
suit and flew in it to 50,000 feet.
Post also discovered the jet stream.
The Oklahoma City Times
The Denver Post
Wiley Post built his own hydroplane in 1935. With a friend,
the famous humorist, Will Rogers, Post flew from Seattle to Alaska.
On
August 15 they were killed when the plane crashed on take-off near Point Barrow.
Will Rogers, left, and Wiley Post, right
Will Rogers' and Wiley Post's Last Flight Together
British Movietone News
Silent film footage (1935)
Will Rogers and Wiley Post Die in Plane Crash
1935
Wiley Post of Oklahoma
Documentary hosted by Bob Burke (57:10)
Will Rogers
Episode on the documentary series Biography
with Mike Wallce
Bacon, Beans and Limousines
Will Rogers
October 1931
Will Rogers
Man of the Year - 1935
Weekly TV program
The Ropin' Fool
Will Rogers (1922)
Will Rogers
Interview of author Ben Yagoda by Brian Lamb
C-SPAN
---------------------------
Cab Calloway
Cabell "Cab" Calloway III (1907 - 1994), jazz singer,
popular big band leader in the 1930s and 1940s
Some of these Days (1930)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASR_5R_bjOw
St. Louis Blues
(1930)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1Xno49V6Ng
Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea (1931)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QI0EDNwGwY
Minnie the Moocher (1932)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8suquDgg0dw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhUCItCCQmQ
(Late 1930s?)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mq4UT4VnbE
(Later: 1955)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zvxIZZUyAk
(And still later, in the 1980 Hollywood movie The Blues Brothers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZ5gCGJorKk
Kickin' the Gong Around (1932)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnt6zCDO73M
Zaz Zuh Zaz
(1933)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-qEZ9zeIJw
Reefer Man (1933)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPkPyVYp6ik
The Old Man of the Mountain (1933)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoJkxNa6v14
Hi De Ho (1934)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-kJqM7he9o
The Jitterbug, popular dance in the late 1930s and early 1940s
Call of the Jitterbug
Cab Calloway and his Orchestra (1934)
Jitterbug Party
Cab Calloway (1935)
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nH7xOU_xCRo
or
1930s Jazz, Jitterbug, Dancing
Stock Footage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFNBUkAl0sY
St. James Infirmary (193?)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-XI_1LgEik
Some of these Days (1937)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wK6T728lnX8
------------------------
Shanghai Express
Hollywood movie released in February 1932
With
Marlene Dietrich, Clive Brook, Warner Oland, Anna May Wong and Eugene Pallette
Warner Oland and Marlene Dietrich
Preview
The Crime of the Century
The Lindbergh baby kidnapping
March 1, 1932
Chalres Lindbergh, jr., the 20-month-old son of Charles Lindbergh, was kidnapped
from the Lindbergh's home in New Jersey.
The crime shocked the world.
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Lindbergh and Charles, jr, inset
Daily News, March 2, 1932
Poster requesting information
Lindbergh paid the $50,000 ransom demanded.
The Baltimore News, May 13, 1932
The child was found murdered in the woods near his home on May 12.
The child's kidnapping and murder was one of the most horrid criminals acts of
the 20th century.
The Bethlehem Globe
The money was traced to a 34-year-old German carpenter, Bruno
Richard Hauptmann, from Saxony in Germany, living in New York in September 1934. Hauptmann had a criminal record in Germany.
He stowed away to the U. S. in 1923. He married a German waitress in 1925 and had a child in 1933. Hauptmann was arrested
in New York.
The Sun
Reno Evening Gazette, 1935
Hauptmann was tried, convicted and sentenced to death.
Front page of New York Times, April 4, 1936
Hauptman was executed in the electric chair in the New Jersey State Prison in Trenton
on April 3, 1936.
In Search Of...
The Lindbergh Kidnapping
Documentary with Leonard Nimoy
2 clips
Who Killed Lindbergh's Baby?
Documentary
or
-----------------
Amelia Earhart makes good her claim to fame.
SOLO
NON-STOP
Across the Atlantic
The second person to do it.
Amelia Earhart
Mrs. Putnam
Lady Lindy
Queen of the Skies
First
Lady of the Air
1932
Being the first woman passenger on a non-stop flight across the Atlantic (in 1928) was
not enough for Amelia Earhart. So, in 1932, she piloted a mono-plane across the Atlantic solo and non-stop.
Front page of New York Times
on 22 May 1932.
Earhart was the second person to fly solo non-stop across the Atlantic
Ocean, five years after Charles Lindbergh's pioneering flight of 1927.
Earhart took off from Harbor Grace in Newfoundland in a single-engine
Lockheed Vega 5B mono-plane land-plane on 20 May 1932.
Earhart's destination was Paris. She landed in a farm field near Londonderry, on the northern tip of Ireland, about
15 hours later, on 21 May.
Earhart waves to well-wishers in Londonderry before flying on to London on 22 May 1932.
Amelia Earhart in 1932
Silent
film footage of take-off from Newfoundland
Amelia Earhart's Lockheed Vega
Smithsonian
Heroine of the Skies
British Pathé newsreel
Landing in Northern Ireland
Amelia Earhart Tells Her Story
British Movietone newsreel
Miss Earhart's
Wonderful Reception!
New York City
British Pathé newsreel
Earhart was often introduced as "the first woman to fly across the Atlantic
Ocean non-stop solo". She was less often introduced as "the second person to fly across the Atlantic non-stop solo".
Amelia Earhart and
her husband George Putnam on Earhart's return to New York City on 20 June 1932.
Amelia Earhart Departs Harbour Grace on Solo Flight Across Atlantic
May 20, 1932
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wno39E7pwAg
Amelia Earhart describes her solo flight across the Atlantic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xfgceOHvkA
Amelia Earhart Tells Her Story
British Movietone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BgAKnpK7p4
---------------------
Vampyr
The Dream of Allan Gray
NICHOLAS DE GUNZBURG
Julian West / stage name
1932 movie directed by Carl Theodore Dreyer and filmed in Courtempierre, France in 1930 and 1931
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-N6IQnaxSMQ
Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg / Nikki
Born in Paris in 1904 - Died in New York City in 1982
Baron de Gunzburg later became the editor of the American journals Town & Country, Vogue, Harper ' s Bazaar, Vanity
Fair, etc.
The Baron was a friend of Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart.
The Baron mentored Bill Blass and Calvin Klein.
The Baron entered Vanity Fair's International Best Dressed Hall of Fame in 1971.
--------------------
War Veterans Demand Bonus Payment
The Bonus Army Marches on Washington
July 1932
A "Hooverville"
The Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF) marches
Capitol
Hill
President Herbert Hoover
General Douglas MacArthur, U. S. Army
Chief of Staff
General MacArthur with his aide, Major
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Bonus Army camp on fire
Veterans
March on Washington, D. C.
1932
Milestones of the Century (1960)
Pathé News
The Bonus
Army
The March
of the Bonus Army
PBS documentary (29:53)
"The U. S. Bonus Army"
British Pathé
The
Veterans' Bonus March
Documentary (21:55)
The Bonus Army
Discussion
Part 1.
Part 2.
Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?
