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Continued from previous page, 1. Earth
I wanna be like you
King Louie
The Jungle Book
Disney
1967
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ud5J7Ye332I
Horrible Histories
The Ages of Stone Song
The Savage Stone Age
2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0GBVxUBvlw
Archbishop Ussher
James Ussher (1581 – 1656), Anglican Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop
of Armagh from (1625 and 1656), in painting before 1680.
Annales Veteris Testamenti, a prima mundi origine deducti. Published in 1650.
First page
The Annals of the Old Testament, From the beginning of the World.
English translation of the Latin Annals (1658).
In the beginning God created Heaven and Earth, Gen. 1, v. 1. Which
beginning of time, according to our Chronologie, fell upon the entrance of the night preceding the twenty third day of Octob.
in the year of the Julian Calendar 710.
Epistle to the Reader
I deduce that the time from the creation until midnight, January 1,
1 AD was 4003 years, seventy days and six hours.
-----------------
Charles
Darwin
Charles Robert
Darwin (1809 - 1882),
English
naturalist and geologist
Darwin's
theory of evolution:
All
species are descended from a few common ancestors. Through a struggle for existence there is a process of natural selection that results in a branching pattern
of evolution.
HMS
Beagle, the British ship in which Darwin made a five-year voyage around the world.
The Beagle set out from Plymouth on 27 December 1831 and returned to England on 2 October 1836.
Darwin's
five-year voyage round the world in the HMS Beagle (1831 - 1836)
Galopagos
Islands of Ecuador
On
the Origin of Species (1859)
Origial
full title:
On
the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
The
Descent of Man, and Selection in
Relation
to Sex (1871)
The Expression
of the Emotions in
Man
and Animals (1872)
The Voyage of Charles Darwin
Documentary recounts the life of Darwin
7 episodes totalling approximately
7 hours
Part 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hoDaxVIVPE
Part 2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG_PsHFHGDQ
Part 3.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jACHjo_zwKU
Part 4.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPOEzFcNb-E
Part 5.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SMxSzsgNa4
Part 6. and 7.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXY-EWZU5qo
The Voyage that Shook the World
Documentary (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98WIGM0kwhU
Evolution
First three parts of a 7-part PBS Documentary
Part 1.
Darwin's Dangerous Idea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCOc7Xqj-kQ
Part 2. Great Transformations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5DaOlpXtmQ
Part 3. Extinction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlgnHOSEyFU
Darwin's Struggle
The Evolution of The Origin of Species
BBC documentary on Darwin's 1859 book
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSVsXrAJEuc
The Genius of Charles Darwin
3-part documentary with Richard Dawkins (2008)
Part 1. Life, Darwin
& Everything
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptV9sNezEvk
Part
2. The Fifth Ape
(The five apes are the Orangutan, Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Bonobo and Man)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shkWhBVfe3o
Part
3. God Strikes Back
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cARUZyBJtdY
Evolution - What Darwin
Never Knew
NOVA PBS Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYBRbCLI4zU
Did
Darwin get it wrong?
Documentary discusses two scientific theories
of evolution
- the view of gradual evolution over
a long period and
- the view of long static periods ending with sudden and dramatic evolutionary change
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtYxfmt0svA
Evolution
Discussion
on the BBC radio weekly Thursday programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
15
April 1999
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00545gl
Galapagos
Three-part
BBC documentary with David Attenborough
Episode 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rec-MXpu0ps
Episode 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oB3hDSILRA
Episode 3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T0nagdeOus
Galápagos
Three-part
2006 BBC documentary
1. Born of Fire
Part 1 is divided into five parts; the
first part has been Removed from You Tube
2. Islands that Changed
the World
3. Forces of Change
------------
Thomas
Henry Huxley
Thomas Henry Huxley
(1825 - 1895)
English biologist,
advovate of Darwin's
theory of evolution
----------------
Alfred Russel
Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace
(1823 - 1913),
English naturalist,
geographer,
anthropologist
and biologist
The
Forgotten Voyage
The Story of
Alfred Russel Wallace
British documentary (1:12:56)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1eQ6DadodA
The Wallace Line
Map of the line
drawn by Wallace in 1859 to note the division of Asiatic and Australian species.
Wallace's
Line
Introduction
2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77l1ZCDing0
Defining the meaning of Wallace's Line
Ernst
Mayr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKZBAZKnX6g
Bill
Bailey's Jungle Hero
Two-part
BBC documentary about Alfred Russel Wallace with Bill Bailey
Part
1. Wallace in Borneo
Part 2.
Wallace in the Spice Islands
The Forgotten Story of Alfred Russel Wallace
Excerpt from a 2013
documentary by David Attenborough
How They Differed
Unveiling
Wallace's Statue
Natural
History Museum
London
Bill
Bailey and David Attenborough
2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3cR26RDOC4
Alfred Russel Wallace
A journey
into adventure, discovery, and evolution
Lecture
by Greg Bole
U.
of British Columbia, Canada
2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAOxyblM7Wc
Geologic Time Scale
Origin of Life
Stromatolites in Shark Bay, Western Australia
Stromatolites are the earliest
fossil evidence of life.
Stromatolites are sedimentary rocks formed by blue-green
algae.
Classifying and Charting Life
Trilobite (Anomalocaris)
http://www.trilobites.info/anohome.html
http://www.trilobites.info/triloclass.htm
First Life
Documentary with David Attenborough
Part 1. Arrival
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVd3W3zmSzM
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xR-yMiyquG4
---------
Fossil of a trilobite
Fossils
Discussion on the weekly BBC radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
22 March 2001
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547d3
----------------
The
Cambrian Explosion
The Cambrian Explosion/Period
Discussion on the weekly BBC radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg, 17 February 2005
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9bg
------------
A worm, like the velvet worm above, was one
of the first inverterbrates to move onto land
First Life
Documentary with David Attenborough
Part 2. Conquest
A worm with many legs, similar to the velvet worm or centipede, was
one of the first invertebrates to
move from the sea onto land - 540 mya
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsI8OgJNYAA
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3CatRS4Hrw
Which animal was the first to go from water to land?
Fish evolved into amphibians that
walked on land with fins and feet.
The Devonian Period: 419.2 MYA to 358.9 MYA
Fish like Tiktaalik crawled on land with their fins
Fins evolved into feet. Acanthostega and Ichthyostega walked on land about 360 mya.
The Pedapis, which looked something like the Ichthyostega (about 1.5 metre long) in the picture above, is
the earliest known animal to have climbed out of the sea and onto
land.
New Frontiers
Part 3 of the six-part 2005 Canadian-Japanese documentary series Miracle
Planet narrated by Christopher Plummer
The 260 footsteps of a four-legged amphibian
found on the west coast of Ireland in 1992 are the earliest known fossil traces of a
creature going from sea to land . . .'
The Pedapis was the first known animal to go from the sea to land - perhaps 348 mya . . .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgPAd9B6C_s
The Missing Link
2001 BBC Horizon documentary
How fish grew legs and climbed onto land
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJIQreNwP2o (42:45)
and a longer version, by
NOVA (52:55)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ny0wyTlyfsc
Lost Worlds
4-part documentary series with David Attenborough
Part 1. Magic in Rocks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGS0pJHY4XY
Part 2. Putting Flesh on Bones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZdHjF2nmKs
For parts 3 and 4, see below
---------------
Rise of Animals
BBC documentary with David Attenborough
Episode
1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDU4H9ES2sM
Episode
2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nS3F1phYvUA
The Evolution of Mammals
Two-part instructional video by a blogger
Episode
1. Meet the Synapsids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kZVPpMxyI8
Episode
2. The Complex Road to Endothermy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2SoxS-Es9U
Both episodes, following automatically:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kZVPpMxyI8&list=PL52505EA403F71B6F
PL3: MAMMAL EVOLUTION:
1. PELYCOSAUR THRU CYNODONT
SYNTHESIS 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=buWlUWeIjJI&list=PLA14EA5CF7E0208C2
2. PELYCOSAUR THRU CYNODONT
SYNTHESIS 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nI3klX-xbHQ&list=PLA14EA5CF7E0208C2
3. ADVANCED CYNODONTS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzIoyMD8UK8&list=PLA14EA5CF7E0208C2
The Five Major Mass Extinctions
99.9 % of all species that ever existed are today extinct; many perished
in five mass extinctions
The
Five Major Mass Extinctions
1. Ordovician or Late Ordovician or Ordovician-Silurian (c. 438 mya) - 100
families extinct - more than half of the bryozoan and brachiopod species extinct
Caused
by a dropping sea level as glaciers formed, followed by a rising sea level as glaciers melted
2. Late Devonian (ca. 360 mya) - 30% of animal families and 60% of marine genera extinct
Cause
unknown; possibly a drop in temperature caused by glaciation; and possibly meteorites
3. End of the Permian or Permian-Triassic (c. 245 mya) - Trilobites,
50% of animal families, 95% of all species, many trees extinct
Cause
unknown; possibly a comet or asteroid, or a volcanic eruption perhaps caused by the comet or asteroid, and the spread
of lava from the Siberian Traps, causing a drop in oxygen in the sea
4. Late Triassic or End of Triassic (c. 208 mya) - 35% of animal families, most early dinosaur families, most
synapsids extinct; but many mammals survive
Caused
by the eruption of lava in the Atlantic that broke Pangaea apart and opened the Atlantic and perhaps led to a rise in temperature.
5. Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary (c. 65 mya) - half of life, including dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs,
mosasaurs, ammonites, many families of fishes extinct; but many mammals survive
Caused probably by the impact of a big asteroid in the Gulf of Mexico or the spread
of basalt lava from volcanic eruptions in the Deccan Traps of central India.
The Permian Mass Extinction
-
251 mya
The Third and Biggest Mass Extinction
The Gorgonopsian (271 - 252 MYA)
was five to eleven feet long.
Gorgonopsian skeleton
Description:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6HLIHew0Tk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXXdRdsKcCE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jWcjVEWYMY
The Gorgonopsian was
wiped out by the Permian Mass Extinction
PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION
The Day the Earth Nearly Died
Nova Horizon documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ps0h_oXQkQ
The Great Dying
Episode 5 of
the documentary series Animal Armageddon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVz7a8Kkg1Y
The Permian-Triassic Boundary
Discussion on the weekly BBC radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
2007
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007r285
Permian-Triassic boundary 252 MYA
Permian - Triassic boumdary
Dinosaurs
248 - 65.5 million years ago
The Earth 220 MYA, in the Late Triassic Period.
Pterosaur
228 - 66 mya
The Pterosaur, a reptile, the first known flying vertebrate, lived 228 to 66 million years ago
A fossil of an early long-tail Pterosaur in
Bavaria
The large short-tail Pterosaur ruled the sky 80 million years ago
The giant Pterosaur
Quetzalcoatlus lived 100 - 66 MYA.
Flying with Dinosaurs
BBC documentary with David Attenborough (1984)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVP-CnHYli0
Flight of the Pterosaurs
Episode
from the documentary series Paleoworld (1994)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzFCIc2gfJk
Flying Monsters
Documentary
with David Attenborough (2011)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEqTKNc3hA4
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRpCKNyRz_o
Pterosaurs
Episode
from the documentary series Sky Monsters
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zm5cgprhRM
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVt2z4nQoFw
Plesiosaurus
208.5
- 66 mya
 Earth in the Late Jurassic Period 161 - 146 MYA
Brontosaurus
157.3 - 145 MYA
Brontosaurus
Brontosaurus skeleton
Stegasaurus
155 - 150 MYA
Stegasaurus
Stegasaurus skeleton
Early Cretaceous Period 146 - 100 MYA
Sarcosuchus
145 to 93 MYA
Sarcosuchus
Argentinosaurus
100 - 90 MYA
Believed to be the biggest dinosaur ever.
130 feet long
Artist's conception of Argentinosaurus
Reconstructed skeleton of Argentinosaurus
New Giants
Episode 5 of BBC documentary series Planet Dinosaur
Faulty upload
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=914iENJsHMA
Which dinosaur was the biggest?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-i0dMOJWek
Comparing dinosaur sizes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRiecAmGWHU
The
Earth in the Late Cretaceous Period (Turonian) 90 MYA
Parasaurolophus
76.5 - 73 MYA
Parasaurolophus
Parasaurolophus skeleton
Tyrannosaurus
Rex
83.6 - 65.5 MYA
Tyrannosaurus Rex
T-Rex skeleton
The Tyrannosaurus
Rex
The Tyrannosaurus Rex
Deinosuchus
80 - 73 MYA
Mystery
of the Jurassic
2002
BBC documentary on the evolution of the dinosaurs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKnuG1HjNJg
-------------
What happened to
the dinosaurs?