Excerpt from a documentary about the Depression with E. G. Marshall
---------------
Buster Crabbe
Champion swimmer
1928 Olympic Games, Amsterdam
Bronze - 1,500-metre freestyle
1932 Olympic Games, Los Angeles
Gold - 400-metre freestyle
Hollywood movie star
Tarzan
Flash Gordon
Buck Rogers
-----------------
Bird of Paradise
1932 Hollywood movie
Dolores del Río
Movie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN5qrz28etw
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB22XdZpBwM
In sepia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1nBj8VY4cI
Colorized
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnFQ9gDu9bI
La desafiante aventura de Dolores del Río
Crónicas de Paco Macías
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_3gQQ63f2E
---------------------
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Elected President
November 1932
Roosevelt's 1932 presidential election campaign button
The Scranton Times (Pennsylvania), 9 November 1932
Roosevelt, governor of New York, won 42 of 48 states,
defeating President Herbert Hoover
New York Times, 16
February 1933
San Francisco Chronicle, 16 February 1933
President-elect Roosevelt was the target of an assassination attempt
in Miami on 15 February 1933. The assassin, an Italian immigrant, fired five shots at Roosevelt. The shots missed Roosevelt
but hit five persons. The mayor of Chicago was killed. The
assassin was executed by electric chair on 20 March.
Roosevelt narrowly escapes bullets of would-be
assassin
British Movietone newsreel
and
British Pathé
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882 - 1945) with his wife Eleanor
Roosevelt (1884 - 1962), niece of former president Theodore Roosevelt, at his inauguration in Washington, D. C. on 4 March
1933. Roosevelt, a Democrat, was re-elected three times, in 1936, 1940 and 1944. He died in office in April 1945.
Inauguration
Complete address
Roosevelt was permanently crippled by an illness described at the
time as polio in 1921 and confined to a wheelchair for the rest of his life.
------------------
Relief
Unemployment compensation, public works, welfare, social security . . .
U. S. A. - The New Deal
Germany - The Economic Miracle
Britain -
France -
--------------------
Honolulu Baby
From the 1933 Hollywood movie Sons of the Desert with
Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy
Movie Preview
Movie (1:04:04)
Honolulu Baby
Weintraub's Syncopators (1936)
My Little Grass Shack In Kealakekua Hawaii
Soi Hoopii (193)
Ted Fio Rito with Muzzy Marcellino and the Debutantes
and
Paul Whiteman with the Vorcordians (1934)
Ben Pollack (1934)
Green Brothers Marimba Orchestra (1934)
Norman Price Trio (1934)
Block-Heads
1938 movie
------------------------
Fred Astair
Frederick Austerlitz (1899 – 1987), born in
Nebraska, dancer, singer, actor, fascinated
Hollywood movie audiences in the 1930s
and 1940s with dance routines with
partners
Ginger Rogers, Eleanor Powell, Rita Hayworth
and others.
Puttin' on the Ritz
Recorded in 1930
or
Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers
Top
Hat (1935)
Fred Astaire
Top Hat, White Tie & Tails
or
Cheek to Cheek (I'm in Heaven)
Fred
Astaire & Ginger Rogers
The
Gay Divorcee (1934)
Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers
The Continental
Night and Day
Broadway Melody (1940
Fred Astair and Eleanor Powell
Begin
the Beguine (11:03)
You Were Never Lovelier (1942)
Fred Astaire and Rita Hayworth dance the Shorty George
----------------
Duke Ellington
Ivy Anderson
Bundle of Blues
1933
Lightnin, Rockin in Rhythm, Stormy Weather, Bugle Call Rag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opk8bgkk5ss&t=1s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_GTfl8Hhc8
-----------
Charlie
Chan
Warner Oland as Charlie Chan, the famous
detective from Honolulu
Charlie Chan in London
1934
(1:19:24)
Charlie Chan in Shanghai 1935 (1:11) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aT0bPsmNKdY
----------------
FDR Takes the U. S. Off the Gold Standard
1933
The Gold Standard
Discussion on the BBC weekly Thursday radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
With guests Catherine Schenk, Helen Paul and Matthias Morys
20 January 2023
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0013hh7
------------
Billie Holiday
Lady Day
Eleanora Fagan (1915 - 1959), the legendary
jazz singer of the 1930s and 1940s,
Billie Holiday
Billie Holiday
Riffin'
the Scotch
1933
Includes Jack Teagarden (trombone), Benny
Goodman (clarinet) and Gene Krupa (drums)
or
Symphony
in Black (1935)
by Duke Ellington, features Billie Holiday singing Saddest
Tale
What a Little Moonlight Can Do
With Teddy Wilson (1935)
Miss Brown to You
With Teddy Wilson (1935)
I Cried for You
With Teddy Wilson
Summertime (1937)
Any Old Time
With Artie Shaw (1938)
or
The Man I Love
(1939)
Am I Blue? (1939)
Gloomy Sunday (1941)
All of Me
Love Me or Leave Me
When You're Smiling
Pennies from Heaven
On the Sunny Side of the Street (1944)
I
Can't Get Started (1938)
Strange Fruit
Billie
Holiday
Documentary
No
Regrets (1936)
With Artie Shaw, Bunny
Berigan
-----------------
Jalousie
Leo Reisman (1931)
Let's Fall
in Love
Harold Arlen (1933)
Ediie Duchin with Lew Sherwood, vocal (1934)
Zing Went the
Strings of My Heart
Richard Himber Orcgestra with Joey Nash, vocal (1935)
Lew Stone Orchestra
Cheek to
Cheek (I'm in Heaven)
(1935)
Song by Irving Berlin
Archie Bleyer Orchestra with Chick Bullock, vocal
Frank Dailey Orchestra
Harry Roy Orchestra
Jay Wilbur Orchestra with Pat O'Malley ?
British Dance Bands of 1935
Okay Toots
How's Chances
It Happened In The Moonlight
About A Quarter To Nine
One Night In Chinatown
I've Got A Feelin' You're Foolin'
----------------------
Carlos Gardel
Por una cabeza
1935
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QT9aKRvL73Q
Por una Cabeza
2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcxv7i02lXc&list=RDEMQIgFQWvsUyICJFuxEO1iFQ&start_radio=1
Por una Cabeza
Orquestra Sinfonia Brasil
Daniel Guedes e Norton Morozowicz
Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro em agosto de 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_XPYX1X-6w
Carlos Gardel
Sus 50 Mejores Tangos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTBnN-IMVaQ
------------------
1935
Amelia Earhart
First woman to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland,
California.
11 January 1935
Front page of The Oshkosh Northwestern (Wisconsin) issue of 12 January 1935.
The Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, 13 January 1935
Earhart flew a single-engine mono-plane the 2,409-mile (statute) distance
(2,093 nautical miles) from Honolulu to Oakland, California in 18 hours
and 17 minutes - 3 hours and 16 minutes under the record set by Australian aviator Sir
Charles Edward Kingsford Smith in November 1934.
Amelia Earhart Hops Foggy Pacific in
18 Hours
11 January1935
Universal Newsreel
or
or
------------------------
Manuel Quezon of the Philippines
 The Philippines were a part of the colonial Spanish East Indies before
the U. S. took the islands from Spain in the Spanish-American War of 1898. A U. S. military government was succeeded
by a the U. S. civilian government in 1902. In 1934 a
delegation of Filipinos, led by Manual Quezon, successfully
lobbied the U. S. senate for independence from the U. S. The U.
S. Congress voted to grant Philippine Independence in ten years. The U. S. Congress and the president approved
a constitution drafted by the Filipinos in 1935.
New
York, N. Y. Manuel
Quezon Hails Action of the U. S. Freeing the Philippine Islands Universal
Newspaper Newsreel 1934 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_04rMRABLGw
FDR, centre, with
Quezon, right, 1935
President Signs Home Rule Bill for Philippines FDR and Manuel Quezon Washington, D. C. 23 March 1935 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAVe_RvvQUI and https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675022618_President-Franklin-Delano-Roosevelt_Home-Rule-Bill_President-Manuel-Quezon_document and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGL09jYum0o
Presidential
elections were held in the Philippines in September 1935. The two major candidates were the revolutionary hero, Emilio Aquinaldo,
and Manuel Quezon.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines
was established, replacing the U. S. government in the Philippines. The
first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Manuel Quezon, was inaugurated on 15
November 1935.
Manuel
Quezon takes the oath of office
Oath of Office Manila Inauguration film footage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DewJAijZzUo Inauguration Manila
Newsreel
15 November 1935 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzk5i0l8KnQ
The Philippines remained a self-governing protectorate of the U. S. Independence
was to be granted by the U. S. in ten years.
------------
Juan Trippe
and
Pan American Airways
Juan Terry Trippe (1899
- 1981)
Juan Trippe
Juan Trippe
Profile
Juan Terry Trippe
Aviation Hll of Fame
Narrated by Lowell Thomas
Pan American Airways (PAA) (1927)
Carl Spaatz and Henry ("Hap") Arnold
+
Aviation Corporation of America (ACA) (1927)
Juan Trippe
+
Atlantic, Gulf and Caribnean Airways (1927)
Richard Hoyt
= (1928)
Aviation Corporation of America (ACA)
(Holding company)
including (1928)
Pan American Airways
(Subsidiary)
Juan Trippe
ACA becomes Pan
American Airways (1931)
Juan Trippe
Pan American Airways becomes Pan American World Airways (1943)
---------------
The Pan American Clipper
The Pan Am Clipper, a Sikorsky S-42, flies over the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge on April
16, 1935 on the First Pan Am Survey Flight to Honolulu.
The best planes available to Pan Am at the time were the four-engine Martin M-130 and the Sikorsky S-42. The Sikorsky was
not designed for Oceanic flights but the Martin was not yet ready.
The flight caried mail from San Francisco to Honolulu. The Clipper returned to San Francisco.
The bridge, under construction,
was completed in 1937.
Home movie footage of the arrival ceremony in Pearl Harbor in April 1935:
Eventually, the Clipper flew beyond Hawaii to
Midway Island, Wake Island and Guam - the
farthest any airline had flown across the Pacific.
The Hawaiian Islands were a U. S. Territory.
Midway Island is one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Wake Island
and Guam are U. S. Territories.
The crew of the Pan Americam Airways Fourth Pacific Survey Flight is greeted by
the US Navy in Guam on 13 October 1935.
The pilot, Captain Rod Sullivan, is fourth from the right in the above
photo.
On the far right is the flight navigator, Fred Noonan. Noonan was on all
the Pacific Survey flights in 1935.
Manila, Macau
and Hong Kong were added to the route. The Philippines were a U. S. protectorate. Macau was a Portuguese colony. Hong
Kong was a British colony.
China Clipper
1936 Hollywood movie with Pat O'Brien and Humphrey Bogart
Flying scenes by Paul Mantz
Preview
Movie (1:27:27)
Pan Am chief pilot Captain Edwin Musick
Pan Am Clipper navigator Frederick Noonan
Pan American Airways
Pan American Airways documentary about the history of
the airline from its New Horizons series (1963) (23:00)
The Pan American Clippers
Newsreels of the Pan American Clippers from 1934 to 1939
(sound missing)
Pan American China Clipper Trans-Pacific Route in 1935, from San Francisco, Honolulu, Midway, Wake, Guam, Manila
and Macau.
The first Clipper airmail flight to Manila
was in November 1935. Piloted by Ed Musick, with navigator Fred Noonan, the flight took off from Alameda (a suburb of San
Francisco on San Francisco Bay) on 22 November.
The Clipper was overloaded with
fuel and mail. Captain Musick saw that the Clipper would not be able to fly over the Bay Bridge. So he flew under it.
The Clipper flew to Honolulu, Midway, Wake, Guam and
arrived in Manila on 29 November. The flight was 59 hours in the air.
The Pan Am China Clipper arrives in Manila in 1935.
Upon arrival, the crew were greeted by the president of the Philippines,
Manuel Quezon, and Captain Musick delivered the mail, including a letter from President Roosevelt to President Quezon.
Manila Roars a Welcome to China Clipper
Fox Movietone News
1935
Edwin Musick on the front cover of Time Magazine, December 2, 1935
Trans Pacific!
Pan American Air Sysems film (07:36)
China Clipper
Passenger Flight
Inaugural 1936
Without resting, the Clipper crew
picked up the mail in Manila and returned to California. The entire round-trip took just 15 days.
The first commercial Clipper flight to Manila was one year later, in October
1936, with pilot Captain Edwin Musick and navigator Fred Noonan.
Pan American China Clipper schedule from San Francisco
to Manila.
Pan American Airways Clipper Service
Excerpt from a 1930s promotional film about the Pan Am's
Pacific Clipper service
Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, Manila, Macao and Hong Kong
Film footage of the Clippers flying over San Francisco Bay
1935 - 1936
Dancing
the Clipper Hula
First performed by Louise Akea and the Royal Hawaiian Girls Glee Club at the at the Royal Hawaiian
Hotel on Waikiki Beach in June 1937.
1939 Pan Am poster with the Honolulu
Clipper.
The Pan Am Clipper to Latin America
Pan Am routes in South America in 1938
Pan Am Clipper
Flying the Lindbergh Trail
An Aerial Travelogue of the Southern Americas
Pan American Air Systems film (1937)
(33 min.)
or
or (48 min.)
or in two parts
1.
2.
Pan Am Clipper to South America
Pan Am travel documentary (late 1930s) (38:29)
All the Largest Flying Boats in History
--------------
China Clipper
Pan Am Conquest of the Pacific
Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nq330HHtr-Q
--------------------
Rowland 'Bunny' Berigan
Blue Moon
1934
Rodgers and Hart
Recorded by Frank Trumbauer and his Orchestra in New York City on November 20, 1934
Frank Trumbauer, C-Melody saxophone, directing
Bunny Berigan and Anthony Natoli, trumpets
Glenn Miller, trombone
Art Shaw, alto saxophone and clarinet
Jack Shore, alto saxophone
Larry Binyon, tenor saxophone
Roy Bargy, piano
Lionel Hall, guitar
Arthur Bernstein, bass
Johnny Williams, drums
Dick Robertson, vocal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgxDGDAAaBw
I Can't Get Started with You (1936)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyAoTLJAHOk
Stardust
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDI5kGGMF7s
----------------
Indian Love Call
Sung by Nelson Eddy and Jeannette MacDonald from the 1936 Hollywood movie Rosemarie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8KesxHBVOU
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQ6ya-qO3dk
----------------
"The Swing Era"
"The Big Band Era"
1935 - 1946
The King of Swing
Benjamin David ("Benny") Goodman
(1909 – 1986)
Radio Broadcast of Benny Goodman and
his orchestra at the Palomar Ballroom, Los Angeles, California, August 22, 1935
The engagement at the Palomar kicked off the Swing Era
Bugle Call Rag (1936)
Gene Krupa
Sing, Sing, Sing
With Gene Krupa from
Hollywood Hotel (1937) (2:11)
(5:22)
Carnegie Hall (1938)
(14:38)
(13:06)
(8:53)
Avalon (1937)
Quartet with Teddy Wilson, piano; Lionel Hampton, vibraphone; and Gene
Krupa, drums
St. Louis Blues (1938)
One O'clock Jump (1938)
Stompin' at the Savoy
Jumpin' at the Woodside (1939)
Let's Dance (1939)
Moonglow
Don't Be That Way (1938)
Smiles
One O'Clock Jump (1939)
The Benny Goodman
Story
Steve Allen portrays Benny Goodman in Hollywood movie (1955)
Previews
The Essential Benny Goodman
An album
(2:23:56)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoiDQYNXSLo
---------------------------
Glenn Miller
In the Mood
Moonlight Serneade
St. Louis Blues
A String of Pearls
Little Brown Jug
Chattanooga Choo Choo
The Best of Glenn Miller
or
---------------------
Artie Shaw
Stardust (1940)
Artie Shaw
Indian Love Call
1938
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nr5hSsNpvig
Artie Shaw
Any Old Time
With Billie Holiday
1938
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuJPBDXsACU
Artie Shaw
The Carioca
1939
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lnQOS5bteQ
Artie Shaw
Deep Purple
With Helen Forrest
1939
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnMBDW9EgCg
Artie Shaw
Lady Be Good
With Buddy Rich
1939
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQF4scwmxwM
-----------------
The Dorsey Brothers
Tommy Dorsey
Harry James
Back Beat Boogie (1939)
Ciribiribin
(1939)
Two O'Clock Jump
(1938)
One O'Clock Jump
(1941)
----------------------
Mutiny on the
Bounty
Charles Laughton as Captain Bligh
Clark Gable
as Fletcher Christian
Mamo Clark (Princess Maimiti),
Franchot Tone
and Clark Gable
Released in November 1935
2 hrs. 13 min.