The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Mass Extinction - 65.5 mya
The Fifth and Last Major Mass
Extinction
There are numerous theories on the cause of the last major mass extincton and the disappearance
of the dinosaurs.
The
most popular theory is that a giant meteor crashed into the Earth and caused a mass extinction, wiping out all the dinosaurs,
65 million years ago.
Scientists
point to a 65-million-year-old geological strata (called the KT boundary) that indicates a cataclysm at the time. There
are dinosaur fossils below this level but not above it.
KT boundary
However,
since mammals and dinosaurs inhabited the earth at the same time and many mammals survived, along with many smaller reptiles,
like crocodiles, the meteorite theory must be reconsidered.
There are other theories: extreme volcanic activity; marine regression; extreme
climate change with increasingly hot or cold temperatures; world-wide fires; disease; all of these . . .
Deccan Trap - Volcanoes
Marine Regression
Cooling temperatures
Extreme heat
Fires across the world
Disease
A
blogger lists the various theories and explains the KT boundary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZTK3UqXhP4
The KT
boundary, by another blogger:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5f238uDzvI&feature=related
KT
Boundary
Discussion on the weekly Thursday BBC radio programme In Our Time hosted
by Melvyn Bragg
2005
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9d0
Extinction and Rebirth
Part IV
of the 6-part 2005 documentary series Miracle Planet (in HD) narrated by Christopher Plummer
The
documentary considers the possibility that extreme heat and a low oxygen level made life impossible for dinosaurs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAGGQ9gzbx0
Dinosaur
Part 3 of 4 of the documentary series Lost
Worlds with David Attenborough
The documentary suggests that a change in the earth's climate,
with a big gradual increase in temperature over
a long time, eventually made life
impossible for huge land animals.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJMeX4aPQGc
Dinosaur Doomsday
Documentary
from the Paleoworld
series
(in 3 clips)
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LOxhrS3fIc&feature=related
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqMbVSG-A9c&feature=relmfu
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPyJerSPb7E&feature=relmfu
The last day in the life of the last dinosaur
Documentary plays up the meteorite theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzvDat00ZzU
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMzfNTu6SCc
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gqq2rgOmi8
What
really killed the dinosaurs?
BBC documentary discounts the meterorite theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g08QOlkEmUQ
Dinosaur
Secrets - Armaggedon
Documentary
mentions several dinosaur extinction theories
2 parts:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xh8ZBrHsnY
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_5OGojMq_Q&feature=relmfu
Rite of Spring
Segment from Walt Disney's animated movie Fantasia (1940) with Igor Stavinsky's Rite of Spring
(1913) by the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski (1939)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiAFUJ4Shao
Catastrophism
Discussion on the weekly
BBC radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
2014
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03s9tlz
Some dinos had feathers
The Dinosaur that fooled the world
2002 BBC Horizon documentary discusses
the theory that dinosaurs survived the cataclysm and evolved into birds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUuhhe0VMr8&feature=related
Changyuraptor, a non-avian dinosaur
Feathered Dinosaurs
Discussion on the weekly Thursday BBC redio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
With
guests Mike Benton, Steve
Brusatte and Maria
McNamara
26 October 2017
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b099v33p
Did Tyrannosaurus Rex have feathers?
Tyrannosaurus Rex with feathers
Some
maintain that the T-Rex had feathers. Others maintain that the T-Rex had scales.
Pre-historic Monsters Revealed
Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6zqDwu-dy0
The Earth 65 MYA, at the end
of the Cretaceous Period and the Mesozoic Era.
-------------------
Time scale since the extinction of the dinosaurs.
The Cenozoic
Era - 65 MYA to Present
------------------
Rare Glimpses
Part 4 of 4 of the documentary series Lost Worlds with David Attenborough
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgNavM1BOLU
------------------------------
Tourist Souvenirs
from Glenrose, Texas
Richard Dawkins
considers the claim that humans coexisted with dinosaurs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvHII6Vv06s
---------------
The only dinosaur thought to survive the dinosaur extinction is the avian dinosaur, or feathered dinosaur
- the bird.
Many reptiles survived - like alligators and crocodiles.
Lizards and snakes survived.
Frogs and salamanders survived.
Turtles survived.
Crabs survived.
Sharks and many
other fish survived.
The Platypus survived.
Mammals were small when dinosaurs ruled the earth. Many survived the extinction.
Mammals grew and have dominated the earth since.
----------------
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (P. E. T. M.)
56 MYA
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)
Discussion
on the weekly Thursday BBC radio programme In
Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg
With
guests Dame Jane Francis, Mark Maslin
and Tracy Aze
16
March 2017
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hpmmf
Unearthing Ancient Climate Change
PETM
Uploaded by the American Museum of Natural
History in 2013
"Fifty-five million years
ago, a sudden, enormous influx of carbon flooded the ocean and atmosphere for reasons that are still unclear to scientists.
"What is clear is that as
atmospheric CO2 content increased, the average global surface temperature rose 5°C to 9°C (9°F to 16°F).
"The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
(PETM), as this global warming event is known, lasted upwards of 170,000 years and had dramatic impacts on living things both
on land and in oceans.
"In this feature, a team
of paleontologists, paleobotanists, soil scientists, and other researchers take to the field in Wyoming's Bighorn Basin to
document how the climate, plants, and animals there changed during the PETM.
"Their work will help predict how our current global warming event could
affect life on Earth." - Uploader
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEgcu27-kjk
also:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9bfVKkqIoA
PALEOCENE-EOCENE
THERMAL MAXIMUM:
FOSSIL
MAMMALS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhyN2ZaSMCY
---------------
The Earth 50 MYA
Diatryma
Gigantea
A giant
flightless bird, inhabited much of the earth
56 - 45 mya
Comparing
the size of Diatryma
Gigantea
with a modern human.
Sabre-Tooth Tiger
42 MYA to 11,000 years ago
Entelodon
37.2 - 28.4 MYA
Aegyptopithecus (Egyptian ape or monkey)
Lived
in northern Egypt c. 30 MYA
The
oldest monkey? The oldest ape?
Also
called Aegyptopithecus zeuxis ("linking"), considered a possible common ancestor to monkeys and apes (and humans),
linking the two.
Paraceratherium
34 - 23 MYA
The Earth 20 MYA
Sabre-toothed tiger - 42 MYA to 11,000 years ago
Mammoth - 5 MYA - 4,500 years ago
Wooly rhinoceros
- 3.6 MYA
- 8,000 years ago
Giant
short-faced bear - 1.8 MYA - 11,000 years ago
Long-horn bison - 200,000
- 30,000/20,000 years ago
------------------------
Evolution of Man
Geologic
Clock
From the formation of the Earth to the evolution of Man
Geologic Time Scale
The Modern Theory of the Descent of Man
The chart displays 24 stages of evolution, from first life to man. The
chart is read from top to bottom and left to right by number from 1 to 24.
The Modern Theory of the Descent of Man (1874), published
by Ernst Haeckel in Anthropogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen (1876).
Prosimians. Monkeys and Apes
Monkeys
Old
World Monkeys
and
New
World Monkeys
Old
World monkeys are in Africa and Asia
New
World monkeys are in Central and South America
Range of New World and Old
World monkeys
See:
http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/monkeycomparisons.html
Differences:
Generally,
Old World monkeys are bigger than New World monkeys.
New
World monkeys are predominantly aboreal. Old World monkeys are both terrestrial
amd aboreal.
Old
World and New World monkeys are diurnal. One New World monkey is nocturnal.
Generally,
larger New World monkeys have a long tail; some have prehensile tails with which
to grip and hang from tree branches. Most Old World monkeys
do not have long tails.
Old
World monkeys have longer legs than forearms.
Old
World monkeys have nails on their fingers and toes.
Old World monkeys have narrow nostrils, oriented downwards. New World monkeys have round and wide
nostrils spaced far apart, facing outward.
Old
World monkeys have pads on their buttocks for sitting. New World monkeys do not.
Old World monkeys have
cheek pouches. New World monkeys to not.
Old
World Monkeys
ADD videos here
Presentaion for a 101 class
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLVlGOxsko0
New World Monkeys
Brief PREVIEW of an educational film about
primates
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjqWpT3PiO8
Evolution
from Ape to Man
Hominids (Hominins)
Defintion:
The
family of two-footed primate mammals that include human beings and their extinct ancestors and related forms, like the Great
Apes.
The term hominid
is the older term.
The term hominin has
become popular in recent years.
Either term in correct.
Both terms mean the same thing.
Originally, the term hominid
applied only to humans.
Domain
- Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class - Mammalia
Order
- Primate
Family - Hominadae
From T. H. Huxley, Evidence as to
Man's Place in Nature, 1863
Sketches of the skeletons of, from left to right, a gibbon,
an orangutan, a chimpanzee, a gorilla and a modern human (not to scale).
Sketch comparing Apes and Man
From left to right: a gibbon, an orangutan,
a chimpanzee, a gorilla and a modern human
The Search for the Missing
Link
The search for fossil evidence
of an ape with human features that identify it as an ape evolving into
a human and a direct ancestor of modern
man.
Chimpanzee hand (left)
and human hand (right)
A flexible thumb enables
a firm grip and the making of stone tools
Apes, Ape-men and Man
The first well-known fossil finds
1. The First Find
Neanderthal Man
(Homo neanderthalensis) (Man from Neanderthal)
1856
Neanderthal 1
A primitve human skullcap, Neanderthal 1, and other parts
of a skeleton were found in a cave, the Kleine Feldhofer Groteo, in a limestone quarry in the Neander Valley
(Thal) of the Dussel River in the town of Erkrath, near the city of Dusseldorf, in northeastern Germany in 1856.
Skulls of the same species had been found many years before, in
an area that is today in Liege Province of Belgium and in Gibraltar, but not made public.
Thal (valley) is the old German spelling of Tal. The change was
made in 1901. Neanderthal became Neandertal.
The valley
was named after Joachim Neander (1650 - 1680), a pastor in Dusseldorf who had changed his German name Neumann to its
Greek form Neander.
A steel engraving
of a rock cave in the Neander Valley circa 1840.
A sketch of the section
of Feldhofer Grotte published in 1863.
2. The Second Find
Cro-Magnon
(Homo sapiens/Wise man)
1868
Cro-Magnon 1
A primitive skull,
Cro-Magnon 1, was found in a a rock shelter, Abri de Cro-Magnon, near the village of Les Eyzies in Dordogne in southwestern
France in 1868.
The fossil
from Cro-Magnon was recognised as a modern human and the term Homo sapiens (Latin for "Wise man"), which was first
applied to the human race in
1758, was used to describe Cro-Magnon Man. Cro-Magnon soon became a term more common than Homo sapiens in describing modern man.
Abri means "shelter"
in French. Cro means "hole" in Occitan, the native language of southern France and Piedmont in northwestern Italy. Magnon was
the name of the owner of the property.
Abri de Cro-Magnon
3. The Third Find
Java
Man
(Pithecanthropus
erectus) (Ape-Man Upright)
Eugene Dubois
1891
Trinil 2
A primitive
skullcup, Trinil 2, was found by the Solo River near Trinil in the east of the island of Java in the Dutch
East Indies in 1891.
The fossil was originally labled
Pithecanthropus (Ape-Man) I
Initially called Anthropopithecus
(meaning "man-ape" in Greek) by Eugene Dubois, the Dutch anthropologist who studied the fossils
collected from excavations in Java under his direction.
Dubois eventually renamed the specimen
Anthropopithecus ("man-ape" in Greek) erectus ("upright") (Man-Ape Upright) and later again, in 1894, to
Pithecanthropus ("ape-man") erectus ("upright") (Ape-Man Upright).
The small right white square (of two) marks the spot where the fossil skull was found by the Solo River.
4. The Fourth Find
Heidelberg
Man
1907
Mauer 1
A primitive jawbone
was discovered in a sand quarry near the town of Mauer, which is near the city of Heidelberg, in southwestern Germany
in 1907.
Photo of the sandpit in Mauer in which
the jawbone was found (indicated by a white cross at the bottom of the pit).
In
the early 1900s, fossil evidence indicated four stages of man's evolution, represented by the four different
specimens:
1. Java Man - Pithecanthropus erectus
2. Heidelberg Man
3.
Neanderthal Man
4.
Cro-Magnon - Homo sapiens
1. Java Man
Pithecanthropus erectus
Side profile of
a model of the Java ape-man, based on the fossil find Trinil 2, by J. H. McGregor in 1924.
2. Heidelberg Man
Homo
Heidelbergensis
L'homme de Maur
Heidelberg Man (600,000 years ago), L’homme de Mauer, a bronze sculpture by Louis Mascré (1871 - 1929), Belgian sculptor,
for his patron, Aimé Rutot (1847 - 1933) of the Royal Natural History
Museum of Brussels, in 1919.
3. Neanderthal Man
One of the
earliest conceptions of Neanderthal Man
4. Cro-Magnon
Homo sapiens
Early Cro-Magnon
Man
Conception of Russian
paleontologist Mikhail
Mikhaylovich Gerasimov
(1907 - 1970)
Late
Cro-Magnon Man
--------
BBC
documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOn97lU21L4
The
Boldest Hoax
PBS
Nova documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rhFfB-vHm4
Murder
on the Bluebell Line
Sherlock Holmes and
Doctor Watson investigate the Piltdown forgery in 1987 drama
on the BBC programme QED
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRV0obWcEq8
--------------
Between the
Pithecines and Homo
Between
Apes and Man
Before
Pithecanthropus erectus
Before Java
Man
Australopithecus africanus
The Ape from
South Africa
Raymond
Dart
1924
Taung 1 skull
A skull of a three-year-old bi-pedal
ape was discovered by quarrymen in a limestone quarry in the village of Buxton in Taung, in the Transvaal of South Africa,
in October 1924.
The skull, along with baboon fossils, was
given to Raymond Dart, an Australian anthropologist in South Africa, who studied it
and, in 1925, decided it was a representative of "an extinct race of apes intermediate between living anthropoids and man."
Dart called it Australopithecus
africanus - the ape from southern Africa (Australo = south in Latin; pithecus
= ape in Greek; africanus = african). It is also known as the Taung Child.
Artist's conception
of Taung Child
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus indicated an evolutionary stage between the apes and man - an ape evolving toward the human stage -
followed by the four stages in man's evolution:
1. Australopithecus
2.
Java Man (Pithecanthropus erectus)
3. Heidelberg Man
4.
Neanderthal Man
5.
Cro-Magnon (Homo sapiens)
A view
in the 1930s
Skulls:
1. Gorilla
2. Australopithecus 1924
3. Pithecanthropus erectus 1891, 1929
4. Neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis) 1856, 1908 (La-Chapelle-aux-Saints), 1909
5. Steinheim (Homo heidelbergensis) 1933
6. Euhominid (modern hominid) 1868
Steinheim an
der Murr is a town about 20 kilometres south of Stuttgart, on the River Murr, where a skull of a Heidelberg Man
was found in 1933. The skull is believed to be of a late Heidelberg Man.
Steinheim skull found in 1933
In the above sketch
Neanderthal Man is placed before Heidelberg Man. Generally, however, it is held that Heidelberg Man is older than Neanderthal
Man.
A sketch by
anthropologist Louis Leakey in his book Adam's Ancestors
in 1934
----------------------------
The Expansion of Homo erectus
Settlement of Eurasia
Lecture by Kristian Pedersen
England, 22 May 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAO1OWgenmk
Man is believed to have evolved over time from the apes. Everyone has his (or her) own idea of the long process.
Generally, and simply put, the evolutionary process from the apes to modern humans is thought to have occurred thus:
Australopithecus
1. First, there appeared Australopithecus ('The Southern Ape' from Latin Australis [South] and Greek Pithecus [Ape])
- an ape with some human features, 3.5 million to 2 million years ago, first identified from fossils by Raymond Dart in
South Africa in 1924.
Java Man
2. Then there appeared an ape with more human-like features, Australopithecus erectus (Upright Ape) (Latin erectus = erect)
renamed Pithecanthropus erectus (Upright Ape-Man), (Greek Anthropus = Man), also called Java Man, from fossils found on Java
in 1891 and 1892 and identified by a Dutch surgeon, Eugene Dubois.
In the 1920s, similar fossils were found near Peking in China and called Sinanthropus pekinensis - or Peking Man.
Due to the many similarities between Pithecanthropus erectus (Java Man) and Sinanthropus pekinensis (Peking Man), since
1950 the two have been called Homo erectus - Upright Man (Latin Homo = Man) (Java Man = Peking Man).
Fossils suggest that Homo erectus lived from approximately 1.8 million years ago to 140,000 years ago.
Just where Homo erectus first appeared is not certain. In the time of Dubois, it was believed that man first appeared
in Asia and spread throughout Eurasia and to Africa. This view changed by the mid-20th century and it is now generally believed
that man originated in Africa and spread to the Eurasian land mass.
Heidelberg Man
3. Then came Homo Heidelbergensis, or Heidelberg Man, 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, named after more human-like fossils
found near Heidelberg, Germany in 1907.
How and where Heidelberg Man first appeared - or evolved from Homo erectus - is not known. Heidelberg Man is called
Rhodesian Man In Southern Africa. Did he first appear in Africa and spread to the Eurasian land mass?
Neanderthal Man
4. Then came Homo neanderthalensis - Neanderthal Man - from fossils rather similar to those of modern humans,
found in the Neander Valley (Neandertal) in Germany in 1856. Neanderthals lived from 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Neanderthals
are believed to have evolved in Africa before spreading to the Eurasian land mass.
Peking Man is considered Homo erectus. However, Eugene Dubois, the Dutch paleontologist who first identified Java Man,
maintained that Peking Man was not Homo erectus but a species between Homo erectus and Neanderthal.
Early Modern Man
5. Last comes Homo sapiens (Wise Man) (Latin sapiens = wise) or Modern Man, from 300,000 years ago to the present day,
first identified from 30,000-year-old fossils found in Cro-Magnon, France in 1868. Homo sapiens are believed to have evolved
in Africa before spreading to the Eurasian land mass.
Late (Recent) Modern Man
How these species evolved is not known. They may represent a single straight evolutionary line - from Australopithecus
to Homo erectus to Heidelberg Man to Neanderthal man to Modern Man (from Early to Recent). Some have proposed variations.
The Neanderthals may have been actually an early Homo sapiens. Some have suggested that the Neanderthals are a branch
of Homo sapiens.
"Upright Ape Man" or "Upright Man"?
Pithecanthropus erectus and Homo erectus
Peking Man
Sinanthropus pekinensis
Peking, China
1923 - 1937
A composite caste of
Peking Man made
from
varioius fossils found at
the excavation
site of
Zhoukoudian
near Peking
between 1929 and 1937.
Model of
Peking Man based on castes modeled on the fossils lost in 1941 and other fossils found later in 1966.
Reported
finds from the site of Zhoukoudian
near Peking:
1921 - one molar tooth
1923 - two molar teeth
1927 - a tooth
1929 - a
lower jaw, some teeth and some skull fragments
1929 - 1937
- Partial skull caps, jaw bones, teeth, skeletal bones and stone tools
The fossils
found at Zhoukoudian from 1929 to 1937 disappeared in 1941, last seen in the possession of U. S. Marines in China.
There
are only castes for consideration.
The Strange Case of Peking Man
Timeline documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ggeZJJ4_Y0
Java
Man
The
first find of Java Man was a skullcap recovered by the Solo River near Trinil on Java for Eugene Dubois in 1891. (Called
Trinil 2.)
1932
- a skull cap was reportedly discovered
at
Ngandong by the Solo River. (Called Solo Man.)
1936
- a skull was discovered near the town of Mojokerto and village of Perning on eastern Java.
1936
- part of a lower jaw, believed to be 1.5 million years old, was discovered at the site of Sangiran, near
the Solo River, on Java. (Called Sangiran 1)
1937
- a skullcap, believed to be one million years old, was found at Sangiran on Java. (Sangiran 2)
1939
- an upper jaw with canines, belived to be 1.5 million years old, was discovered at the site of Sangiran on
Java. (Sangiran 4 )
Pithecanthropus (Java Man)
=
Sinanthropus pekinensis (Peking Man)
=
Homo erectus
?
Noting Peking
Man's similarities to Java Man, a German anthropologist, Franz Weidenreich, proposed in the late 1930s that Peking Man and Java Man be considered hominids.
Eugene Dubois,
who found Java Man, disagreed. He maintained
that Java Man was an ape-man, the "missing link" between the apes and man, and that Peking Man was less like an ape-man
but more evolved, like a Neanderthal.
A German
biologist, Ernst Mayr, proposed in 1950 that Peking Man and Java Man be considered as one species, Homo erectus (Upright Man).
This was
widely accepted and both have been considered sub-species
of Homo erectus since.
Homo erectus
China
In more recent years, Homo erectus fossils have been found in
China in Hexian, Lantian, Nanjing . . .
A Homo erectus skull and
a lower jaw bone were found in Lantian, China in 1963
Replicas
of the skull and jawbone
found in
Lantian in 1963
Artist's
conception of Homo erectus
based on
the fossils found in Lantian
Java
Sangiram 17 (original skull or caste)
1969 - the
skull of an adult Homo erectus, believed to be 1 to 1.2 million years old and the most comlete Homo
erectus skull thus far found on Java (and all of Southeast Asia), was discovered at Sangiran, near the city
of Surakarta. (Called Sangiran 17.)
Conception
of Homo erectus
based
on the skull Sangiran 17,
by
French sculptor and painter
Elisabeth
Daynès.
Hominids
 
In the two sketches immediately
above, Early Homo sapiens follows Homo erectus but precedes Solo Man, Rhodesian Man and Neanderthal
Man.
Some consider Solo
Man, like Java Man, to be a sub-species of Homo erectus.
Others consider
Solo Man a sub-species of Early Homo sapiens.
Generally, Rhodesian
Man is considered to be an African version of Heidelberg Man, which was found in Germany, which evolved from Homo erectus
and evolved into Neanderthal Man, which evolved into Early Homo sapiens, which evolved into
Recent or Late Homo sapiens, indicated as Cro-Magnon Man in the above sketch.
Generally, it is
assumed that a species of Australopithecus
evolved
into Homo erectus. Homo erectus evolved into Heidelberg Man, which evolved into Neanderthal Man, which
evolved into Homo sapiens. Cro-Magnon Man is considered to be an European version of Early and/or Late Homo
sapiens and Early and/or Late Modern Man.
Some consider Heidelberg
Man and Neanderthal Man to be separate branches or sub-species of Early Homo sapiens that evolved into Late Homo
sapiens, Cro-Magnon Man.
Some believe that
Neanderthal Man did not evolve from Heidelberg Man but that the two have a common ancestor and Heidelberg Man did not evolve
into Homo sapiems but Neanderthal did.
Charting Man's Origin and Evolution
The Apes and Man
Source: National Geographic
Charting Man's evolution
One of many different
charts of the evolution of hominids, this chart is currently one of the more popular.
---------------
A picture of man's evolution from the apes, in 1999
Source: Time Magazine, August 23, 1999
Ardipithecus ramidus (traits and classifiaction uncertain)
Australopithecus anamensis (walked upright)
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Australopithecus garhi (first to use tools and eat meat?)
Australopithecus boisei
Australopithecus robustus (not a direct ancestor of Man)
Homo rudolfensis (earliest known of the
genus Homo)
Homo habilis
Homo ergaster (earliest Homo erectus?)
Homo erectus
Homo antecessor
Homo neanderthalensis
(Earliest forms, called Homo heidelbergensis, are 600,000 years old)
Homo sapiens (Earliest fossils are 100,000 years old)
---------------
Most hominid fossils have been found in Africa
Charles Darwin believed that Man originated in Africa.
Alfred Russell Wallace and Eugene Dubois believed Man
originated in Southest Asia.
Until the 1940s, most believed Man originated in Asia rather than in
Africa.
Today, most researchers believe that Man originated in Africa and migrated
to Asia.