The true story of mutiny on the high seas in in the South Pacific
in 1789.
Pitcairn Today
1935 documentary
"The Mutiny on the Bounty"
The Makiing of the Movie
Documentary
Primitve Pitcairn
1936 documentary
----------------
SERDTSE
Pjotr Leschenko
1935
Released in 1936
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlNu3biOozU
------------------
Jesse Owens
James Cleveland (Jesse) Owens
(1913 - 1980), track and field champion from Ohio State University
Big Ten Track and Field Meet
Ann Arbor, Michigan
May 25, 1935
Owens set three world records and tied a fourth.
And did so within 45 minutes.
Owens equaled the 100-yard dash world record with 9.4 seconds.
Owens set three world records:
The long jump in 26 feet 8 1⁄4 inches (8.13 metres)
- a record that stood for 25 years.
The 220-yard sprint in 20.3 seconds.
The 220-yard low hurdles in 22.6 seconds.
-------------------
Joe Louis
Joltin'
Joe
The Brown Bomber
Joe
Louis Barrow (1914 - 1981)
Joe Louis Barrow
was born and raised in Alabama and moved to Detroit at age 14.
Louis was
the national amateur heavyweight boxing champion in 1934.
A good boxer and
strong puncher, Louis showed the potential as a futrue world champion.
The men
behind Louis
From left to right: John Roxborough of Detroit, co-manager
(left), Julian Black of Detroit, co-manager (centre); Jack (Chappie") Blackburn, ex-boxer
and trainer (right); in Greenwood Lake, New Jersey.
From left to right: John Roxborough, Jack Blackburn,
Joe Louis, and Julian Black
Michael (Mike) Strauss
Jacobs,
Chicago boxing promoter
Louis turned
pro in 1934.
Louis was
a sensation. He was unbeatable. Within a year of turning pro, Louis was a contender for the title. Some fighters refused to
meet him.
Most of Louis's first 19 fights were in Chicago.
He fought twice in Detroit, and once in Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and Dayton, Ohio.
Louis was matched
with the former heavyweight champion, Primo Carnera, in 1935.
Joe Louis knocks down Primo Carnera.
Primo Carnera vs Joe Louis
New York
June 25, 1935
This fight was Louis's twentieth since turning pro
a year earlier and his first fight in New York.
Louis stopped Carnera in six rounds.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoCymmMGPr0
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oQsLrUxDPA
Within a year of turning pro, Louis beat top heavyweight
contenders, including ex-champ Primo Carnera, and became a top contender himself.
He was expected to challenge for the championship title soon.
Louis batters Kingfish Levinsky in one round.
Joe Louis vs. Kingfish Levinsky
Chicago
August 7, 1935
Louis stopped Levinsky in the first round.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG5mbCiaMNk
Joe Louis is the Man
Joe Pullam (1935)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMw9bPVmwRg
He's in the
Ring (Doin' the Same Old Thing)
Memphis Minnie
August 1935
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fA6F_cE71XQ
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAt0vLdIy4E
Joe Louis
Strut
Memphis Minnie
August 1935
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJbvsZ0_EUU
Joe Louis
Blues
Carl Martin
September 1935
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JH5D3CghwJI
Louis knocks out
ex-champ Max Baer in four rounds.
Max Baer vs Joe Louis
New York
September 24, 1935
Baer fought Louis three months after losing a 15-round decision and the championship title
to Jim Braddock.
Jack Dempsey was in Baer's corner.
The first two rounds were more or less even. Toward the end of the third round Louis knocked
Baer down twice. Baer was saved by the bell. Louis knocked out Baer in the fourth round.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anD_vosHws0
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOe4DYh99ww
Louis was widely
considered the best black boxer since Jack Johnson.
Louis stopped
Paulino Uzcudun in four rounds.
Joe Louis vs Paulino Uzcudun
New York
December 13, 1935
Louis stopped Uzcudun in the fourth round.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFGkezjZpv0
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENOgQpRvM6I
Joe Louis vs Charley Retzlaff
Chicago
January 17, 1936
Louis knocked out Retzlaff in the first round
Joe Louis - Top Contender
By the end of 1935, Louis was considered the top contender for
the title, held by Braddock.
The Joe Louis Stomp
Bill Coleman (1936)
Joe Louis with track star Jesse Owens in 1936. Louis and
Owens were the most famous athletes of the time.
And then Louis suffered an unexpected setback . . .
Max Schmeling, the world heavyweight champion from 1930 to 1932, was
a sports idol in Germany.
Schmeming was also a cinema heart-throb.
Scenes from the 1935 German movie Knock-Out with Schmeling
Schmeling's manager was American
Joe Jacobs
One year after losing the title to Jack Sharkey by
a controversial split-decision in 1932, Schmeling was stopped by Max Baer, at the time an up-coming contender, in ten rounds,
in 1933.
Then, later in
1934, Schmeling lost a decision to another top contender, Steve Hamas, drew against Paulino Uzcudun, and knocked out the German
heavyweight champion.
In 1935, Schmeling knocked out Hamas in a rematch and
oupointed Uzcudun.
Schmeling was then matched against Joe Louis, the undefeated
fighting sensation and the number one contender.
Schmeling was
considered a top contender too but he was not expected to beat Louis.
Most believed
Louis would easily beat Schmeling and then meet Braddock in a title fight.
Joe Louis, the top contender
vs.
Ex-champ
Max Schmeling of Germany
Yankee Stadium, New York
June 19, 1936
Fight ticket
The Ring Magazine, July 1936
Louis was a 10 to 1 favorite to beat Schmeling and the odds
were 4 to 1 that he would knock out Schmeling.
It was said that Louis, sure of victory, did not train
hard for the fight. Schmeling was considered a warm-up for a title fight with Braddock.
Schmeling
Knocks Out Joe Louis!
The first three rounds saw Louis throwing and landing more punches.