Early hominid fossil sites in Africa
The Great Rift Valley
Many fossils of early
hominids in Aftrica have been found in the Great Rift Valley
The Great Rift Valley
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The Great Rift Valley
The Great Rift Valley
Exceprt from Discovery Atlas documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cZYuBiVVYE
Africa
- Land and Resources Geography of the World Documentary
Rift! Geologic
Clues to What's Tearing Africa Apart Lecture by David HiltonScripps
Institute, University of California-San Diego (2014)
The Great Rift Valley
John Hawks (2014) There are many websites about human evolution.
See: Smithsonian Museum
Rift Valley Splitting
Kenya
2018
BBC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Or9NUQ25q8
Exploring the Great Rift Valley
A Journey Through Time
CHAPTER:
00:00 #1 A Scar on the Face of Earth
00:16 #2 A Land of Extremes
00:35 #3 Birth of a Rift
00:58 #4 In the Beginning
01:19 #5 A Continent Divides
01:39 #6 Volcanoes Rise, the Earth Trembles
01:58 #7 The Birth of Giants
02:18 #8 The Restless Earth
02:32 #9 The Earth Speaks
02:51 #10 Living on the Edge
03:10 #11 Shifting Sands of Time
04:56 #12 Dance of the Giants
05:28 #13 The Arabian Departure
07:35 #14 A Rift in the Making
09:39 #15 Echoes in the Landscape
10:11 #16 When Continents Collide
12:04 #17 A Continent Divided
14:03 #18 The Birth of an Ocean
16:09 #19 Oases of Life, Islands of Change
16:45 #20 The Human Factor
18:05 #21 The Continual Story of Earth
20:28 #22 A Call to Action
February 2025
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSpJvhRhI1U&t=1228s
-------------
From Ape to Man
2005 documentary film (90 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K8MeFQp7u4
---------------
Hominid Paleobiology
The Origin of Modern Humans
Lecture by Tim White, biologist
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI),
Chevy Chase, Maryland (2011)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy7iraJ_S5o
Out of Africa and
the Evolution of Human Behavior
Lecture by Richard Klein at
California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), San Luis Obispo, November 15, 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUp_6n8x3D0
One Million Years
Ago
Homo erectus, the Acheulean and Prehistoric Globalization
Lecture by Henry Gilbert at California Polytechnic State University (Cal
Poly), San Luis Obispo, February 28, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ellI4u-Yv6E
The Fossil Chronicles:
Revolutions in Paleoanthropology
Lecture by Dean Fulk
Revolutions in paleontology caused by the discoveries of
the Taung Child, the Hobbit and Denisova
New Mexico History
Museum, February 9, 2012
Lecture by Richard Potts at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington,
D. C. in May 2011
---------------------------------
The oldest monkey? The oldest ape?
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis
30 MYA
Skull of Aegyptopithecus
("Egyptian ape") zeuxis ("linking"), discovered in northern Egypt in 1965, believed to be about 30 million years old.
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis could be a
common ancestor of Old World monkeys and the Apes (and humans), linking the two.
"The two living catarrhine superfamilies [the plathyrrhine and the catarrhine
are the two subdivisions of simians; the catarrhine are Old World monkeys, gibbons, great apes and humans], the hominoids
and the cercopithecoides [Old World monkeys], may have diverged before Aegyptopithecus existed or after. Since Aegyptopithecus
shows no derived similarities to either group, it may be very similar to the primitive catarrhine lineage that gave rise to
both living groups, even if it represents an early hominoid or cercopithecoid." - John Hawks (24 January 2005)
Is Aegyptopithecus actually Propliopithecus?
------------------
Bi-pedal Apes
The first
- or oldest, or earliest - bi-pedal apes
It has long been assumed apes first walked, on the branches of trees, about 6 MYA.
However, some believe the first bi-pedal apes appeared 15 million years earlier,
about 22 MYA.
----------
Pithecines
before
Australopithecus africanus
Pithecines
-
Australopithecus -
Homo erectus -
Heidelberg Man -
Neanderthal Man -
Homo sapiens
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Cast
of skull TM 266-01-060-1
found
in Chad in 2001, believed
to
be 7 to 6 million years old
Bi-pedal?
Nicknamed "Toumai"
Artist's
conception of Toumai
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
Brief
overview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RViD7xiZBjE
Toumai
Sahelanthropus
Tchadensis
Earliest hominid - 7 Million Years Old - found in Chad
Lecture bt Michel Marc Brunet at Tel Aviv University
on 19 May 2003
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg1ctcGnO84
--------------------
Orrorin tugenensis
Fossil of an upper femur found in Kenya in 2001 indicate a bi-pedal ape
about bout
6 millions years old.
Oronin
Search for the First Human
Episode from the documentary series Secrets of the Dead (2001)
Discovered
in Kenya in 2001, a 5.8 and
6.2-million-year-old fossil, perhaps an ancestor of Australopithecus.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GmF-rbvavY
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9lBKx_5u60
-----------------
Ardipithecus ramidus
Fossils found in Ethiopia from 1992 to 1994
4.4 MYA
Originally called an Australopithecus
Reconstructed skull of Ardipithecus
Artists' renditions of Ardi, an Ardipithecus ramidus, an early bi-ped ape who lived 4.4. million years ago
- a possible ancestor of humans - found in Ethiopia.
Artist's restoration of Ardipithecus ramidus skeleton
Artist's restoration of Ardipithecus ramidus with skelton, musculature,
flesh and hair.
One of numerous possible evolutionary trees from Ardipithecus
ramidus to Homo sapiens
Discovering Ardi
2009 Discovery Channel documentary with Tim White
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXKRNDsLEvk
---------------
Australopithecus africanus
The Ape from South Africa
1924
Artist's conception of
Australopithecus Africanus
Pithecines before Australopithecus africanus -
Australopithecus africanus -
Homo erectus -
Heidelberg
Man -
Neanderthal Man -
Homo sapiens
Australopithecus
Definition, Characteristics & Evolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=US7nXFAfDmM
Australopithecus africanus
Cast of the Taung Child's skull, discovered by
Raymond Dart in South Africa in 1924.
The first Australopithecus fossil discovered,
believed
to be 2.04 to 3.03 million years old.
Raymond Dart (1893 - 1988)
Dart with Taung child
Artist's conception of
Australopithecus africanus
Artist's conception of Australopithecus
africanus
Artist's conception of male and female Australopithecus
africanus walking
Skull
Wars: The Missing Link
Episode 1 of 5 of
the Discovery Channel documentary series Searching For Lost Worlds (1998)
(47:33)
Raymond
Dart discovers the first fossil evidence of an upright ape-man, the Taung child, in South Africa in 1924 and concludes that
humans evolved in Africa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmCDH1ih0Xs
or
or
Since Raymond Dart's discovery
of Australopitecus africanus in 1924, the fossils of more specimens have been found, all in South Africa,
most notably in Sterkfontein in 1935, in Makapansgat
in 1948 and in Gladysvale in 1992.
Robert Broome found the first fossil skeleton of an adult Australopithicus africanus in Sterkfontein in August
1936.
Raymond Dart and his team found more fossils of Australopitehcus
africanus in Makapansgat 1948 and 1949.
-----------
Australopithecus robustus
1 - 2 MYA; 2 -3 MYA?
1938
Skull of Australopithecus robustus
found bt Robert Broome in Swartkrans/Kromdaai in South
Africa in 1938.
Because more fossils of the specimen found by
Dart in 1938 seemed similar to Australipithecus africanus, but had
larger - or more robust - skulls, it
was called Australopithecus robustus.
Australopithecus robustus was similar to other robust
australopithecines found later - P. boisei, by Mark Leakey in Tanzania in 1959, and P.
aethiopicus, found in Ethiopia in 1967. But there were differences. To distungiush A. robustus from A. bosiei
and A. aethiopicus, it was given a new name, Paranthropus.
Para (Latin) = Beside
anthropus = Man
"Beside Man" (parallel to man)
Eventually, however, all three were called Paranthropus: Paranthropus robustus,
Paranthropus bosei and Paranthropus aethiopicus.
Proposed evolutionary tree of Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus
(Australopithecus robustus), Paranthropus bosei and Modern Man
Robust australopithecines
John Hawks (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKvj6eBmIGo
---------
Australopithecus
prometheus
Little
Foot
1994 - 1998
Ronald
J. Clarke found a complete skeleton of an adult female Australopithecus, which was determined to be 2 - 3.7 million years old, in Sterkfontein. It is the oldest most complete skeleton of an Australopithecus ever found. It differs in some
features from Australopithecus africanus.
Skeleton
of the Australopithecus found by Clarke
Ronald
J. Clarke
With
comment by Robert Blumenschine
2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1RHCzA7SnA
The
fossil skeleton
Ronald J. Clarke
2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsmK6rJOtIY
Little
Foot, Big Foot
Lecture
by Ronald J. Clarke
University
of California San Diego (UCSD)
30
September 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTh-TVca49s
-------------
Australopithecus afarensis
The
Southern Ape from the Afars
1974
A fossil
skeleton found in the Afars region of Ethiopia in 1974
2.95 - 3.85
MYA
In
the above 1972 photo are French geologist Maurice Taieb (left), who discovered the Hadar formation in Ethiopia, and American
anthropologist Donald Johanson. In November 1974, Johanson and American anthropologist Tom Gray found partial skeletal remains of a young female ape in sediments believed
to be 3.2 million years old in the Afars region of Ethiopia.
They called it an Australopithecus afarensis, after the Afars region.
They
gave it the nickname "Lucy" after the title of a
song by the rock group The Beatles.
The
skeletal remains found
Don Johanson and Australopithecus
Afarensis ("Lucy")
The
entire skeleton reconstructed based
on
the skeletal remains recovered.
Reconstructed parts
are in white.
Note
that the feet appear to be
modern.
No skeletal remains of
the feet were found.
Reconstruction
of the
feet was based
on footprints
found in Laetoli,
Tanzania
two
years later, in 1976 (see
below).
But
fossils of
the same species have
since been recovered with foot bones.
Australopithecus
Afarensis was
a bi-pedal
ape that lived
in trees, walked upright and foraged for food
on the ground. The fossil has been dated
to 3.5
million years ago.
Comparing the skeletons of
a chimpanzee, "Lucy" and Modern Man.
Artist's
impression of the
face of Australopithecus
Afarensis
("Lucy") based
on
the recovered fragments
of
the skull.
Australopithecus Afarensis
("Lucy")
reconstructed.
Most
recent reconstruction
of
the Australopithecus
Afarensis specimen "Lucy".
Note:
Austalopithecus afarensis ("Lucy") was not the first female fossil to be given a girl's name.
Donald Johanson
Donald Johanson
Lucy
Episode 1 of
the three-part 1994 NOVA documentary series
In Search of Human Origins by Donald Johanson
Upload is of poor
quality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PR_9_5gxvxg
First
Steps
First part of 3-part
2010 PBS NOVA documentary series Becoming Human
-
What is modern man's origin?
- What makes modern man human?
- The latest scientific research
about man's hominid relatives.
- The factors that caused the
ancestors of modern man to split from the other great apes.
- The 3.3 million-year-old fossil
"Selam" in 2000.
- How the brains of modern man's
ancestors began to change from the brains of apes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFu7yghK9GQ
Finding Lucy
Excerpt from
2014 PBS documentary Your Inner Fish with Don Johanson and Neil Shubin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8Lkk6u-wQM
Lucy's
Legacy: Our African Origins
Lecture
by Donald Johanson about his discovery of an Australopithecus afarensis skeleton that he named "Lucy"
Denison
University, Granville, Ohio in 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMcBAPNBx9Q
Darwin, Lucy and the Quest for Human Origins
Lecture by paleoanthropologist
Donald Johanson
- The British naturalist Charles Darwin, author of On the Origin of Species
(1859);
- The discovery of an Australopithecus
afarensis skeleton in eastern Africa nicknamed "Lucy" (1974);
- The quest for the origin of humans
Orange County Society of Archaeological Institute of America, Orange, California
(2011)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztK-k2PS64c
Australopithecus afarensis
3.2 MYA
Lecture by Donald
Johanson at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, October 19, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOA55lD3fL8
Donald
Johanson
A talk (1991)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ors85OQWP0
Donald
Johanson
A talk on Big
Think (2010)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UoiCuHzs5k
Australopithecus
afarensis ("Lucy")
Episode
# 3 of three-part 2012 BBC documentary
series Prehistoric
Autopsy
Pathologists recreate extinct
homonids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt1fTJSPX3w
(Episodes 1 and 2 are
referred to below)
All three episodes in
one video can be viewed:
1. Neantherthal Man (La Ferassie 1)
2. Homo erectus (Turkana Boy)
3. Australopithecus
afarensis (Lucy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdHS2DTqKwI
The fossil skeleton found by Johanson's team was
given the nickname 'Lucy' at the suggestion of a
team member, Pamela Alderman.