In the fourth round Schmeling stunned and wobbled Louis
with a right to the head and knocked him down with
two more rights. Louis was up quickly.
From that point on the fight was more even. But Louis's jabs
seemed to have lost their sting.
Max Schmeling knocks down Joe Louis in the fourth round.
From the fifth round on, Schmeling matched Louis's punches or outpunched him. The fight remained
more or less even with Schmeling having the edge.
From the tenth round Schmeling hit Louis often with hard rights.
Schmeling poured it on in the twelfth and knocked Louis down. Louis was counted out.
Schmeling hits Louis with a hard right.
Louis is counted out.
Schmeling knocks out Louis in round 12.
The loss was the first for Louis.
and
or
Max Schmeling with a copy of the Daily News the day
after the fight.
Max Schmeling
Interview
Movietone newsreel
Fight film poster
The Louis-Schmeling Fight
The Lion and Attila (1936)
Titelblatt des Programmhefts "Illustrierter Film Kurier" vom Boxkampf Max Schmeling gegen Joe Louis am 19. Juni 1936 in New
York.
Max Schmeling retured to Germany on the famous
German blimp Hindenberg.
Big crowds greeted him everywhere in Germany.
Max Schmeling and his wife are reunited upon Schmeling's arrival
in Germany.
Adolf Hitler, the Geman chancellor, greets the Schmelings in
early July 1936.
Crowd hails Schmeling
1936 SPORTS:
MAX SCHMELING VICTORY PARADE IN GERMANY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utnv4RrBL_g
Aufnahmen
der deutschen Boxlegende Max Schmeling
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PYwzk9hgwc
-------------
Schmeling to
fight Braddock for title
Having defeated Louis, the ex-champ Schmeling was now the top
contender and the obvious challenger for the championship title held by Jim Braddock.
Managers and promoters scheduled a Braddock-Schmeling championship
fight in New York for September 30, 1936.
Schmeling returned to the U. S. from Germany in August and went
into training.
But on 12 August, Braddock claimed
an injured hand and the fight was postponed for nine months - to June 1937.
Jim Braddock, on the left, shows Max Schmeling his injured
hand. New York, August 1936.
In New York City on 21 August 1936, champion Jim Braddock, on the left in
the above photo, and Max Schmeling, on the right, signed a contract for a title fight in New York. ten months hence, on June 3, 1937.
--------------
Joe Louis bounces back!
Two months after his humiliating defeat by Schmeling in June 1936, Louis
returned to the ring to fight ex-champ Jack Sharkey.
After losing the title to Primo Carnera in 1933, Jack Sharkey lost two fights later
in the year by decisions. He was inactive for two years. Returning to the ring in late 1935, he won two fights, lost one and drew in another. When Sharkey fought Louis in New York in August 1936 he
was well past his prime. He was never in the fight.
Newspaper account of the Louis-Sharkey bout.
Louis knocks out Jack Sharkey in third round.
Joe Louis vs Jack Sharkey
New York
August 8, 1936
Film footage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCR75MDsDOs
Radio
Broadcast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1aKJ_fMDwI
or
https://rwtfarm.podbean.com/e/joe-louis-vs-jack-sharkey-heavyweight-boxing-sports/
Sharkey retired from boxing after the fight.
In the twelve months after his defeat by Max Schmeling, Louis fought seven fights,
beating all seven opponents, six by knock-out, including Sharkey.
Joe Louis vs Al Etore
Philadelphia
September
1936
Louis knocked out Etore in the
fifth round.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xO_2745kNZw
Radio Broadcast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvYxDV6-5YU
-------------------
Jesse Owens
and the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin
August - September 1936
Jesse Owens, winner of four gold medals
in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.
Jesse Owens won the 100-metre dash, 200-metre dash, the long jump,
and his team won the 400-metre relay.
Jesse
Owens at the Berlin Olympics in 1936
Owens wins the 100-metre dash on August 3, 1936.
Owens wins the broad jump on August 4.
Owens at centre, with the gold medal for the broad jump.
Owens wins the 200-metre sprint on August 5.
Owens's team won the 4 x 100-metre relay on August 9.
OLYMPIA
Berlin Olympic Games (1936)
by Leni Riefenstahl
Part One: Fest der Völker (Festival
of the Nations)
or, with English sub-titles
Part Two: Das Fest
der Schonheit
or English version: Festival of Beauty
1936 Berlin Olympiad
The entire film by Leni Riefenstahl in English
Jesse Owens, Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler
The press claimed Hitler snubbed Owens and the other black American
victors.
But Owens claimed Hitler waved
to him and he waved back. And Owens complained also that FDR snubbed him.
The Olympic Moment
Go to the 05:00 mark of this video:
Jesse Owens in ticker tape parade in Manhattan in August 1936.
Jesse Owens displays his four gold medals
This is Your Life
Jesse Owens
1960
Jesse Owens Returns to Berlin
Documentary with Jesse Owens (1966)
Jesse Owens: Enduring Spirit
The Jesse Owens Story
1984 movie
----------------
The San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge
Constructed 1933 - 1936
Bridging San Francisco Bay
Documentary by US Steel
and
------------
The Golden Gate Bridge
Constructed 1934 - 1937
Spanning the Golden Gate, the passage from
the Pacific Ocean into San Francisco Bay
Building the Golden Gate Bridge
Documentary by Bethlehem Steel
The
Golden Gate Bridge
Documentary
Reel 1.
Reel 2.
------------------
The "Ping-Pong Flight"
New York to Wales
2 - 3 September 1936
Singer
Harry Richman and Eastern Airlines' chief pilot, Dick Merrill, set speed record from New York to England.
.
Harry Richman, left, and Dick Merrill
Harry Richman, left, and Dick Merrill, centre.
Richman's monoplane, a modified Vultee V1-A, was called Lady Peace.
The Vultee was equipped with a radio compass.
Richman filled the plane's empty spaces with tens of thousands of ping-pong balls to keep the plane afloat
if it went down at sea.
The
out-bound flight, from New York to England (south Wales), set a cross-Atlantic speed record - 18 hours
and 36 minutes.
Ping Pong Flight
The Big
Hop
British Pathé
Richman,
right, and Merrill in London
Richman and Merrill Make Record Flight Across
Atlantic
British Movietone
The Death of King George V
Sandringham House, Norfolk, England
30 January 1936
Death of His Majesty the King
British Pathé newsreel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6y1KYItRzQ
The Funeral of His Majesty King George V
British Pathé newsreel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgJJbq8FvvQ
--------------------------------
The Prince of Wales
The Prince of Wales
and heir to
the throne in 1932
I've Danced with a Man who's Danced with a Girl who's Danced with
the Prince of Wales
Prince Edward, Prnce of Wales,
1919
The Visit of their Royal Highness the Prince of Wales [Edward] and Prince
George {Duke of York] to South America.
And the opening of the of the British Trades Exhibition at Buenos Aires with the
inaugural by his HRH Prince of Wales
British Pathé
1924
and, also:
Prince
of Wales and Prince Henry were hunting daily with West Norfolk hounds during holiday visit to Sandringham, Norfolk
1925
'Prince Charming'' all Sweden is calling him.