Yohannes Haile-Selassie
Curator and Head of Physical Anthropology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History
Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University
Haile-Selassie conducts research in the Afar region of Ethiopia.
Lecture
TED
2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELCl43Yfg4o&t=393s
--------------
Australopithecus afarensis footprints
Fossil
footprints discovered
Laetoli, Tanzania
1976
Footprints
that look modern were found in
volcanic
ash believed
to be 3.6 milions years
old by Andrew Hill in Laetoli, Tanzania
in 1976.
The footprints were believed to have been left by three
bi-peds of the Australopithecus afarensis species.
Hill was with the research
team of Mary Leakey.
A Laetoli footprint
Artist's
impression of the bi-peds
that
made the Laetoli footprints
Artist's
impression of the bi-peds
that
made the Laetoli footprints
Artist's
impression of the bi-peds
that
made the Laetoli footprints
Excavating
the Laetoli footprints
3.6
million-year-old footprints found in Laetoli, Tanzania in 1976
Excerpt
from documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1Lu4VggDH0&feature=related
Protecting
the 3.6 million-year-old hominid trackway
Tanzania
and John Paul Getty Conservation Institute
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EZi_EAyIoQ
Laetoli Footprint Exhibit
Olduvai Museum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoKEkmwTGjY
Did the Australopithecus afarensis
species make the footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania?
Our Earliest Ancestors
Documentary (2002?)
Flat-face Man, or Kenyanthropus platyops, discovered in Kenya in 1998/1999, is a species of ape with Australopithecine features that lived
in the same region and time as Australopithecus afarensis species
- 3.5 million years ago.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlYjt_9hLsk
Does
Kenyanthropus platyops represent another genus?
Is
it a separate species of Australopithecus?
Is
it a specimen of the species Australopithecus africanus?
Or
is it a specimen of the species Australopithecus afarensis with some different
features?
Piecing Together Human Ancestors
Meave Leakey
National Geographic Live!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsvRi59--IQ&list=ULa80htnwMTL8&index=4502
Comment
on the Laetoli footprints
Are the footprints actually
those of Homo erectus?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9HFYwJ7D3E
More footprints found in Laetoli
2016
Italian-Tanzanian team discovery
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S6NHJFR8Is
Comments
by British students
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rl8odSqoDZc
Comparing
the skulls of a chimpanzee, Proconsul africanus (a monkey or ape that predates chimpanzees) and australopithecines
(Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus)
Australopithecus
afarensis, A. africanus and A. robustus
-----------------
Comparing the skulls of
gorillas, Australopithecines, Homo erectus, Neanderthal Man and Modern Man
EVOLUTION
OF THE SKULL
Comparing the skulls of Australopithecines, Homo erectus,
Neanderthal Man and Homo sapiens
----------------
Richard Leakey (left) and Donald
Johanson
On Human Evolution
Lectures
by Richard Leakey and Donald Johanson
American
Museum of Natural History, New York City
May
5, 2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBZ8o-lmAsg
DONALD JOHANSON
Lucy, Australopithecus afarensis, and Homo habilis
Were A. afarensis and Homo habilis ancestors of modern
man? Or a separate branch that went extinct?
Recorded on 27 March 2025
00:00 Intro
00:53 The discovery and importance of Lucy
13:06 What we know about Australopithecus afarensis
19:45 How A. afarensis relates to other hominin species
37:10 Homo habilis
48:19 What was the first species of the Homo genus?
55:16 Questions in paleoanthropology
56:39 Dr. Johanson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCozRDw_CLc
RICHARD LEAKEY
Lecture
A Review of Human Origins in Africa
University of Delaware
23 April 2018
1:12:37
Introduction
The Olden Days
We have been laggardly
We are not us
Ancient DNA
The Piltdown
We are very similar
Adaptation
Tools
Speech
Climate change
Lessons to be learned
Orangutans and gibbons
Apes
Q & A
How did you start out?
Did you ever feel any pressure?
Persistence
Visiting Turkana
Kenyan National Museum
Elephant Poaching
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5x4yVsvKrw
-----------------
SOUTH AFRICA
Remains of an Australopithecine with an extended big toe indicated an ape-man one-half million years older than any previously known.
Witwatersrand University, South Africa
2016 upload of excerpts from video tape recordings probably made in the 1980s or 1990s
No details provided
-----------------
Australopithecus
sediba
2
MYA
Australopithecus sediba skull, about
2 million years old, found by Lee
and
Matthew
Berger in Malapa, 25 miles
north
of
Johannesburg, South Africa
in 2008
Lee Burger and Australopithecus
sediba
Australopithecus sediba
(artist's conception)
Comparing the features of chimpanzees and modern humans with A. sediba
Some
believe A. sediba is an ancestor of modern humans
Some
believe A. sediba is not an ancestor of modern man
An evoltionary chart
placing A. sediba in a separate branch
The
Two Million Year Old Boy
2011
National Geographic documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbRTxS5sMdA
Part Ape,
Part Human:
The
Fossils of Malapa
National Geographic
In a 2011
lecture, palaeo-anthropologist Lee Berger recounts his 2006 discovery of Australopithecus sediba
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFuwyBEq1IA
The
Skull in the Rock
Lecture
by Lee Berger
Talks
at Google (November 2012)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHpEmD-95CQ
Discovering
Australopithecus sediba with Lee Berger
Interview
John
Hawks (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhg5zi5ob74
-----------------------------------
Homo habilis
Able Man
The oldest ancestor of
modern man?
Was
it Australopithecus?
Or was it Homo?
Discovered in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania in
1960.
Pithecines -
Australopithecus
-
Homo habilis
Homo erectus -
Heidelberg Man -
Neanderthal Man -
Homo sapiens
OH 24, discovered in Olduvai
Gorge in Tanzania in 1968, considered to be 1.8 million years old.
KNM-ER
1813, discovered at Koobi Fora, by the east shore of Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana) in Kenya in 1973, is considered
to be 1.9 million years old.
Artist's conception of Homo habilis
Australopithecus or Homo habilis?
Is Homo habilis actually an Australopithecus?
Artist's conception of Homo habilis
Castes of skulls of Australopithecines, Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Neanderthal
What is Homo habilis?
John Hawks (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbulQC804ww
The first remains were discovered by Heselon Mukiri, senior assistant of Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey, in Olduvai Gorge
of Tanzania in 1959.
Jonathan Leakey discovered remains dating to 1.75 million years ago (mya) in Olduvai Gorge in 1960.
In 1964, Australian anthropologist Raymond Dart recommended the name Homo habilis - able, handy, mentally skillful,
vigorous in Latin.
Homo habilis
The First 'Humans'
Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGAfNrg_Bt8
------------
Homo ergaster
1.3 to 1.8 million years ago
KNM ER 3733, a skull of Homo ergaster, discovered near Lake Turkana, at Koobi Fora in Kenya in 1975.
Reconstruction of
Homo ergaster
based on fossil skull
Many
believe that Homo ergaster is a direct ancestor of modern man and that Homo erectus is actually a cousin,
on another evolutionary branch, rather than an ancestor of modern man.
Many
believe Homo ergaster is actually a variation or sub-species of Homo erectus.
Artist's conception
of Homo ergaster
.gif)
Evolutionary chart
In Search of Human Origins
Australian documentary (1999) (46 min.)
Upload repeats
at end.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqxnKj2-DEA
-------------------------------
Homo habilis
= Homo ergaster
= Homo erectus ?
---------------------
Homo
erectus
1,900,000 - 143,000 years ago
Pithecanthropus
erectus
(Java Man)
1891
Trinil 2
A primitive skullcup, Trinil 2, and other
primtive fossils were found by Eugene Dubois by the Solo River near Trinil in the east of the island of Java in the Dutch
East Indies in 1891.
1.66 to 1.81 million
years old
Generally considered to be an Homo erectus.
Side profile of a reconstruction
by J. H. McGregor in 1924 of Java Man's head, made
made
from the fossil skull discovered by Eugene Dubois
in 1891.
Three-quarter profile
Front of the Java ape-man by
J. H.
McGregor in 1924.
Domain
- Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Subphylum
- Vertebrata
Class - Mammalia
Order -
Primate
Family - Hominadae
Genus - Homo
Species - Homo
erectus
Pithecines -
Australopithecus
-
Homo Habilis
Homo erectus -
Heidelberg Man -
Neanderthal Man -
Homo
sapiens
Homo erectus is generally considered the ancestor of modern man -
and such through the later Heidelberg Man and/or the Neanderthal Man.
But some do NOT consider Homo erectus to be a direct ancestor Heidelberg Man or the
Neanderthal or modern man.
Eugene Dubois (Eijsden, Limburg,
Netherlands 1858 - Haelen, 1940)
Eugene Dubois
Documentaire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBHuilW3VTY
Peking Man
Sinanthropus pekinensis
Homo erectus pekinensis
1923 - 1937
Castes of skulls reconstructed from fragments of different skulls found in Zhoukoudian
in the 1920s and 1930s
Peking
Man (760,000 years ago)
discovered in excavations
near
Peking between 1923 and
1937
Generally considered to
be an
Homo erectus
Peking Man - Older Times, Colder Climes
One of numerous Science Bulletins "uploaded" by the American Museum of Natural
History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73YdR7cPDFU
'Peking
Man' older than thought (760,000 years old); somehow adapted to cold
One of numerous Boiler Bytes
uploaded by Purdue U.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uLOnHsrMW8
Peking
Man Site, China
From a 2012 "upload", Around
the World with Jack Daulton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDDlwGT5inQ
Der Pekingmensch von Zhoukoudian, China
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZSJfwyBq1I
Franz Weidenreich (late-1930s):
Java Man and Peking Man are both hominids.
Eugene Dubois: No. Java
Man is an ape-man - the link between the apes and man. Peking Man is not an ape-man but closer
to a Neanderthal.
Ernst
Mayr (1950): Java Man and Peking Man are similar enough to be considered the same. We should call them 'Upright Man' - Homo
erectus.
1970s: Java Man and Peking Man are sub-species of Homo
erectus. Java Man should be called Homo erectus erectus and Peking Man should be called Homo
erectus pekinensis.
Homo
erectus
Artist's conception of
Homo erectus
Homo
erectus
Homo erectus
Comparing
the skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis and Homo erectus
Chart of the evolution
of Man from the apes
Homo erectus or Homo
ergaster?
Replica of the skeleton
of Turkana Boy
Reconstruction of head
and face from 1.6 million-year-old fossil skull of adolsecent, found in Nariokotome near Lake Turkana in Kenya in 1984.
Called "Turkana Boy" and
"Nariokotome Boy".
Generally considered to
be a specimen of Homo erectus but many believe it to be a specimen of Homo ergaster.
Homo erectus
(Turkana Boy/Nariokotome
Boy)
Many consider
Turkana Boy to be an Homo ergaster
Episode # 2 of the three-part
2012 BBC documentary series Prehistoric Autopsy
Pathologists recreate
extinct homonids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJ5R-Ayqbzk
-----------
Homo erectus fossil footprints
Homo erectus
walking
Homo
erectus footprint found in
Koobi
Fora in 2004
Compared with modern foot
Photo from Scientifc Reports
A
sample of 1.5 million-year-old hominin footprints from 97 tracks by at least twenty different individuals excavated at
five sites at different stratigraphic levels in an area of 1.5 kilometres in Ileret from 2007 to 2014.
The
footprints are evidence that the feet of hominins 1.5 MYA were similar to the feet of modern humans and that they walked like
modern humans.
1.5
million-year-old footprints of Homo erectus found in Koobi Fora, Lleret, Kenya 2004
With
Jack Harris
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9fT3ZFyDfI
Comparing the footprints of Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
Surviving in Africa
Part 2 of the 1994 NOVA
documentary series In Search of Human Origins
with Don Johanson
Homo
habilis and Homo erectus
Birth
of Humanity
Part
2 of 3-part 2010 PBS NOVA documentary series Becoming
Human
- The Leakey family of Kenya
find a complete fossil skeleton of Homo erectus that resembles modern man.
- Homo erectus
became a hunter of large prey, harnessed fire and developed extensive
kinships.