Swedish capital goes 'all-British"
to welcome the Prince of Wales & Prince George
1932
The Poppy
Appeal
HRH
Edward, Prince of Wales
1934
King Edward VIII of England
(1894 - 1972)
Born Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David of
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Windsor from 1917), styled Prince Edward of York; called David by family and friends; eldest son
of the Duke of York, later King George V; Prince of Wales (1911 - 1936): King of the United
Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth
and Emperor of India (January 1936 - December 1936); abdicated to marry
an American commoner, Mrs. Wallis Simpson; made the Duke of Windsor by his brother and successor, King George
VI; married Wallis in France in 1937 and settled permanently in France; Governor of the Bahamas (1940 - 1945)
Proclamation of Accession of King Edward VIII
From St James's Palace
- Announcing the new King
Royal Proclamation announcing
the accession to the throne of King Edward VIII
CHANNEL | National Programme
RECORDED
| 21 January 1936
HM King Edward VIII
First broadcast to the Empire as King
March 1936
The King of England abdicates to marry a commoner
Wallis Simpson (1896 - 1986), born Bessie
Wallis Warfield; Mrs. Earl
Winfield Spencer
(1916 - 1927); Mrs. Ernest
Aldrich Simpson
(1928 - 1937); Duchess of
Windsor (1937 -
1986)
King Edward VIII of England abdicates to marry Mrs. Wallis
Simpson
King Edward
VIII's abdication
Documentary
3 clips
King Edward VIII's Abdication Speech
King Edward VIII submitted his abdication to Parliament on
December 10, 1936. Parliament endorsed it the next day. December 11, and Edward, now a prince again, announced his abdication
over the radio.
or
or
The Duke of Windsor and Walllis Warfield
on their wedding day at the Château de
Condé in France in 1937
After Wallis Simpson's divorce from Mr.
Simpson and her marriage to the Duke
of Windsor, the couple became the Duke
and Duchess of Windsor and settled
in
the Bois de Boulogne in Paris,
France.
Royal Wedding
of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor & Wallis Simpson
The
Duke and Duchess of
Windsor
in 1937
The Woman He Loved
1988 movie
Wallis &
Edward
2005
movie
Abdication
A Very British Coup
2006
documentary
I Can Hear It Now
Edward
R. Murrow ( 1948 )
King
George VI
The
younger brother of King Edward VIII and next in line of succession, the Duke of York
Albert Frederick Arthur George (1895 – 1952) of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (to 1917), of Windsor; second son of George
V; Duke of York (1920 - 1936); King
of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth (1936 - 1952); last Emperor of India (1936 - 1948); and
first Head of the Commonwealth (1949 - 1952). Coroneted in 1937. Known as Albert before his reign. He was King George VI.
His nickname was Bertie. (1936 photo)
The
Duke of York and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the Duchess of York, with their first of two children, Princess Elizabeth
(the future Queen Elizabeth II), in April 1926.
King
George VI and Queen Elizabeth with the
princesses Elizabeth
(the future Queen Elizabeth II) and Margaret in Coronation Robes, 12 May 1937
Coronation
of King George VI in 1937
Coronation 1937
The Coronation of Their Majesties King George VI and
Queen Elizabeth
The Year of the Three Kings - 1936
On
Time To Remember with Michael Redgrave
-------------------
The BBC Dance Orchestra
Directed by Henry Hall
The Glory of Love (1936)
Sung by Dan Donavan
-----------------------
Xavier Cugat
Begin the Beguine (1935)
Jalousie (1935)
Perfidia (1939)
Lady in Red (1935)
-----------------
FATS WALLER
Christopher Columbus
April 8, 1936
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4T3NtEB_4qA
--------------
Europe Heading Towards War
1936
Germans march into Rhineland
March 1936
-------------------------------
Pearl Buck
The Good Earth
Paul Muni and Louise Rainer
January 1937
--------
Shangrila
Lost Horizon
Frank Capra
March 1937
2:13:13
--------------------
Luftschiff Zeppelin 129 Hindenburg
Lakehurst, New Jersey
6 May 1937
LZ 129 Hindenberg over
Manhattan on 6 May 1937
The Hindenburg took fire 200 feet above the ground as
it approached the mooring post at the Naval Air Station in Lakehurst, New Jersey, in the evening of 6 May 1937
Actual Zeppelin Crash!
British Pathé news special
Tragedy of the Hindenburg
British Pathé newsreel
Zeppelin Explodes
Scores Dead
Universal Newsreel
Hindenberg Explodes!
A Pathégrams Release by Eugene W. Castle
The Hindenburg Mystery
Episode from the documentary series In Search Of with Leonard
Nimoy (1977)
The Hindenburg
Episode from the documentary series Mega Disasters (2004)
or
Rigid Airships
Lighter-than-Air History
Documentary
Hindenburg
Dokumentarfilm
--------------------------
Anglo-American Goodwill Coronation Flight
Lockheed Electra Model 10E, called the Daily Express.
Dick Merril and Jack Lambie
Anglo-American Goodwill Coronation Flight
8 - 14 May 1937
Merrill and Lambie flew a Lockheed Electra Model 10, modified for long-distance
flights, round-trip trans-Atlantic to
bring photos of the Hindenberg disaster to England and take movies of the coronation of King George VI back to the U. S.
Merrill Flies Across Atlantic for Coronation
May 1937
Dick Merrill and Jack Lambie Take Off from New York
May 1937
The Poughkeepsie Eagle-News,
May 1937
Merrill
and Lambie Fly Round Trip Across Atlantic
May 1937
Dick Merrill, left, and Jack Lambie at the White House in Washington, D. C. on 15 May 1937. Merrill
and Lambie flew
to Washington to present President Roosevelt a copy of a London newspaper describing the coronation.
Atlantic Flight
Hollywood movie with Dick Merrill and Jack Lambie
The movie features the Lockheed Electra Model 10 Merrill
and Lambie flew in May 1937
Released in August 1937 (59 min.)
or
Dick Merrill (1894 - 1982) in 1938 photo
Biographical sketch
-----------------------
The James
J. Braddock - Max Schmeling Heavyweight Championship
Fight
Agreed, postponed, rescheduled, affirmed, not held
Champion James J. Braddock, on the right, and
challenger Max Schmeling, on the left, shake hands in New York City on December 11, 1936.
After winning the championship title in 1935, Jim Braddock was expected to fight the top contender in 1936.
After
Max Schmeling beat Joe Louis, Braddock was expected to defend the champioship title against Schmeling, the
top contender.
A
fight was agreed and scheduled for 30 September 1936 in New York.
But a few days into
training, Braddock claimed a hand injury and the fight was postponed.
Braddock and Schmeling
signed a contract later in August 1936 to fight in New York on June 3, 1937.
Most felt Schmeling would beat Braddock.
Although Joe Louis
had been knocked out by Schmeling, many thought Louis had suffered an off-night. Louis remained a big draw and there was talk
of a Braddock-Louis title fight.
Braddock signed a
contract again in December 1936 - to affirm his commitment to fight Schmeling, as stated before, in
New York on June 3, 1937. A clause in the contract forbade Braddock from fighting Joe Louis before he defended the title
against Schmeling.
--------
Joe Louis
vs
Bob Pastor
New York
January 29, 1937
Bob Pastor was a
quick and tireless boxer. He frustrated Louis and held him to the ten-round limit. He danced about Louis, evaded Louis’s
punches, and tied him up after jumping in with a punch. He traded punches with Louis at close quarters. Pastor was not affected
by Louis’s punches. It was a remarkable performance against the fighting sensation Louis.
Many thought Pastor
won. But Louis landed more and harder punches. The judges and the referee believed Louis outboxed Pastor and were unanimous
in scoring the fight for Louis.
The crowd booed the
decision.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYQ4PcWBnYk
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j_TUJfS1lQ
--------
It
was said that the promoter Mike Jacobs feared that Schmeling would beat Braddock and the Nazis would deny Louis, a black man,
a rematch with Schmeling and a shot at the championship title.
Jacobs offered Braddock a deal that he could not refuse - part of the proceeds from Jacobs' sports promotions in Chicago and 10% of Louis's purse for
the next ten years.
So, in February 1937, Braddock signed
a contract to fight Joe Louis in Chicago on June 22.
Champion James J. Braddock and challenger Joe Louis sign
contracts 0n 19 February 1937 to fight in Chicago on June 22, 1937.
Braddock and Louis shake hands
after signing a cintract in Chicago on
19 February 1937.
But Braddock was scheduled to defend the title against
Max Schmeling in New York on June 3 - 16 days before his fight with Louis.
Fight poster for
the Braddock-Schmeling heavyweight championship title fight, scheduled for June 3, 1937 in New York.
The Braddock - Schmeling Title Bout
The Fight That Never Happened
Max Schmeling appeared at the pre-fight weigh-in
in New York on June 3, 1937 for his fight with Braddock that night. But Braddock did not show.
Ghosts Stalk in Empty Arena for "Phantom
Fight"
Universal
Newsreel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psBQ_kXBp5I
Thus, Braddock
defended his title against Joe Louis instead of Max Schmeling, the number one contender.
Sunday News, New York, June
20, 1937
James J. Braddock, Champion
vs.
Joe Louis, Challenger
Heavyweight championship title fight
Chicago, June 22, 1937
Louis was
a 3 to 1 favorite to beat Braddock.
Fight ticket
Braddock knocked Louis down in the first round (in the photo above). The knockdown
gave Louis fans a scare. Was it the Schmeling fight all over again?
Louis in a crouch
But Louis outboxed Braddock and knocked him down and out in the eighth round to win the world heavyweight championship.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5impNKGQkC4
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycUOUvuQ9V8
Highlights
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NydmgxfP85Q
Braddock drops to the canvas
Louis
knocks out champion James J. Braddock in the eighth round in Chicago in 1937.
The referee declares Louis the winner.
Daily News, New York
At age 23, Louis was the youngest ever to win the heavyweight
championship and remained so until 1956 when 21-year-old Floyd Patterson won it. In 1986, 20-year-old Mike Tyson won
the title and remains the youngest ever to win it.
Fight film advertisement
Movietone newsreel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKt5TD-9X8U
The Real Cinderella Man
National Geographic documentary about Jim Braddock
Joe Louis, Champion
Joseph Louis Barrow
(1914 - 1981), world heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949; won 66 fights,
52 by knockout, lost 3 fights, and fought one no decision-no contest.
Champions Joe Louis and Jesse Owens
Joe Louis and wife Marva Trotter
At long
last, Louis was champion, but he said he could not consider himself champion until he beat Max Schmeling.
-----------------
Caravan
Barney Bigard (1936)
Duke Ellington (1937)
or
or
-----------------
The Last Flight
Amelia Earhart
Amelia Earhart, American aviatrix - Lady Lindy, Queen
of the Skies, First Lady of the Air - with her low-wing twin-engine Lockheed
Model 10-E Electra mono-plane. (1936
photo.)
  
Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan Noonan was the best navigator of the day.
On
the morning of 2 July 1937, Earhart and Noonan took off in a twin-engine Lockheed Model 10 Electra from Lae in New Guinea for tiny
remote Howland Island in the middle of the central Pacific Ocean.
The direct non-stop flight was almost entirely over water and expected to take about
18 to 19 hours.
They never reached the island.
Ashland (Kentucky) Daily Independent,
3 July 1937
No trace
of the flyers or their plane has ever been found.
Amelia Earhart’s Last Flight
For the story, click here
---------------
Song
of Old Hawaii
Cliff Edwards
Sweet Leilani
Cliff Edwards (1937)
Bing Crosby (1937)
Moon of
Manakura
Dorothy Lamour (1937)
Blue Hawaii
Bing Crosby (1937)
British Dance Bands
1937
Ev'rything I Do
What Will I Tell My Heart?
Sweet
Leilani
Seal It With A Kiss
A Melody For Two
I've Got Beginner's Luck
Carroll Gibbons
They Can't Take That Away From Me
Let's Call the Whole Thing Off
They All Laughed
1937
Rosalie
A song by Cole Porter
1937
Artie Shaw & His Orchestra
Tony Pastor, vocal
or
In the Still of the Night
A song by Cole Porter
1937
Carroll Gibbons, vocal
Benny Goodman
Sing, Sing, Sing
July 1937
-------------------
Edwin Musik
America's # 1 pilot killed in air crash at sea
Pan Am Clipper crashes off Samoa
10 January 1938
The Tragedy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P77IUGQzN30
Ed Musik
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6pPkg6Wspg
The search fir the Samoan Clipper
2019
About the search
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWbnLLK4k60&t=21s
Nautilus Live
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AY9hlcDvoh4&t=3s
Pan Am Foundation Chairman Ed Trippe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIQVisgb_4w&t=24s
-----------------------
Edgar Hayes
In the Mood
1938
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMPtIaTC3aU
Stardust
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P30_HWuyYzs
Once in a While
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMJN0LGPDTs
----------------
Indian Love Call
Nelson Eddy and Jeannette MacDonald
From the movie Rose Marie
1938
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8KesxHBVOU
Artie Shaw
Indian Love Call
1938
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nr5hSsNpvig
---------------
Martians
Land in New Jersey
Radio
Play stirs Panic
October
30, 1938
8:00
p. m.
Orson
Welles in The War of the Worlds in 1938.
War
of the Worlds
The
Mercury Theatre on the Air
CBS
Radio program
Orson
Welles
31
October 1938
New
York Times, October 31, 1938
Boston Daily Globe. October 31,
1938
New
York Daily News, October 31, 1938
The Night America Trembled
Westinghouse Studio One
With Edward
R. Murrow
1957
Radio Station's 'Attack by Mars' Panics Thousands
Universal
International News
Orson
Welles interviewed by journalists the day after
the broadcast
and
Orson Welles
On
the radio broadcast
The Day that Panicked America
Documentary
War of the Worlds
Documentary
from the American Experience series about the 1938 radio broadcast
------------------------
Seabiscuit
Seabiscuit (1933 - 1947)
Seabiscuit
Seabiscuit with trainer Tom Smith, left and owner Charles Howard, right
Jockey George Woolf with Seabiscuit
Match Race of the Century
Seabiscuit against War Admiral, the 1937 Triple Crown winner
Pimlico Race Track, Baltimore Maryland
November 1, 1938
War Admiral a four to one favorite to win.
The Story of Seabiscuit
1949 Hollywood movie
Preview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QApjcJDTqI
Seabiscuit
Hollywood movie (2003) (2:20:26)
The horse, the owner, the trainer and the jockey
https://www.cda.pl/video/127521225
Seabiscuit
American Experience
documentary
Preview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rwZEy48qIk
--------------
The Scarecrow, the Tin Man, Dorothy and the Cowardly Lion in the Land of Oz
The Wizard of Oz
Hollywood movie released in August 1939
With Judy Garland and Ray Bolger
The movie:
Part 1.
Part
2.
-----------------
Larry Clinton
My Reverie
(1938)
or
With Peggy Mann
Deep
Purple (1939)
With Peggy Mann
With Beatrice Wain
---------------
Reds and
Nazis
Neutrality Pact
Germany and USSR agree to Ten-Year Treaty of Non-Agression
Moscow, 23 August 1939
Moscow, 24 August 1939. On the left is German foreign minister
Joachim von Ribbentrop. At centre is the Soviet leader, Marshal Josef Stalin. On the right is Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav
Molotov.