- Was long-distance running
crucial to the survival of Homo erectus?
- How, why and when did humans
begin the long and unique period of childhood and parenting?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D4xrLUUOOk
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzEjduTv2tg
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nQQLguF_kw
All three parts in one video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qc3QIk__aJw
What is Homo erectus?
John Hawks (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTZM9vtIUn0
Later
Homo erectus
John
Hawks (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G32rzTaRS3g
Will the real Homo erectus please stand up
A lecture by John Alsoszatai-Petho at Central Washington University
Uploaded
2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymTzf08Gn-A
-----------
Hominid migrations
Homo erectus sites and the
range of Homo erectus
The expansion of Homo erectus
Two
prevelant theories of human origin and modern man:
On the left:
The theory that Homo
erectus migrated from Africa to Eurasia and Oceania but was
entirely replaced by a later migration of homonids.
On
the right:
The
theory that Homo erectus migrated from
Africa throughout the world and then wandered and mixed everywhere;
Homo erectus
migrated out of Africa into Eurasia and different groups in different places eventually evolved into Heidleberg Man and Neanderthal
Man and Homo sapiens
(See:
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Neanderthal )
The
Expansion of Homo erectus
Settlement of Eurasia
Lecture
by Kristian Pedersen
England,
22 May 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAO1OWgenmk
Homo erectus
In Our Time
Discussion hosted by Melvyn Bragg
BBC weekly radio programme
14 April 2022
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00168lg
-------------------
Heidelberg
Man
and
Rhodesian
Man
600,000
to 200,000 years ago
Africa, Europe, western
Asia
Heidelberg Man
1907
Mauer 1
A primitive jawbone was discovered in
a cave at Feldhofer in the Neander Tal near the town of Mauer, which is near the city of Heidelberg, in Germany in 1907.
Skull
of a Heidelberg Man 250,000 to 400,000 years old.
Heidelberg
Man (600,000 years ago), L’homme
de
Mauer, a bronze sculpture by Louis Mascré (1871 - 1929), Belgian sculptor, for his patron, Aimé
Rutot (1847 - 1933) of the Royal Natural History Museum of Brussels, in 1919.
Artist's
conception of Heidelberg Man
Believed
by many to be the ancestor of both modern man and the Neanderthal
Kingdom
- Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Subphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - Homo heidelbergensis
Pithecines -
Australopithecus -
Homo
habilis
Homo erectus -
Heidelberg Man -
Neanderthal Man -
Homo sapiens
Der
Urmensch von Heidelberg
Homo
heidelbergensis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZppDSfh800
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teJaZcjDryg
Or in 3 parts:
1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4R525uM_5Oc
2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVSbl-sNi5Y
3.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPkEiuuQwn4
Homo rhodesiensis
Rhodesian Man
The Broken Hill Skull
Kabwe 1
A miner found the skull (and other fossils) in a mine
in Broken Hill (Kabwe) in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia today) in 1921.
Called
Homo rhodesiensis in 1921; later considered a specimen of Homo heidelbergensis.
Believed to be 125,000 to 300,000
years old.
Homo rhodesiensis
Rhodesian
Man
The
skull found on Broken Hill in Northern
Rhodesia
(Zambia) in 1921
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NAZqq1dTqo
Rhodesiensis
Donald Johanson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBodG8g8eHo
-------------------
Neanderthal Man
Homo neanderthalensis
The Neanderthal Man inhabited
western Asia, the Near East and
Europe 300,000 to 24,000 years ago.
Neanderthal 1
A primitve human skullcap, Neanderthal 1,
and other parts of a skeleton were found in a cave in the Neander Valley (Tal)
in northeastern Germany in 1856.
Skulls of the same species had been found many
years earlier but not made public.
Earliest conception
of the Neanderthal
Man.
A
recent conception of a late Neanderthal
Late
Neanderthal
A late Neanderthal
by J. H. McGregor
Kingdom
- Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Subphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species- Homo neanderthalensis
Pithecines -
Australopithecus -
Homo Habilis
Homo erectus -
Heidelberg Man -
Neanderthal Man -
Homo sapiens
Was the Neanderthal an ancestor of modern man?
Or another species of man?
Or another branch of modern man?
Another race?
Possible views of the
Neanderthal introduced from 1955 to 1980
Some consider
the Neanderthal early Homo sapiens
Comparing
the skulls of Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Neanderthal Man and Homo sapiens
Homo erectus and Neanderthal skulls
compared
Pro-Australopithecus -
Australopithecus -
Homo Habilis
Homo erectus -
Heidelberg Man -
Homo sapiens neanderthalis -
First evidence of the Neanderthal Man, discovered in a cave,
Feldhofer Grotto, in the Neander Valley (Tal) in western
Germany was made public in 1857.
Skeletons of the Neanderthal
and Modern Man compared
The Neanderthal
- probably had light skin
- about 5'6" tall
- a larger brain than modern humans
- probably better eye-sight than modern humans
- a stocky build, much stronger than modern humans,
with powerful arms and hands
- probably had blond and red hair
Chart of ancestors and descendants of Neanderthal and Modern Man
According to the results of modern genetic research Neanderthals and modern humans shared a common ancestor
and also interbred.
Some
consider the Neanderthals a sub-species of Homo sapiens or vice-versa
Are
We the Last Neanderthals?
Recent field work and genetic evidence from laboratory research indicates widespread
interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans in prehistoric Europe
Lecture by John Hawks, biological anthropologist
24th Chicago Humanities Festival hosted by
the Center for the Humanities and the Institute for Research in the Humanities at the
University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin
November 2, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uRCVyJ7-0c
In the Lab with Neandertals
John Hawks (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNKUMZS_Gn4
Genetics
and the Neanderthal Man
Homo sapiens have Neanderthal ancestry
-
The Neanderthal in Us
- New DNA evidence that Neanderthals interbred with Humans
- End of the Neanderthal Myth?
Neandertals within us
Part 2 of 2. Ancient Genomes
John
Hawks (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTe6vEyhULI
Decoding Neanderthals
2013 PBS Nova documentary
about genetic research by the Max Planck Institute
Recent
research indicates that modern humans and the Neanderthals share DNA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tevSkylmvXk
Neanderthals
on Trial
2002 documentary
Research into DNA indicated that Neanderthals and modern humans were separate branches
of the Heidelberg Man and did not interbreed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Uul_8p0A5k
Neanderthal Genes Found in Modern Humans
Lecture by Jean-Jacques Hublin of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology about the recent discovery of genetic integration between Neanderthals and modern humans ca. 60,000 years ago
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2mErfQi1mA&feature=fvwrel
A
Neanderthal Perspective on Human Origins
Lecture by Svante Pääbo, biologist
and anthropologist, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- the genetic contributions of Neanderthals to modern and extinct
humans;
- genomic features shared by modern humans and Neanderthals since their divergence
from a common ancestor.
Recorded at UC-Berkeley
on 09/10/2014
Neanderthal Man:
In Search of Lost Genomes
Lecture by Svante Paabo
Talks at Google (2014)
Conversation with Svante
Pääbo
About
his 30-year quest to uncover the genome of Neanderthal Man.
Recorded
for the UC-TV program
Conversations
with History at UC-Berkeley on September 10, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRmA1LrMyDE
Probing
Human Ancestry with Ancient DNA
Lecture by John
Hawks
U. of New Hampshire
April 27, 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbScIOZiOdU
In this recent recreation, the Neanderthal
resembles
not a representative of another
human
species, or even another human
race, but a modern Caucasoid.
Neanderthal (La
Ferrassie 1)
Episode # 1 of three-part 2012 BBC
documentary series Prehistoric Autopsy
Pathologists recreate extinct homonids
Features John Hawks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuTUHM37sqI
In this recent recreation, the Neanderthal
resembles
not a representative of another
human
species but
a modern Mongoloid.
Top: Early map of the range of the Neanderthals.
Bottom:
Skulls of the Neanderthal and Modern Man compared.
Early map showing Neanderthal excavation
sites and the range of the Neanderthal sites. The sites indicted that the range of the Neanderthal had been limited to western
Asia
Genetic research stretches the range
Recent genetic evidence suggests that Neantherthals ranged far into eastern Asia
Neanderthals
may have ranged farther into the Near East, into the Central Asia and Tibet, the eastern Himalayas, and the Indus and Genges
regions of the Indian Sub-Continent.
CHART
Antigen
analysis indicates that Homo sapiens mixed with Neanderthals on three separate occasions in different places
(this map is from a website about Neanderthals)
(add details here)
The latest genetic research shows that Asians have more Neanderthal
ancestry than Europeans. Melanesians have the most Neanderthal ancestry. Sub-Saharan Africans have the least Neanderthal ancestry,
with many having very little or no Neanderthal ancestry. Early Modern Europeans had more Neanderthal ancestry than Late Modern Europeans.
The Real Neanderthal Man
2009 documentary
(5 clips)
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LVql7CZOWw
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6VHdT3Jrzs&feature=relmfu
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhmVxfnAi7g&feature=relmfu
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9QW8UZtVsU&feature=relmfu
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EudSJisOIkA&feature=relmfu
(Last
clip is incomplete)
How did the Neanderthal live?
Neanderthal
2001
documentary recounts the Neanderthal’s encounter with the Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon) in Ice Age southwest France
35,000 years ago
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acE4oBoOoDY
or,
the same:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toBWYvtobH0
or the same in 2 parts:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRfWU-ZpLZ8&feature=related
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUPca8xaIc4&feature=relmfu
The Fate of the Neanderthals
1997 episode from the documentary
series Ancient Mysteries with Leonard Nimoy
(5 clips)
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHTHv-bFP2s
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEZU2GZXrS0&feature=relmfu
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLGTDqZWx5U&feature=relmfu
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkmQPQH9hX8&feature=relmfu
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDgcygrxvzc&feature=relmfu
Trail of the Neanderthal
1995
documentary from the Paleoworld series
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMptOzs-Els
Neanderthal
2005 BBC Horizon documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9a6gDExDJs
Deciphering the Behavior of Neandertals
A Tour of Neandertal
Caves in Gibraltar with Clive and Geraldine Finlayson
John Hawks (2014)
Talking about the Last Neandertals
Interview with Clive Finlayson
John Hawks (2014)
Caveman Cold Case
Episode from the documentary series Secrets of the Dead
(2013)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xn_ziyyCPaA
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyyAW4cDAYM
Neanderthal Franck Ferrand Au Coeur de l'histoire 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxoDRnUFtBk
L'homme de Neanderthal Au coeur de l'histoire
Franck Ferrand 5 avril 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oR6jtSY78cw
Qui a tué Neandertal? Franck Ferrand Au cœur de l'histoire 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx8wExhDHGQ
Qui
a tué néandertal ? Documentaire
Avril 2018
The Neanderthals
Discussion
BBC Radio
In Our Time
Hosted by Melvyn Bragg
With Simon Conway Morris, Chris Stringer and Danielle Schreve
17 June 2010
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sq1nv
--------------
The Blonde Captive
Lowell Thomas
1931
Lowell Thomas
Are Papuans and Australian Aborigines Neanderthals?
Documentary about remote Aboriginal tribes in northern Australia.
(1:13:31)
or
---------------------------
Homo
sapiens
Homo (Greek:
Human) sapiens (Latin: wise)
Archaic
Man
100,000
- 35,000 years ago
Some prefer
to call the oldest modern human
Homo
sapiens neanderthalensis
Modern
Man
35,000 years ago - present
Some prefer
to call the modern human
Homo
sapiens sapiens
Domain
- Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Subphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primate
Family - Hominadae
Genus - Homo
Species - Homo sapiens
Pithecines -
Australopithecus -
Homo
habilis
Homo erectus -
Heidelberg Man
-
Neanderthal Man -
Homo sapiens
Fossil sites of Early
Homo sapiens
Last Human Standing
Part 3 of the 2010 Nova documentary
series Becoming Human
- Homo sapiens are the sole
surviving homonids.
- The fate of other hominids, like Homo
erectus and the Neanderthals. Did modern man breed with and kill off the Neanderthals?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tt9wZBTJayM
All three parts in one video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qc3QIk__aJw
Hominid Migrations
Out of Africa
Early conception of homonid
migrations out of Africa showing Homo sapiens entering areas inhabited by the Neanderthals in Europe and the Near
East and much older populations from earlier migrations in the Far East.