The Neutrality Pact is also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop
Pact.
--------------
War in Europe
Germany invades Western Poland
1 September
1939
Los Angeles Times, September 1939
Slovakia invades southern Poland
Britain and France, allied to Poland, declare
war on Germany
3 September
4 September
1939
Britain's declaration of war drew British commonwealth countries,
dominions and colonies into the war. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Nepal, South Africa provided
troops. France was joined by her colonies. The U. S. remained neutral.
Hitler's new
emblem
L’Ouest-Éclair, 4
septembre 1939
--------------
Throughout the 1930s the Soviets and Mongolians fought the
Japanese in skirmishes along the Mongolian and Manchurian borders. In the summer of 1939, the Soviets and Mongolians defeated
Japanese forces.
Japs and Soviets agree to a Cease-Fire
15/16 September 1939
Border skirmishes with Japanese end.
--------------
Soviets invade Eastern Poland
17 September 1939
Chicago Sunday Tribune, September 1939
German and Soviet commanders meet at the Demarcation Line in
Poland in September 1939.
The Secret Protocol
1945 cartoon
The Germans and the Soviets planned to divide Eastern Europe. The
Non-Agression Pact included a clause, not publicly announced, that
divided Eastern Europe into Soviet and German "spheres of influence" subject
to "territorial and political rearrangement".
German and Soviet intentions were not unexpected. Some details of
the clause were passed on privately.
The clause, known as the Secret Protocol, was made public in 1945.
Eastern Europe was to be divided as shown on the map on the left below.
The clause was amended in a subsequent agreement, the Gernan-Soviet
Frontier Treaty, on 28 September 1939, as shown on the map on the right above. Lithuania was reassigned to the Soviets.
-----------------------
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La Poloma
Rosita Serrano
1939
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Q01to-5p9w
--------------------
Django Reinhardt
and
Stephane Grapelli
J'attendrai Swing (1939)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZBPcXTXPEA
Georgia on My Mind (1936)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LPPs7CGrBw
I'll See You in My Dreams
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNRHHRjep3E
Stardust
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCJ5E8AnlWk
Night and Day
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT8sQurzGLI
Sweet Georgia Brown
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpO5xIltlyU
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Eleanor Powell
1939 Hollywood movie
Honolulu
I ll Take Tallulah
1942
Buddy Rich, Eleanor Powell, Tommy Dorsey, Ziggy Elman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrjFlF1G3lY
Begin the Beguine
Fred Astaire and Eleanor Powell
1940
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Snssx8G68T8
Broadway Melody
Fred Astaire and Eleonor Powell
1940 Hollywood movie
Begin the Beguine (Cole Porter)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Snssx8G68T8
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I ' ve Got You Under My Skin
TONY PASTOR
1940
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SqO2s-VIyU
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OVERNIGHT TO HAWAII
PAN AM CLIPPER PROMOTIONAL FILM
1940
FLYING ROUTES TO THE ORIENT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tneNPSEy17U
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CITIZEN KANE
Movie with Orson Welles and Joseph Cotton
1941
The life and legacy of a newspaper baron
Part 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74ol6mKC3aY
Part 2.
N. A.
Another upload
Part 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9HybvMcGL8
Part 2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FejcNO2F2_4
------------------
Joe Louis
Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves with the Emancipation
Proclamation in January 1863. Subsequently, most blacks in America voted for Lincoln's party, the Republican Party, in elections.
The Wall Street stock market crash of 1929
resulted in the Great Depression. Many investors were ruined. Many workers were without work.
The offer of relief by Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
the Democratic Party candidate
for president in 1932, led blacks in America to vote for the Democratic Party. Since 1932, most blacks have voted for
Democrats (although a vast number voted Republican in the 1980 and 1984 presidential elections).
Joe Louis and Jesse Owens, however, were
Republican. In 1940, Louis supported the Republican Party candidate, Wendel
Willkie,
who ran against the incumbent president, Roosevelt,
a Democrat.
The Bum of the Month Club
After winning the championship in 1937, Louis defended the title
eleven times in the next three years.
Louis was considered incomparable and unbeatable.
Europe was at war and promoter
Mike Jacobs expected the US to be drawn into it soon. Louis would have to do his bit. As in the Great War, the big-time fight
game would be put on hold for the duration. There was not much time left to make big money.
From December 1940 to
May 1941 Jacobs staged a tour of six fights in different cities with Louis - a title defense every
month.
None of the opponents had a chance but the tour offered fans
an opportunity to see Louis.
Sportswriters dubbed the tour "The Bum of the Month Club". In fact, however,
the challengers were actually top fighters and did much better against Louis than expected.
Three of the fights:
Joe Louis
vs. Al McCoy
Boston
December 18, 1940
McCoy could not come out for the sixth round.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZ1Obc0cm70
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyyY0f0ELtw
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKTEkyQF7Ic
Joe Louis
vs Abe Simon
Detroit
March 21, 1941
Louis stopped Simon in the 13th round.
NA
Joe Louis
vs Buddy Baer
Washington, D. C.
May 23, 1941
This fight was a slugfest.
Baer knocked Louis out of the ring in the first round.
Louis knocked Baer down three times in the sixth round. The bell rang
after the second knockdown but nobody heard it above the excited crowd. Louis knocked Baer down again. This time
Baer was out cold. But Baer was saved by the bell. Baer's cornermen climbed into the ring and carried him back to his corner.
Baer's
cornermen complained that Louis knocked Baer out after the bell. Baer could not come out for the seventh. He sat
on his stool. His cornermen refused to leave the ring. They insisted Louis had fouled Baer.
The referee disqualified Baer.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpMxZJAP5D8
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frqw_GO0LLk
So
ended the tour.
However, more of Louis's opponents were made members of the The Bum of the
Month Club by the press.
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King Joe
Paul Robeson with Count Basie and his Orchestra
1941
Part 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5SV_-J3-ng
Part 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9s6Wqg0siM
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Billy
Conn
Joe Louis
vs Billy Conn
Billy Conn, the
world light-heavyweight champion, was considered the best fighter among the top contenders.
New York
June 18, 1941
Billy Conn challenged Louis for the heavyweight title.
Conn outboxed Louis for much of the fight and was ahead on all
three cards when Louis knocked him out in the 13th.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HbHEY8Gqh4
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zOuvmZXiHg
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjmMUex6NxU
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0szRJ28cAG0
--------
In 1938, Louis bought a farm 25
miles from Detroit. In this photo, taken in January 1942, Louis is with two of his horses.
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Lockheed
Look to Lockheed for Leadership
Lockheed documentary (1941)
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Americans join the Royal Air Force
A Yank in the RAF
Hollywood movie with Tyrone Power
released in September 1941
Preview
Movie
While war raged in Europe the U. S. remained neutral.
From September 1939 to December 1941 many Americans went to Canada
to join the British.
Some joined the Royal Air Force.
Enblem of the Eagle Squadron
of the Royal Air Force, formed
by Americans in 1940.
Eagle Squadron
Newsreels
Eagle Squadron March
Airmen from other countries
join the RAF
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The King of the White Elephant
Film produced by Pridi Productions
Story by Pridi Banomyong
1940
Chakra, the King of Ayodhya, in the 1500s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiu7-X0Kh_U
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