Map
of migration out of Africa into Eusrasia, Oceania and the Americas
The Creative Revolution
Part 3 of the three-part 1994 Nova
documentary series In Seach of Human Origins with Don
Johanson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbgIwIOsmmg
Neandertals
and modern humans in the Levant
John Hawks (2014)
Europe
Episode from the 2015 NOVA documentary series First Peoples
Features
John Hawks
Neanderthals and modern
human interbred
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4cQJDMlSJw (55:04)
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sM7Tr8qlvU (54:41)
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_OBkxuuT-o (54:42)
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5dK23I6E6U (55:04)
When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met
Human
Evolution from 60,000 to 30,000 Years Ago
Lecture by Tom Higham
New Zealand (2015)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8ZTp-gs-Ok
or, with intro:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRkRXrewuOk
Cro-Magnon
Man
Early Modern Humans in Europe - 47,000 years ago
Cro-Magnon
1868
Cro-Magnon 1
A primitive skull, 35,000 years old,
Cro-Magnon 1, was found in a rcok shelter, Cro-Magnon, near the village of Les Eyzies in Dordogne in southwestern France in
1868.
Some prefer to call the Early Cro-Magnon Man Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Early Cro-Magnon Man
Conception of Early Cro-Magnon Man by Russian paleontologist Grasimov
Early Cro-Magnon Man stood about 5' 6" tall. He had a strong musculature and a robust build.
Late Cro-Magnon Man
Genetic research indicates that Late Cro-Magnon Man had
dark skin, blue eyes and straight dark hair.
Late Cro-Magnon by McGregor
Evolution
of the Skull
Australopithecus
- Homo erectus - Homo sapiens neanderthalis
- Homo sapiens
Ice World
Life
in the Ice Age 24,000 years ago
Documentary
1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmjeBqpgsoA&feature=related
2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfU-AhaHp7U
3.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmOBUqQOfOw&feature=relmfu
4.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBPfSc9XqpU&feature=relmfu
5.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlaPkN12iHw&feature=relmfu
6.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGbxKD83e58&feature=relmfu
Lascaux
Caves, France
16,000 years ago
Lascaux Cave paintings
discovered in 1940
Lascaux Caves
Pre-historic Art
Offical interactive site:
http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?lng=en#/en/02_00.xml
Film documentary
(6 clips)
Preview:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzShXDxm2v8&feature=related
Documentary
In 6 clips:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0LnTtS7-70&feature=related
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us-LadzlbUA&feature=relmfu
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9fuDjc5xOs&feature=relmfu
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhLmBHl4mdM&feature=relmfu
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snuThf2h8iQ&feature=relmfu
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVKyi1iIi2E&feature=relmfu
Hunting the whooly mammoth
Mammoth Journey
Episode # 6 of 6-part 2011 BBC
documentary series Walking with Beasts recreates life 30,000
years ago with the wooly mammoth, Neandethals and Cro-Magnons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShfX7_ktZX4
The Last Extinction
2009 Nova/PBS/WGBH-TV
documentary about the extinction of many mammals, like the sabre-tooth
tiger and woolly mammoth, in North America 11,900 years ago.
Were they hunted to extinction?
Or was there a cataclysm?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGbwzpQUtXk
Evolution of the elephant
The
Woolly Mammoth
Secrets from
the Ice
BBC documentary
with Alice Roberts follows an expedition to Siberia in search
of Mammoth skeletons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaR6kdLo5Pk
Mammoth
Hunter
Documentary about the hunt for mammoth remains in Siberia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Sr-k_K5GI
---------------
This section list a view in 1999 and
has yet to be edited
The most recent view of Man's evolution from the apes:
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus boisei
Australopithecus robustus
Homo rudolfensis
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo
ergaster
Homo
antecessor
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
Ötzi
The Ice Man
How did he Die?
In Focus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZr-uAOJqo4
NEW FINDINGS
A study by the EURAC Institute for Mummy Studies in Bolzano, Italy published in the journal Cell Genomics in 2023 included
new details about Ötzi the Iceman based on a new analysis of Ötzi' s DNA.
Ötzi was bald and had brown skin. His ancestors were from Anatolia.
Uploaded 18 August 2023
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T29JvQmvlcQ
Uploaded 21 February 2024
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR4PrTIQRjI
------------------
Genetics
Tracing Man's Ancestors
The
Deep History within the Human Genome
John
Hawks (2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NS7KsabTyUU
Journey of Man
A Genetic Odyssey
2003
PBS-TV documentary with Spencer Wells
Tracing
man's migrations over the Earth from his origins in Africa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dDXIX-y6aY
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj94Q9x2Yv4
Search for Adam
Geneticist Spencer Wells
traces Adam and the Garden of Eden to a tribe in Kenya 60,000 years ago in 2005 National Geographic documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_3608221413&feature=iv&src_vid=azWJPHypAeg&v=rpibDIWKF5k
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bLvveVLBTs
The Human
Family Tree
2009 National Geographic
documentary with Spencer Wells
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkexKLCak5M
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kg4WQydOeFo
Spencer Wells
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmlVG_1wAa8
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYePOin87cw
Human Genetics
Spencer Wells
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxgS9RKwKbU&feature=related
and
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQHX_MwhN80&feature=related
-------------------
Out of Africa -
into
the Arabian Peninsula,
the Indian Sub-Continent,
Southeast Asia,
Australia and
Melanesia
Map showing spread of modern
humans out of East Africa
Map charting the spread
of modern humans out of Africa through linguistic and genetic research
Andaman Islands
Jarawa women in 1926
Jarawa women more recently
(photo by Olivier Blaise)
History of the Andamans
Indian documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGFyoVppWsU
First Out of Africa
2001 documentary about the native Andaman Islanders
Migrated from Africa
50,000 years ago
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6I6L8b6mQs
Human Safari - Observing the Jarawa
2013 documentary by an Indian NGO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdgDqrPAZcE
. . . Andamans,
Thailand,
Malaya,
Philippines,
Papua,
Australia,
Melanesia . . .
The Sakai in the Malay
Peninsula
of southern
Thailand
Malayan
Peninsula, southern Thailand
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KUfLzmww2A
The Semangs in the
Malay Peninsula
Cameron
Highlands of Malayan Peninsula, Malaysia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgB4OxqWXZM
The Aetas of Luzon
Luzon Island
of the Philippines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTJKOF7Twzw
with Kara David
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZThrau_siSE
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4mu7r9qNQs
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQqlb8Oq4kM
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5gBMkTWlLE
The Agtas
Episode from
the documentary series Tribal Journeys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6QIc7XyyqU
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZiKjl5ByJc
Aborigines of Australia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnnqkI44iaU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5qeXLNV8D8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVTUPtjaVGw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhDaNgJbtI0
Melanesia
Papua
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFS0VX8oCXU
Malaitia,
Solomon Islands
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2zIVZ3Utjg
New Caledonia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mfLoNEM62w
Fiji
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuBObB_tgnU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqfDHAH7_TU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I4qpJ8xuBk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQVoR9mleuQ
HOMO SAPIEN MIGRATION
FROM AFRICA TO THE AMERICAS
Animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJdT6QcSbQ0
Theories about migrations to the Americas
The First Americans
1991 BBC Horizon documentary considers archeological evidence that man inhabited
the Americas long before the last ice age retreat 11,000 years ago and possibly as long ago as 24,000 years ago
N. A.
The Onas
of Tierra del Fuego in 1939
 Yanomami woman of the Amazon
in 1995
Primitive
Peoples of Matto Grosso
Documentary with Lowell Thomas about the Xingu people of the Xingu River, a tributary of the Amazon River (1941)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EOiRl7jv_Y&feature=related
------------
Did
Negroids or Caucasoids inhabit the Americas before Mongoloids?
Tracking the First Americans
Episode
from the 1999 BBC documentary series Ancient Voices considers evidence:
-
man has inhabited the Americas for 50,000 years or more;
- Negroid peoples inhabited
the Americas long before Mongoloids arrived from Asia;
- Australian aborigines,
sailing across the South Pacific or wandering along the East Asian coastline and across the Bering Straights, were the first
to inhabit the Americas more than 50,000 years ago.
N. A.
Yaghans
Are Yaghans descendants of Australian aborigines?
At one time, the possibility was considered by explorers and anthropologists.
Links go here
Are Solutreans Indigenous
Americans? .
2004 documentary considers the possibility that the first humans
in the Americas were Cro-Magnon Caucasoids, long before the arrival of the Mongoloids (1:26:17)
.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNTXCMYjwEk
Colonization
of the Americas
John Hawks considers the research of
the archeological and genetic evidence of the first Americans
2014 (22:49)
N. A.
-----------------
Austronesians
Austronesian migrations
southward from Asia
followed
African migrations eastward from Africa
Map showing the extent of Austronesian languages based on linguistic research, supported
by archeological and genetic research. It is generally believed Austronesians spread out
from the island of Taiwan (Formosa) into Southeast Asia (peninsula and islands), and the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
However, a recent
study of Austronesian DNA suggests an earlier origin in Southeast Asia.
Source: University
of Huddersfield 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MMFF8pIxn8
Some have suggested a wider expansion.
Crossing the Wallace Line
Documentary
by J. Stephen Lansing (14:24)
Uploaded
2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvWDO4QSMuQ
--------------
Trance and Dance in Bali
Filmed by Gregory Bateson in 1936 Written and narrated by Margaret
Mead
Released in 1952
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8YC0dnj4Jw
--------------
Polynesia
Malays spread
to the Indian and Pacific Oceans from Taiwan (Formosa)
Map
showing the spread of Austronesian languages based on linguistic research. Genetic research tends to support conclusions drawn
from linguistic research.
MAP goes here
Map showing the Malay migrations based on genetic
research
Polynesian
Origins and Migrations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfdMVcn3wsg
Taiwan
(Formosa)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1f_KYn3ucs
Philippines
Austronesian Migrations
Crossroads
- Civilizations
Brief
documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuDqAD2VtDQ
Tahiti
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDpD2757jrc
History
of Micronesia
Documentary
by Micronesia Seminar Productions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOwz2aOIWDs
An
Introduction to Ethnobotany
Evolution
of Pacific Cultures
Lecture
by Will McClutchey, University of Hawaii-Manoa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uF99ww72Og
Was Polynesia populated by American natives?
Kon -Tiki
The raft Kon-Tiki made of Balsa wood in Peru.
Route of the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition
Kon-Tiki
In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl and
five companions built a raft of balsa logs in Peru, on the Pacific coast of South America, and sailed to the Polynesian islands.
Heyerdahl wanted to demonstrate that
people from pre-Columban South America could have sailed to Polynesia. The crew sighted the Tuamoto Islands of French Polynesia after three months at sea.
Advertisement for the 1950 documentary film Kon-Tiki
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx20hi374as
Kon-Tiki
(1950) 1 hr. 8 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZzaF8aHOo Movie - Norwegian version dubbed in
English (1950)
A shorter version of the Norwegian version dubbed in English (58 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22RvS372DlQ
Excerpts:
Sharks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EX-upSji8J0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Joem9SKS3LY
Thor
Heyerdahl and Kon-Tiki:
A Grand Experiment in Archeology
A lecture by Clark Erikson Great Voyages
Lecture series
University of Pennsylvania Museum
March 4, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsDNlD7pGa4
Kon Tiki
1987
German documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgWCrowGD1k
Kon
Tiki
Advertisement
for 2012 movie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwBoFAUBEJg
The
Tangaroa Expedition
2012
documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29waAjmbO2w
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29waAjmbO2w
-----------
Seven Little Sisters
In
1954, William Willis, an American sailor, built a raft of balsa logs, called Seven Little Sisters, in Peru
and sailed it solo to American Samoa.
-----------
Did Polynesians sail to South America?
Tahiti-Nui
A French yachtsman, Éric de Bisschop (1891 - 1958), built a Polynesian raft of bamboo, which he called Tahiti-Nui
(Great Tahiti), and, with a crew of five, sailed eastward from Papete, on the island of Tahiti, in November 1956 for
the coast of Chile. The raft fell apart near the Jaun Fernandez Islands, 382 nautical miles from the coast of Chile, in May
1957. The voyage was to demonstrate that in centuries past Polynesians could have sailed across the Pacific to South
America on bamboo rafts. In the following year,
1958, de Bisschop's crew built a second raft, the Tahiti-Nui II, of cyprus in Chile and reinforced with
balsa in Peru. De Bisschop was very ill but the five-man crew sailed westward across the Pacific for Tahiti. The raft
was blown off-course and missed Tahiti. The raft was falling apart and a smaller raft, Tahiti Nui III, and
built at sea. The raft was wrecked in the Cook Islands on the reef of Rakahanga Atoll. De
Bisschop was severely injured and died within hours. 
A
French Polynesian postal stamp issued in 1988 commemorating the 30th anniversary of the death of Éric de Bisschop, showing
his two voyages across the Pacific with Tahiti-Nui I, II and III from 1956 to 1958.
----------------
Polynesians sailed about the South Pacific.
Hōkūleʻa
Hōkūleʻa
sailed from the Hawaiian island of Maui to Tahiti solely by traditional Polynesian sailing techniques without instruments in 1976.
Pius "Mau"
Piailug (1932 – 2010), Micronesian navigator from Satawal, a Caroline island; one of the few surviving masters of non-instrument ocean sailing, navigated
the Hōkūleʻa from
Maui to Tahiti in 1976.
Pius "Mau" Piailug navigated the
Hōkūleʻa from Maui to Tahiti without instruments. The crew returned without him,
using instruments.
Polynesian
seafaring
Excerpt
from the documentary Wayfinders: a Pacific Odyssey (1999)
----------------
American anthropologist Margaret Mead (1901 - 1978) in Samoa
Margaret Mead and Samoa 1988 documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOCYhmnx6o8 Coming of
Age Episode about Margaret Mead from 1990s documentary series Strangers
Abroad https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2FhWyulpb8 Margaret Mead
Episode from the BBC documentary
Tales from the Jungle Samoan girls recounted
tall tales to an American researcher
In
6 clips: 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOa3ftAKnzo 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9HNzhV0CjI 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFdaW1kZOaA 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDLyQb5Pd3w 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQnfbAEg_uQ 6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrdTDbUIeKk
--------------
Rapa Nui
Isla de Pascua
Easter Island
MORE VIDEO PRESENTATIONS ABOUT POLYNESIA
Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki voyage across the Pacific
Documentary
11:55
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sKEbE7hJJY
-------------------
Recent
Discoveries
Homo antecessor
800,000 to 1.2 million years ago
Believed by many to be an early Heidelberg Man
Spain
1994 - 1996; 2007
Fossil maxilla found in Spain in 1994 - 1996
Artist's
conception of Homo antecessor
Many believe Homo antecessor
to be a direct ancestor of modern man through Homo erectus and, later, Heidleberg Man.
Some
believe Homo antecessor to be a direct ancestor of modern man through either Homo erectus or Heidleberg
Man but not both.
Some believe Homo antecessor to be a direct ancestor of modern man but through
neither Homo erectus nor Heidleberg Man.
Some believe Homo antecessor to be a close variation of Heidelberg Man and to have interbred with
Heidelberg Man.
The Lost Evidence
Homo
antecessor in Britain
800,000 - 1 million-year-old human footprints found in England in 2013 thought be of Homo antecessor
Footprints discovered in soft sediment by a museum curator at low tide in Happisburgh in
Norfolk in February 2013 believed to be 800,000 years old. Photographed before the incoming tide destroyed them . . .
. 1-Million-year-old human footprints found in England!
Removed
from You Tube
British scientists discover 800,000
year old footprints
9 February 2014
Removed from You Tube
800,000-Year-Old Footprints Found in England
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsYnM_ERwFg
Earliest footprints outside Africa discovered in Norfolk
Removed from You Tube
Homo antecessor in Britain
Footprints left by early humans about 900,000 years ago
Found at Happisburgh in Norfolk in ancient estuary muds
Earliest known humans in northern Europe.
2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHFFMyBb1O8
-----------------------
Was
it an up-right bi-pedal ape?
Was it a small-scale isolated relic of Homo erectus?
Was it a small Homo sapiens?
Was it a pygmy?
Was it a unique species of man?
Flores
Man
Homo floresiensis
2003
LB-1
The skull and parts
of a skeleton of a 50-year-old female were found in a cave in Liang Bua on the island of Flores in Indonesia in 2003. The
fossils are believed to be 80,000 years old.
Artist's conception of Homo floresienses
Homo floresiensis
stood I metre (3 1/2 feet) tall.
Mystery of the Human Hobbit
BBC documentary
Removed
from You Tube
Alien from Earth
NOVA documentary
Removed
from You Tube
The Orang Pendek
in Sumatra
Documentary
Removed from You Tube
------------------
Skulls
of children 1,500 to 3,000 years old found in the Palau Islands
Mystery Skulls of Palau 2012 National Geographic documentary about the discovery
of small human skulls in caves on
a Palau island in June 2006. Initially, it was thought possible that the skulls could indicate the presence of Flores Man. Palau is believed to have been inhabited for the past 3,000 to 4,000 years. Eventually, it was determined that the skulls were
those of Polynesian children, 1,500 to 3,000 years old, who died from disease.
The Lost Tribe of Palau
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOaRjV3zEDk
or in 5 clips:
1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuCvMCSyFDY
cont.
or the same in French:
Préhistoire -
L'homme de Palau, un
nouveau cousin humain?
Removed from You Tube
----------------
Homo naledi
236,000 to 335,000 years old
Fossils found in South Africa
in 2013
The skull of Homo naledi, a bi-ped
ape with many human features that walked upright.
Questions about Homo naledi after
its discovery in 2013 and before its final dating in 2017:
How old are the fossils of Homo naledi/?
Three thousand years old or three million
years old?
Was Homo naledi an ancestor of
modern man?
Was
Homo naledi a link between Australopithecus and Homo erectus?
Did
Homo naledi live at the same time as Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Heidleberg Man, Neanderthal
Man and early Homo sapiens?
Are the fossils
those of a new species of human?
Lee Burger with a cast
of the skull of Homo naledi
Homo
Naledi is 236,000 to 335,000 years old!
Lee Berger (2017)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auZLFWLUilk
Fossils of Homo naledi
discovered in South Africa
Until its final dating in September 2017, it
was assumed Homo naledi could be Man's
ancestor.
Lee
Berger introduces Homo naledi
September 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK4aNi8gaG4
Scientists
discover new human ancestor
Homo naledi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPId4HffN3A
Lee Berger on the discovery of the new species Homo naledi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vegzmFbHMeU
Homo
naledi
A new human-like species discovered in South Africa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLRG1S3dCcY
How scientists found Homo naledi, the new human ancestor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PTxR-4atOA
Homo naledi
Ancient human relative discovered
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eq_pTyEELE
How Homo naledi fits into the human family tree
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4r079r8UGs
Media Briefing
New fossil find
unveiled in Johannesburg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiiOJ4Y9ZLo
Dawn
of Humanity
PBS NOVA
Special National Geographic
Documentary (1:52:09)
September
10. 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vVhDn5g_3U
Advertisement
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPpMIhmNRsA
The Earliest
Human?
Replica on exhibit
at the Natural History Museum in London (2017)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyW_UkocyfI
Did Homo
Naledi Deliberately Dispose of Their Dead?
Darryl J de Ruiter
TEDxTAMU (2017)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxcrg1jHKWA
Homo
naledi
Lecture by
John Hawks at the University of Wisconsin - Madison campus in 2017 (before September)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mBIFFstNSo
-------------------
Prehistoric human remains discovered in Ngong forest "A new discovery of prehistoric human remains has been made on the
outskirts of Nairobi County. The Kantis
fossil site is believed to date back 3.5 million years." 2016 upload from Kenya
----------------------
Sufficient evidence?
Denisova A few small
fossil fragments found in Siberia and Tibet suggest the possibility that another species of human, now extinct, may have
inhabited the earth at the same time as the Neanderthal and Homo sapiens -
and perhaps other species. It has been compared mostly to Neanderthals. It may have been a late Heidelberg Man or early Neanderthal
or Homo sapiens. It may be too early to form any conclusions. Denisovans
Part 1 of 2 of Ancient Genomes John Hawks (2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OVRLKI0MK4
 300,000 to 60,000 years ago.
Out of Africa into Siberia and Melanesia
Denisova - Melanesians and Australoids Ancestor 2013 documentary
Removed from You Tube Denisova - Ancetre des Melanesiens et des Australoides
Modern
humans may have interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llwm_ts3Bo0
Sex in the
Stone Age National
Geographic documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zw7iz3GsWAs
Three New Facts about Denisovans
Sci Show with Hank Green
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCUtcDjjw4w
A trip to Denisova Cave
Max Planck, Leipzig
2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eweVB0XPC_8
Who were the ancestors of Neanderthals?
John Hawks
Gibraltar
September 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aa3258dAOxo
----------------------------
MORE ABOUT DENISOVA
A tiny fragment (the size of an ant) of a fingerbone of a girl was found in a cave in Siberia in 2008.
The cave was once inhabited by Neanderthals.
The DNA of the fingerbone differed from the DNA of Neanderthals.
The cave is in the Bashelaksky Range of the Altai mountains.
The cave was called Denis after a hermit who inhabited it in the 1700s - Denisova Cave.
Svante Pääbo
Swedish biologist, Max Planck Institute, Leipzig, Germany
TED
2011
About Neanderthals
Early modern humans mixed with Neanderthals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU0ei9ApmsY
Genetics
About the fingerbone found in the Denisova Cave
2020
Distribution, interbreeding with modern humans, and physical appearance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWaREXA8_fE
First Peoples: Asia
Third episode of five of the 2015 TV documentary series First Peoples about the first people on the Earth.
For Denisova, go to the 28:10 mark in the uploaded video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fYpMe0_Kjk
Svante Pääbo, Swedish biologist specialising in evolutionary genetics
Director at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
The field of Paleo-genetics
The Neandertal Genome Project sequenced the complete genome of a Neandertal
Neandertals and modern human mixed
San Francisco, California
2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJLI3N5dovw
Svante Pääbo
The Future of Ancient DNA
Nov. 20, 2018
Pääbo is the director of the Department of Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,
Germany
In 1997 - sequenced Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a specimen found in the Feldhofer grotto in the Neander
valley.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xR9nUx9gLmY
Svante Pääbo
Nobel Prize for Medicine
2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dmjXAgNeVM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQacE8PYK98
-----------------------
-------------------------
Coelacanth
The Fish Out of Time
Documentary
2013
52:06
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v5mrrpcnHg&t=1544s
or
52:56
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo8pdsOu9gs
--------------------
The Missing Link
Documentary
NOVA / PBS
2002
56:48
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XRek-RX2CY
or
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8mdkzt
The Fish-Tetrapod Transition
In Our Time
BBC Radio programme broadcast every Thursday
20 October 2022
Discussion
Hosted by Melvyn Bragg
With guests
Emily Rayfield, Professor of Palaeobiology
Michael Coates, Professor of Organismal Biology and Anatomy
Steve Brusatte, Professor of Palaeontology and Evolution
55:33
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001d56q
Miracle Planet
Christopher Plummer
2005
Part 1
The Violent Past
49:55
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gycamMG1WjU
Part 2
Snowball Earth
49:56
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87hHbiWBwmY
Part 3
New Frontiers
44:34
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgPAd9B6C_s
Part 4
Extinction and Rebirth
44:40
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAGGQ9gzbx0
Part 5
Survival of the Fittest
48:56
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wakgd9RTtXc
Part 6
Special Episode / A summary
Life Indestructible
45:01
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ld4SZj4Gw8
David Attenborough
Charles Darwin
The Galapagos
Evolution
Tortuses, Finches, Orchids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5x6KQvtOg-s
David Attenborough
Galapagos
S01 E01
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6hbp6h
S01 E02
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6hbp6j
SO1 EO3
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6hbp6i
Komodo Dragon
Komodo Island, Indonesia
Biggest lizard on Earth
Documentary
January 2023
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpPlJfuBz4A
The Last Kingdom of Dragons
Komodo Island
Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3k1h1VA7iM
--------------
Walking with Dinosaurs
BBC
1999
Episode 1. New Blood
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8me3nv
Episode 2. Time of the Titans
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8me3to
Episode 3. Cruel Sea
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5ip9ui
Episode 4. Giant of the Skies
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6cif3u
Episode 5. Spirits of the Ice Forest
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6cif3v
Episode 6. Death of a Dynasty
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8me4jf
Continue to next page, 3. Civilisation
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